{"id":3262,"date":"2020-08-21T12:36:36","date_gmt":"2020-08-21T12:36:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/?page_id=3262"},"modified":"2021-01-20T11:59:59","modified_gmt":"2021-01-20T11:59:59","slug":"volume-vii-issue-viii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/archive\/volume-vii-issue-viii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VII Issue VIII"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3262\" class=\"elementor elementor-3262 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8beac4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8beac4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8bedb5\" data-id=\"e8bedb5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8bef50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8bef50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Virtual Laboratory Simulation Package and Demonstration Instructional Strategy on the Achievement of Secondary School Students in Biology<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Yaki, Akawo Angwal, Babagana, Mohammed, Abubakar, Zainab &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 01-04<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8bf206 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8bf206\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8bf41a\" data-id=\"e8bf41a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8bf5aa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e8bf5aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the Effects of Computer Laboratory Simulation and Practical Demonstration Instructional Strategy on the Achievement of Secondary School Students in practical Biology. The research design adopted for the study was Pretest-Posttest experimental group design. The population is all secondary school students in Minna Metropolis. Purposive sampling technique was used to select two secondary schools in Minna metropolis, Niger State Nigeria. The two Schools were randomly assigned to experimental group (computer simulation group) and control group (Demonstration teaching methods) respectively. Finally, stratified simple random sampling technique was used to select the 60 SSII students. The experimental group had 30 (15 males \u2013 15 females) students and control 30 (15 males \u2013 15 females) students. A Computer simulation laboratory Package (CSLP) was developed treatment instrument for this study. The instrument that was used in collecting data for the study was researcher adopted Biology Practical Achievement Test (BPAT). The instrument was pilot tested and its reliability coefficient determined as 0.74 using Kuder Richardson (KR-21). The data collected was subjected to analysis using t-test at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The results revealed that there is significant difference between the experimental groups and control group. The experimental group had a significant improvement in performance after they were exposed to treatment and was also found to be gender friendly Based on the findings it was recommended that Computer Laboratory Simulation Package should be adopted by biology teachers in teaching practical biology at secondary schools, since it has been found to improved academic performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-04\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yaki, Akawo Angwal<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, School of Science and Technology Education, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Babagana, Mohammed<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, School of Science and Technology Education, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar, Zainab<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdeyemi, B. A. (2008) Effects of cooperative learning and problem solving strategies on junior secondary school achievement in social studies. Electronic Journal of research in education technology and soviety, 8(1), 104-112<br \/>\r\n[2]\tEzenwa, V. I. (2005) Concept mapping: A veritable tool in science education. The seventh inaugural lecture series of the Federal University of Technology Minna<br \/>\r\n[3]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria, (2004). National policy on Education. Lagos: Federal Government press.<br \/>\r\n[4]\t Iwendi, B. C. &#038; Oyedum, N. A. (2013) Effects of gender and age on the mathematics achievement of secondary school students in Minna metropolis, Niger state. Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED) Volume 9(1) Pp215-223<br \/>\r\n[5]\tJillian Lang (2012) Comparative study of hands-on and remote physics labs for first year university level physics students. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching &#038; Learning Journal 6 (1) 1-25<br \/>\r\n[6]\tKerr, M. S., Rynearson, K. &#038; Kerr, M. C. (2004). Innovative educational practice: using virtual labs in the secondary classroom, The Journal of Educators Online, 1(1), 1-9<br \/>\r\n[7]\t Kuta, I. I. (2010), Effects of local resources on learning achievement and retention          Among secondary school biology students. Unpublished M. tech thesis Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State.<br \/>\r\n[8]\t Mickell, T. A., &#038; Stuckey-Danner, B. D. (2007). Virtual labs in the online Biology course: student perceptions of effectiveness and usability. MERLOT J. Online Learn. Teach. 3:105\u2013111. http:\/\/jolt.merlot.org\/vol3no2\/stuckey.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[9]\t Tuyuz, C. (2010) the effects of virtual laboratory on student\u2019s achievement and attitudes in chemistry. International online journal of sciences 2(1) Pp 37-53<br \/>\r\n[10]\tWAEC (2017), Chief Examination report. Lagos WAEC press LTD.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tWAEC (2018), Chief Examination report. Lagos WAEC press LTD.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yaki, Akawo Angwal, Babagana, Mohammed, Abubakar, Zainab &#8220;Effects of Virtual Laboratory Simulation Package and Demonstration Instructional Strategy on the Achievement of Secondary School Students in Biology&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.01-04 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/01-04.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/01-04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-virtual-laboratory-simulation-package-and-demonstration-instructional-strategy-on-the-achievement-of-secondary-school-students-in-biology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Virtual Laboratory Simulation Package and Demonstration Instructional Strategy on the Achievement of Secondary School Students in Biology<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c06be elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e8c06be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c07c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c07c8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c0961\" data-id=\"e8c0961\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c0a8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c0a8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c0b40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c0b40\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c0caa\" data-id=\"e8c0caa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c0dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c0dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c0e58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c0e58\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c0fb2\" data-id=\"e8c0fb2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c10bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c10bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1155 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c1155\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1295\" data-id=\"e8c1295\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c13ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c13ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1446 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c1446\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1586\" data-id=\"e8c1586\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c168a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c168a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1732 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c1732\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c187c\" data-id=\"e8c187c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c197e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c197e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1a13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c1a13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1b83\" data-id=\"e8c1b83\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1c9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c1c9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>COVID-19 Pandemic Kindled Innovations Leading to Primary Care Management in India: A Review<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Vasi A. E. Shaikh, Ishrat V. Shaikh &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 05-12<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1d3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c1d3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c1edf\" data-id=\"e8c1edf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c203a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e8c203a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">COVID-19, a new disease of the coronavirus family, has engulfed the entire world. While developed countries suffered the most; India, despite its high population density, has managed to keep the number of deaths relatively low. \u2018Innovation challenges\u2019 were given by the government, its intermediaries and corporate to crowd source the ideas and to empower the citizen innovators, on the onset of a pandemic. Government and the corporate supported them by testing, prototyping help, translating their relevant ideas into products and recognition. A large number of participants including individual citizens to students, startups, traders, and entrepreneurs responded to the challenge through their simple and frugal innovations when there was an acute shortage and urgent need of creative solutions in terms of personal protection equipment (PPE), medical equipment and accessories and other health and welfare tools to aid the personal hygiene as well as a safe environment for humans. Some innovations were impromptu attempts by citizen innovators. This communication summarizes notable instances of timely innovations at various levels in the society during the crisis. Various sources such as journal articles, news articles, commercial enterprises, as well as academic and research institutions have been reviewed for the collection of the information. The relevance of these practical innovations to COVID-19, which helped the society, underlines the people\u2019s belief that innovation can indeed help the nation conquer the crisis and if empowered, a common man is capable of converting the crisis into opportunity. The active participation by various sectors of the society and the last person from the weaker section of society, including &#8216;women self-help groups&#8217; have highlighted a good example of the \u2018quadruple helix model of innovation\u2019 which emphasizes on constant interactions between academia, industry, government and public. There is a need to sustain, support and encourage this inquisitive mindset to create the next wave of innovation to fight any such calamity and support socioeconomic development in the future.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 05-12\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Vasi A. E. Shaikh <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune 411038, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ishrat V. Shaikh<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Zoology, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, Azam Campus, Camp, Pune 411001, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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India ramps up production of COVID-19 protective gears, medical equipment, Health News. https:\/\/health.economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/medical-devices\/india-ramps-up-production-of-covid-19-protective-gears-medical-equipment\/75514109<br \/>\r\n[76].\tEtzkowitz, H and Zhou, C (2017 ). The Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis, London. https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315620183<br \/>\r\n[77].\tGalvao, A, Mascarenhas, C, Marques, C, Ferreira, J and Ratten, V (2019 ). Triple helix and its evolution: a systematic literature review. J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. 10 812\u201333<br \/>\r\n[78].\tSimona, C, Rossella, S, Julia, F and Margherita, V (2016 ). Using the quadruple helix approach to accelerate the transfer of research and innovation results to regional growth. 163<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Vasi A. E. Shaikh, Ishrat V. Shaikh &#8220;COVID-19 Pandemic Kindled Innovations Leading to Primary Care Management in India: A Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.05-12 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/05-12.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c3a2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c3ad3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c3ad3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c3c1a\" data-id=\"e8c3c1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c3d21 elementor-widget 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c401b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c40b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c40b3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c41fd\" data-id=\"e8c41fd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c430c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c430c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c43a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c43a5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c44e4\" data-id=\"e8c44e4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c45f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c45f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c469a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c469a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c47e2\" data-id=\"e8c47e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c48e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c48e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c4990 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c4990\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c4afa\" data-id=\"e8c4afa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c4bff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c4bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Block Chain Technology: Smart Contract Application in the Real Estate Industry in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Jedidah Wanjagi, Olanrewaju Isola Fatoki, PhD- August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 13-17<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c4c95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c4c95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c4e22\" data-id=\"e8c4e22\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c4f4f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e8c4f4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Block chain is widely known as the underlying technology powering bitcoin. However, with the wide usage of technology, the block chain based smart contracts are being used to serve a wide range of data set such as financing, purchasing, leasing, sale and management of property transactions. This research embarked on determining the applicability of smart contract in the real estate industry. The researcher explored the usage of smart contract in management of property, purchasing, leasing and sales. Data was collected using secondary data from different articles and journals. From the findings revealed that, the real estate industry is transforming fast and there is need to have all the data in one place to reduce cases of fraud and simplify the title deed record process. Smart contract eases the lack of trust between the buyer and seller since with block chain, data is more transparent and there is accurate record keeping. It also provides an opportunity for auto-confirmation by the land registries and enhances transparency. It was further revealed that with smart contracts, several entitles can modify the database including tenants, owners, investors and lenders. Recommendations indicate the real estate industry should adopt block chain due to its usefulness and ability to create a difference in the industry.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 13-17\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jedidah Wanjagi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Accounting and Finance, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olanrewaju Isola Fatoki, PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Finance and Economic, School of Business, KCA University, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAmini, J., &#038; Welle, F. (2019). Diffusion in barriers: Insights from flux tests. Polymer Testing, 78, 105982. doi:10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.105982<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDeloitte. (2017). A New Game Changer for the Media Industry?<br \/>\r\nhttps:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/tr\/Documents\/technology-media-telecommunications\/deloitte-PoV-blockchain-media.pdf<br \/>\r\n[3].\tDijkstra, M. (2017), \u201cBlockchain: towards disruption in the real estate sector\u201d, Delft University of Technology, Delft.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHileman, D. G., &#038; Rauchs, M. (2017). Global blockchain benchmarking study. Cambridge \tCentre for Alternative Finance. Cambridge, United Kingdom: SSRN Electronic Journal.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tHu, Y., Manzoor, A., Ekparinya, P., Liyanage, M., Thilakarathna, K., Jourjon, G., &#038; Seneviratne, \tA. (2019). Blockchain-based smart contracts &#8211; applications and challenges. Available online https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1810.04699.pdf (accessed on 31 March 2020).<br \/>\r\n[6].\tJan Veuger. (2017). Attention to disruption and blockchain creates a viable real estate economy. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 14(5). doi:10.17265\/1548-6591\/2017.05.003.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tJavaid, U., Aman, M. N., &#038; Sikdar, B. (2018). BlockPro: Blockchain based Data Provenance and \tIntegrity for Secure IoT Environments. Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Blockchain-Enabled Networked Sensor Systems &#8211; BlockSys\u201918. 11- 14. doi:10.1145\/3282278.3282281 .<br \/>\r\n[8].\tJunis, F., Prasetya, F.M.W., Lubay, F. I., &#038; Sari, A. K. (2019). A revisit on blockchain-based smart \tcontract technology. arXiv preprint arXiv. Available online: &#8211; arxiv.org (accessed 28 March 2020).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKiplagat, S. (2019). Equity, CBA lose Sh490m in title deed fraud racket. Businesday Wednesday, \tDecember 4, 1&#038;4.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKrishna, S. D., Aakash. S. V., Sivaprakash. M., &#038; Madhumathi C.S. (2019). Secured real estate \ttransactions using blockchain technology. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 06(03), 1173-1176. www.irjet.net e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: \t2395-0072 .<br \/>\r\n[11].\tLin, I.-C., &#038; Liao, T. C. (2017). A Survey of blockchain security issues and challenges. IJ Network Security, 19(5), 653-659.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMalviya, H. (2017). Blockchain for commercial real estate. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2922695 or http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2922695.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMashatan, A., &#038; Roberts, Z. (2017). An enhanced real estate transaction process based on \tblockchain technology. Paper presented at the twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Boston.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMichael, J.; Cohn, A., &#038; Butcher, J.R. (2018). Blockchain technology and regulatory \tinvestigations. Available online: https:\/\/www.steptoe.com\/images\/content\/1\/7\/v3\/171269\/LIT-\tFebMar18- \tFeature-Blockchain.pdf (accessed on 31 March 2020).<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMiller, T., Bennett, R., &#038; Kara, A. (2019).  Smart Contracts and Land Administration: A New \tFramework for Property Conveyance: World Bank Land and Poverty Conference. Available online: https:\/\/www.conftool.com\/landandpoverty2019\/index.php\/06-03-Miller365_paper.pdf?page=downloadPaper&#038;filename=06-03-Miller-365_paper.pdf&#038;form_id=365&#038;form_version=final (accessed on 31 March 2020).<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMorabito, V. (2017). Blockchain Governance. Business Innovation through Blockchain, 41-59. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-48478-5_3<br \/>\r\n[17].\tNakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Available online: \tww.bitcoin.org (accessed on 28 March 2020).<br \/>\r\n[18].\tShrivas, M. K., &#038; Yeboah, D. T. (2018). The disruptive blockchain: Types, platforms and applications. 5th. Texila World Conference for Scholars (TWCS), on Transformation: The Creative Potential of Interdisciplinary &#038; Multidisciplinary Knowledge Exchange.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tSinghal, B., Dhameja, G., &#038; Panda, P. S. (2018). How Blockchain Works. Beginning Blockchain, 31-148. doi:10.1007\/978-1-4842-3444-0_2.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tSwan, M. (2015). Blockchain Thinking : The Brain as a Decentralized Autonomous Corporation \t[Commentary]. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 34(4), 41-52.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tTilbury, J. L., de la Rey, E., &#038; van der Schyff, K. (2019). Business process models of blockchain \tand South African real estate transactions. 2019 International Conference on Advances in Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD). doi:10.1109\/icabcd.2019.8851014<br \/>\r\n[22].\tVeuger, J. (2017), Een Wendbare Vastgoedeconomie met Disruptie &#038; Blockchain, \tHanzehogeschool Groningen: University of Applied Sciences, Groningen<br \/>\r\n[23].\tUzair, M. M., Karim, E., Sultan, S., &#038; Ahmed, S. S. (2018). The impact of blockchain \ttechnology on the real estate sector using smart contracts. MPRA Paper 88934, University \tLibrary of Munich, Germany.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jedidah Wanjagi, Olanrewaju Isola Fatoki, PhD &#8220;Block Chain Technology: Smart Contract Application in the Real Estate Industry in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.13-17 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/13-17.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/13-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/block-chain-technology-smart-contract-application-in-the-real-estate-industry-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Block Chain Technology: Smart Contract Application in the Real Estate Industry in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c60ef elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e8c60ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c61ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c61ca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c6342\" data-id=\"e8c6342\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c6466 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c6466\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c651c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c651c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c66a4\" data-id=\"e8c66a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c67c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c67c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Occupational Health Hazard of  Street Sweepers in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>O.S Olafimihan, M.I Ogunruku, O.E. Odipe &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 18-23<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c6862 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c6862\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c69fe\" data-id=\"e8c69fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c6b5e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e8c6b5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Street sweepers are behind the enhancing traffic safety for removing harmful pollutants. The job of street sweepers is a vigorous task which exposes workers to many hazards and health problems. Street sweepers are exposed to a variety of health risk factors on working environment such as dust volatile organic matter, bio-aerosols and mechanical stress, which caused them to develop certain occupational disease. Street cleaners are exposed to divers occupational health hazards which can be; physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial and ergonomic hazards, signs if which may include; rash, sunburn, heat stress, headache, breathlessness, skin cancer and temporary loss of hearing or permanent hearing loss from exposure to noise. This  study, which  is aimed at assessing the occupational health hazards the street sweepers are exposed to, 100 street sweepers working in 3major  Local Government of Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria were studied, the street sweepers work on the major road in these  LGAs,  the survey designed study makes use of interview as well as the use of structured questionnaires in gathering the used data which were presented in tables. Major percentage of the street sweepers were female, (88%) while only  12% were male, with different age ranges, 3%  were between the age of  10 years to 20 years, 21 to 30 years makes up 25% of the population, 49% of the population falls betweeen the age of 31 years and 40 years old and 23% are 41 years old and above. 73%  of the respondents has no training on waste handling while 27% claimed to have undergone training on waste handling, 41% of the street sweepers said they have training on how to clean and 59% has no training. 77% of the respondents claimed to have  knowledge on the hazards associated to their occupation, while 23% has no knowledge whatsoever on the hazards associated with their occupation. These and more were revealed about the street sweeping job in Ilorin Metropolis in relation the hazards associated with the job. Conclusions were made based on the results future study recommendations were discussed as well.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 18-23\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>O.S Olafimihan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Health Science, School of Allied Health and Environmental Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M.I Ogunruku<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Health Science, School of Allied Health and Environmental Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>O.E. Odipe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Health Science, School of Allied Health and Environmental Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAA, Ewis, Mohamed ES, Rahma MA, Hifnawy TM, and Arafa AE. &#8220;Occupational health-related morbidities among street sweepers and waste collectors at Beni-Suef, Egypt.&#8221; Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine 37, no. 1 (2013): 79-94.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tdo Nascimento Ara\u00fajo, Luzia Vilma Pereira, Ana Larissa Lopes Barbosa, Kerolayne Camila, Souza Almeida, Tamires Guedes Vieira, Maria Tereza Perazzo, Andr\u00e9 Luiz Dantas Bezerra et al. &#8220;Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in urban cleaning agents.&#8221; International Archives of Medicine 9 (2016).<br \/>\r\n[3]\tErah, Francis O., P. E. Edeawe, I. N. Omorogbe, J. T. Onyebujoh, E. O. Ohwovoriole, and A. Bamidele. &#8220;EFFECT OF DUST ON THE RESPIRATORY HEALTH OF STREET SWEEPERS IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA.&#8221; ANNALS OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL PRACTICE 3, no. 2 (2018): 71-79.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tEtim, Bassey A., Chigozie I. Echieh, Chidiebere P. Echieh, Jeff Ajewole, and Taiwo Oyeniyi. &#8220;Awareness and practice knowledge of ocular health safety among street sweepers in Calabar, South-South, Nigeria.&#8221; Nigerian Journal of Medicine 28, no. 3 (2019): 281-286.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGebremedhn, Mulu Gebreslassie, and Prakasam Vadakkedath Raman. &#8220;Socio economic and health status of street sweepers of Mekelle city, Ethiopia.&#8221; Waste Management 103 (2020): 251-259.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHabybabady, Raheleh Hashemi, Hannaneh Nasibi Sis, Fatemeh Paridokht, Fatemeh Ramrudinasab, Ali Behmadi, Bentolhoda Khosravi, and Mahdi Mohammadi. &#8220;Effects of Dust Exposure on the Respiratory Health Symptoms and Pulmonary Functions of Street Sweepers.&#8221; The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS 25, no. 6 (2018): 76.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHassan, O., H. Abed, E. Araby, and N. Fayed. &#8220;Adverse dermatologic and respiratory health problems among street sweeper\u2019s workers: a comparative study.&#8221; Egyptian J. Occupation. Med. 43, no. 1 (2019): 111-127.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tJohnson, Ofonime Effiong, and Ukeme Anthony John. &#8220;Occupational hazards and health problems among street sweepers in Uyo, Nigeria.&#8221; Occupational hazards 13, no. 2.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tNku, C. O., E. J. Peters, A. I. Eshiet, O. Oku, and E. E. Osim. &#8220;Lung function, oxygen saturation and symptoms among street sweepers in Calabar, Nigeria.&#8221; Nigerian journal of physiological sciences 20, no. 1 (2005): 79-84.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tPatel, Vijay Shankar, and Utsuk Datta. &#8220;Assessment of Knowledge and Preventive Practices about Occupational Health Hazard among Safai Karmchari of Municipality in Delhi.&#8221; EPIDEMIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 3, no. 4 (2020).<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPriyanka, V. Patil, and R. K. Kamble. &#8220;Occupational health hazards in street sweepers of Chandrapur city, central India.&#8221; International Journal of Environment 6, no. 2 (2017): 9-18.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRahma, Mervat, Ashraf Ewis, and Tamer Hifnawy. &#8220;Awareness of Occupational Health Hazards among Street Sweepers and Garbage Collectors at Beni-Suef City, Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study.&#8221; Journal of High Institute of Public Health 39, no. 4 (2009): 654-668.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tStambuli, Prisca. &#8220;Occupational respiratory health symptoms and associated factors among street sweepers in Ilala municipality.&#8221; PhD diss., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tWahab, Bolanle, and Busuyi Ogunlola. &#8220;The nature and challenges of street sweeping in Ado-Ekiti.&#8221; African Journal for the Psychological Studies of Social Issues 17, no. 3 (2015): 145-153<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">O.S Olafimihan, M.I Ogunruku, O.E. Odipe &#8220;Assessment of Occupational Health Hazard of  Street Sweepers in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.18-23 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/18-23.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/18-23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-occupational-health-hazard-of-street-sweepers-in-ilorin-metropolis-kwara-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessment of Occupational Health Hazard of  Street Sweepers in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8127 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e8c8127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8224 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c8224\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c83b2\" data-id=\"e8c83b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c84ef elementor-widget 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c8830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c88f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c88f5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8a8d\" data-id=\"e8c8a8d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8c31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c8c31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8ce9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c8ce9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8e80\" data-id=\"e8c8e80\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8f8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c8f8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c9037 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c9037\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c9196\" data-id=\"e8c9196\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c92a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c92a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c933d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c933d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c94af\" data-id=\"e8c94af\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c95ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8c95ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u201cThe Role of Leader\u2019s Personality and World Order on Foreign Policy Decision Making: Comparison between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Era and Sheikh Hasina Era\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abdur Rahman Mohammad Thamim &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 24-38<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c9651 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c9651\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8c97c0\" data-id=\"e8c97c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c9900 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e8c9900\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Leader\u2019s personality traits and existing strategic world order gambit a pivotal role on foreign policy decision making. Coordinating with world order, state leader\u2019s power of imagination, emotionality, prudence, strategic crisis management and negotiation ability maximize highest national interest of a country. This paper endeavors to make a connection among leader\u2019s personality traits, existing world order and foreign policy decision making by a comparative analysis between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman era(1972-1975) and Sheikh Hasina era (1996-2001; 2008- till to date). Personality traits models like 16 Personality Factor model and Big 5 Personality model are used here as a tool of examining leader\u2019s personality. Besides, to what extent the world order (Uni-polarity, Bi-polarity, Non-polarity, Multi-polarity or revival of any super power at international politics) can also influence in foreign policy decision making is also a matter of critical analysis? Heredity, grown up environment and genetics that interlinked between the personality traits and foreign policy decision making of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Sheikh Hasina is also reflected in this paper.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 24-38\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdur Rahman Mohammad Thamim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of International Relations, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka -1216, Bangladesh <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAllison, Graham and Philip, \u201cThe new international relations; theory and Practice,\u201d edited by Marie Claude Smouts,( Hurst and Company, London, 2001), P.79, Available at <https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?isbn=1850654336>, Accessed in November 12, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAndreas Wenger and Doron Zimmerman, \u201cInternational Relations: From the Cold War to the Globalized World\u201d( Oxford University Press, 2014), P.142, Available at <   https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/International-Relations...Globalized-World\/dp\/1588260984>,Accessed in September 11, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBahzad A. 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Siddiqui, The changing pattern of Bangladesh foreign policy in different political regimes, Institute of Peace and conflict studies, 2011, P. 36, available at < www.academia.edu\/...\/The_changing_pattern_of_Bangladesh_foreign_policy_in_diff>,Accessed in, September 12, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tSpeech by Mr. A. H. Mahmood Ali Hon\u2019ble Foreign Minister of Bangladesh on Foreign Policy and a Vision for Bangladesh, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, 2014, P. 23, Available at < www.mofa.gov.bd\/...\/speech-mr-h-mahmood-ali-hon\u2019ble-foreign-minister-banglades>, Accessed in December 2, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tWalter R. Mead, Order and Change in Global Politics: Assessing the \u201cReturn of Geopolitics\u201d, e-International Relations, 2014), P.15, Available at< www.e-ir.info\/...\/order-and-change-in-global-politics-assessing-the-return-of-geopolit> Accessed in September 9, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tWalter Russell Mead, Order and Change in Global Politics: Assessing the \u201cReturn of Geopolitics\u201d, (Roberto Orsi ,November, 2014 ), P. 67,Available at <www.e-ir.info\/...\/order-and-change-in-global-politics-assessing-the-return-of-geopolit> Accessed in October 23, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tWares Pavel, RMG Industries in Bangladesh: Challenges and Prospects, 2015, Available at <https:\/\/pt.scribd.com\/doc\/...\/RMG-Industry-in-Bangladesh-Challenges-and-Prospects>, Accessed in December 10, 2019.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdur Rahman Mohammad Thamim &#8220;\u201cThe Role of Leader\u2019s Personality and World Order on Foreign Policy Decision Making: Comparison between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Era and Sheikh Hasina Era\u201d&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.24-38 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/24-38.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" 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elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-leaders-personality-and-world-order-on-foreign-policy-decision-making-comparison-between-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-era-and-sheikh-hasina-era\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201cThe Role of Leader\u2019s Personality and World Order on Foreign Policy Decision Making: Comparison between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Era and Sheikh Hasina Era\u201d<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d29d5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e8d29d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8d3c79\" data-id=\"e8d3c79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d3d81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8d3d81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8d3e1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8d3e1a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8d3f5d\" data-id=\"e8d3f5d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d406f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8d406f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8d4107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8d4107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8d4266\" data-id=\"e8d4266\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d4374 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8d4374\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Covid-19 on Office Market Segment of India<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Jeel Joshi, Shekhar Nagargoje- August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 39-45<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8d4415 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8d4415\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8d4597\" data-id=\"e8d4597\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d46c3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e8d46c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The office segment of India was witnessing a growth trajectory for the past 3 years which was disrupted by Covid-19 pandemic. The crisis has pushed for new business models which rely on technology to achieve business continuity. In the current situation, the construction and economic activities have faced challenges. With these unconventional changes in structure, operation and lifestyle, the corporate world will have to revisit their priorities for their employees and assets. The research paper intends to gauge the gravity of the pandemic impact on Office market in India.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 39-45\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jeel Joshi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMBA in Real Estate &#038; Urban Infrastructure, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, Mumbai, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shekhar Nagargoje<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMBA in Real Estate &#038; Urban Infrastructure, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, Mumbai, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAnarock. (2020). Covid-19 Impact on the Indian RE sector<br \/>\r\n[2]\tJLL. (2020). Covid-19 Global Real Estate Implications<br \/>\r\n[3]\tClark, G. (2016). Microbes and markets: wasthe black death an economicrevolution? Journal of Demographic Economics,82, 2016, 139\u2013165., 139-165.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAttila Ambrus, E. F. (2020). Loss in the Time of Cholera: Long-Run Impact of a Disease Epidemic on the Urban Landscape. American Economic Review 2020, 110(2, 475-525.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tLindeman, J. (2020, March 15). Pandemics, panics and property markets. Retrieved from Your Investment Property: https:\/\/www.yourinvestmentpropertymag.com.au\/expert-advice\/john-lindeman\/pandemics-panics-and-property-markets-270156.aspx<br \/>\r\n[6]\tJLL. (2019). India Real Estate Market Update 2019- Office.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tCensus of India. (2020, May 23). Census India. Retrieved from https:\/\/censusindia.gov.in<br \/>\r\n[8]\tFICCI-Dhruva. (2020, April 21). India Inc. Forecasts revenue decline, job losses, pay cuts . Retrieved from fortuneindia: https:\/\/www.fortuneindia.com\/macro\/india-inc-forecasts-decline-in-revenue-job-losses-and-pay-cuts\/104494<br \/>\r\n[9]\tZyeta. (2020). Paradigm Shift in Workplace Design Post COVID-19<br \/>\r\n[10]\tRabianski, J. S., &#038; Gibler, K. M. (January 2006). Office market demand analysis and estimation techniques: a literature review, synthesis and commentary. Journal of Real Estate Literature: 2006, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 37-56.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tJLL. (2017, June 8). IT office absorption increases by 10%, lease transcation increases by 52%. Retrieved from JLL: http:\/\/jllapsites.com\/real-estate-compass\/2017\/06\/office-absorption\/<br \/>\r\n[12]\tCIRIL. (2020). Covid 19 disruption indian real estate \u2013 bracing for challenging times ahead.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tCBRE. (2020). Reopening the World&#8217;s workplaces.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tThe New Indian Express. (2020, May 7). Most employees anxious to return to office after lockdown on health concerns: Survey. The New Indian Express.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tJLL. (2020). India Real Estate Market Update Q1 2020.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tBloomberg Tax. (2020, April 8). INSIGHT: Impact of Covid-19 on Valuations and Debt. Retrieved from bloombergtax: https:\/\/news.bloombergtax.com\/transfer-pricing\/insight-47<br \/>\r\n[17]\tLivemint. (2019, July 03). Blackstone buys stake in L&#038;T Business Park for around \u20b9700 crore. Livemint.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tCBRE. (2020). Cap rate flash survey may 2020.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tThe Indian Express. (2020, May 03). Costlier to work from office? 8 per cent rent increase in five Indian metros indicate so. The Indian Express.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tPropstack. (2020, May 13). Propstack Insights: Snapshot of Office CAM charges in India. Retrieved from Propstack: https:\/\/www.propstack.com\/news\/propstack-insights-snapshot-of-office-cam-charges-in-india\/<br \/>\r\n[21]\tPlecher, H. (2020, May 5). India: Inflation rate from 1984 to 2021. Retrieved from Statista: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271322\/inflation-rate-in-india\/<br \/>\r\n[22]\tFortune Survey. (2020). Fortune surveyed the ceos of the 2020 fortune 500 list &#8230; And here are the results.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jeel Joshi, Shekhar Nagargoje&#8221;Impact of Covid-19 on Office Market Segment of India&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.39-45 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/39-45.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/39-45.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-covid-19-on-office-market-segment-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Covid-19 on Office Market Segment of India<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8da9b7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e8da9b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8daa94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8daa94\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8dac25\" data-id=\"e8dac25\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8dad6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8dad6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8dae11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8dae11\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8daf68\" data-id=\"e8daf68\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8db06e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8db06e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8db119 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8db119\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8db27a\" data-id=\"e8db27a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8db382 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8db382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8db41c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8db41c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8db578\" data-id=\"e8db578\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8db682 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8db682\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8db719 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8db719\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8db89f\" data-id=\"e8db89f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8db9ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8db9ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8dba6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8dba6d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8dbbb5\" data-id=\"e8dbbb5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8dbcc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8dbcc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8dbd62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8dbd62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8dbecc\" data-id=\"e8dbecc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8dbfd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8dbfd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Contention of U.S Intelligence Manipulation and Political Surveillance: A Post 9\/11 intelligence Diagnosis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Iffat Anjum, Abdur Rahman Mohammad Thamim &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 46-56<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8dc072 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8dc072\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8dc1e4\" data-id=\"e8dc1e4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8dc306 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e8dc306\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper attempts to demonstrate the nature and functions of US intelligence operations in the contemporary world while juxtaposing their compatibility and consistency with relevant international legal frameworks. It has explored whether these operations of intelligence and counter-intelligence dynamism is being confined within the national issues of United States or time  to time moving beyond opportunistically. After simultaneous and vigorous intelligence failure of 9\/11 terrorist attacks and Iraq WMD intelligence failure (controversially intelligence propaganda) , the intelligence communities of United States have undergone extensive major reforms since 2005 when President George W. Bush signed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. But this diagnosis sheds light on the debate that in spite of being modified and revised these intelligence agencies have still remained the same prejudiced, arrogant and tyrannical institutions prioritizing national interests rather than civil, national and international laws. To exemplify such illiberal attitude and gross intelligence manipulation numerous issues of Abu Ghraib Prison, Guantanamo Bay detention camp and more recent ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Levant) patronization can be highlighted as concrete evidences. Again, covert but authentic sources like WikiLeaks, Edward Snowden and Julian Assange have revealed sensitive contended issues that US intelligence is being used as a political instrument to sustain unauthorized and extrajudicial surveillance violating individual as well as collective rights. They have strongly argued such manipulated entities patronize new threats to international terrorism to continue systematic extremism against the well-portrayed religious fundamentalism. Thereby, this paper tries to examine whether all forms of international terrorism is backed by religious fundamentalism or to some extent ironically being patronized by the \u2018countering intelligence communities\u2019 to sustain their political interests and dominance. Finally, considering all such extremely controversial determinants this paper advances to ascertain current international stature and credibility of these intelligence institutions and prescribes several plausible reform initiatives to redesign these entities in a value-neutral, dispassionate and objective manner.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 46-56\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iffat Anjum<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of International Relations, Bangladesh Military Academy, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdur Rahman Mohammad Thamim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of International Relations, Bangladesh Military Academy, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]\tBajoria, J., &#038; Kaplan, E. (2011, May 4). The ISI and Terrorism: Behind the Accusations. Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http:\/\/www.cfr.org\/pakistan\/isi-terrorism-behind-accusations\/p11644<br \/>\r\n[2]\tGuantanamo Bay sergeant claims CIA tortured 3 men to death. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/news\/politics\/guantanamo-bay-sergeant-claims-cia-tortured-3-men-death-article-1.2082610<br \/>\r\n[3]\t\u201cHow USA and UK spy agencies defeat internet privacy and security?\u201d (2013, September 6). The Guardian.<br \/>\r\n[4]\t&#8220;James \u2018Whitey\u2019 Bulger\u2019s Capture Could Cause Trouble inside the FBI.&#8221; (2011, June 14).The Washington Post. Retrieved from<br \/>\r\n http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/james-whitey-bulgers-capture-could-cause-trouble-inside-the-fbi\/2011\/06\/24\/AGis2cjH_story.html 015.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tMckay, D. (2009). American Politics and Society. Willey-Blackwell:Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMithiborwala, F. (2014, September 13). \u201cISIS \u2013An American-CIA-Mossad-Saudi Intel Covert Operation\u201d Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http:\/\/www.countercurrents.org\/mithiborwala130914.htm<br \/>\r\n[7]\tNew Details of Prison Abuse Emerged. (2004, May 21). The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2014, from http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/articles\/A43783-2004May20.html<br \/>\r\n[8]\tNgak, C. (2013, July 9). NSA Leaker Snowden Claimed U.S. and Israel Co-wrote Stuxnet Virus.&#8221; CBC News. Retrieved August 14, 2015 from http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/nsa-leaker-snowden-claimed-us-and-israel-co-wrote-stuxnet-virus\/.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tOPEC Share of World Crude Oil Reserves. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http:\/\/www.opec.org\/opec_web\/en\/data_graphs\/330.htm<br \/>\r\n[10]\tPillar, P. (2005). Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9\/11, and Misguided Reform.(. Columbia University Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPower, T. (2011, September 30). The Weapons that were not there. The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2015, from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/10\/02\/books\/review\/intelligence-and-us-foreign-policy-by-paul-r-pillar-book-review.html?pagewanted=all<br \/>\r\n[12]\t\u201cRegarding eTorture of Others. (2004, May 23). The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2015, from<br \/>\r\nhttp:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/05\/23\/magazine\/23PRISONS.html?pagewanted=3&#038;ei=5007&#038;en=a2cb6ea6bd297c8f&#038;ex=1400644800&#038;partner=USERLAND<br \/>\r\n[13]\tRoss, S. (2009, June 28). CIA Crucified captive in Abu Ghraib Prison. Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/cia-crucified-captive-in-abu-ghraib-prison\/14133<br \/>\r\n[14]\tSageman, M. (2014). The Stagnation in Terrorism Research\u2019. Terrorism and Political Violence, 26(4), 565-580. doi:10.1080\/09546553.2014.895649<br \/>\r\n[15]\tSeper, J. (n.d.). Osama Access to State Secrets Helped 9\/11&#8243;. Retrieved June 14, 2015, from http:\/\/www.crime-research.org\/news\/2003\/01\/Mess0801.htm<br \/>\r\n[16]\tShovelan, J. (2004, July 23). 9\/11 Commission Finds &#8216;deep Institutional Failings&#8217; Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/am\/content\/2004\/s1160100.htm.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tThe Geneva Conventions of 12 August, 1949. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2015, from https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/eng\/assets\/files\/publications\/icrc-002-0173.pdf<br \/>\r\n[18]\tToday`s FBI: Facts &#038; Figures (2013-2014).Washington, D.C. Accessed on February 24, 2015. http:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/stats-services\/publications\/todays-fbi-facts-figures\/facts-and-figures-031413.pdf\/view<br \/>\r\n[19]\tU.S. Intelligence Budget Data. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/budget\/<br \/>\r\n[20]\t\u201cWiki Leaks to Publish New Documents\u201d,. (2010, August 7). The Associated Press. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5ukvPaEhj<br \/>\r\n[21]\tZegart, A. (2007). Spying Blind. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.<br \/>\r\n http:\/\/unocha.org\/humansecurity\/about-human-security\/human-security-un<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iffat Anjum, Abdur Rahman Mohammad Thamim, &#8220;The Contention of U.S Intelligence Manipulation and Political Surveillance: A Post 9\/11 intelligence Diagnosis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.46-56 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/46-56.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/46-56.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" 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Diagnosis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8de27e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e8de27e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Experimental Studies on Laminar Jet Methane-Air Premixed Flame at Atmospheric Condition<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Jahidul Haque Chaudhuri &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 57-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8e3fbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8e3fbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8e4130\" data-id=\"e8e4130\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8e6b5b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e8e6b5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Flame can be defined in which rapid chemical reaction take place and often emitting light. In other words, flame is a self-sustainable localized combustion zone that moves at a certain velocity into the fuel-air mixture. This is also known as a combustion wave since it moves and there is a sudden change in properties like temperature and mass fraction of constituent species. Combustion can occur in both in flame and non-flame method. Flame mode further classified premixed flame and non-premixed fame. A premixed flame can be stabilized between two limiting values of gas flow rate. First limiting value of gas flow rate is, for a certain maximum value of gas flow rate flame get detached from the burner and flame go away from the domain of interest. This phenomenon is called blow off or liftoff the flame. During liftoff condition flame may be stabilized at some distance from the port. Due to liftoff, several problems create like escape or loss of unburnt gasses, poor heat transfer, noisy, incomplete combustion, and tough to accurately control the position of flame. And second, the limiting value of gas flow rate is, when the flow rate of the gas falls below a certain minimum value, the flame is not capable of anchoring itself to the burner rim and moves into the burner, this phenomenon is called flashback. Similar to liftoff conditions due to flashbacks create several problems as it can lead to an explosion. So data off flashback and blow off is very important to design any combustion system. In this present study focusing on finding stability range of methane-air experimentally by investigating flashback and blow off covering a wide range of fuel-air ratio from lean to reach mixture. And also observe how cone angle and flame height changes with changing air-fuel flow rate, using flame cone angle flame propagation speed can measure and compare at which condition (lean, rich, stoichiometric) its maximum.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 57-64\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2020.7801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2020.7801<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jahidul Haque Chaudhuri<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDirect Ph.D., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]\tChen, J. L. P., &#038; Churchill, S. W. (1972). Stabilization of flames in refractory tubes. Combustion and Flame, 18(1), 37-42.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tMishra, D. P. (2007). Experimental studies of flame stability limits of CNG\u2013air premixed flame. Energy conversion and Management, 48(4), 1208-1211.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tJejurkar, S. Y., &#038; Mishra, D. P. (2011). Flame stability studies in a hydrogen\u2013air premixed flame annular microcombustor. International journal of hydrogen energy, 36(12), 7326-7338.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tKhandelwal, B., Sahota, G. P. S., &#038; Kumar, S. (2010). Investigations into the flame stability limits in a backward step micro scale combustor with premixed methane\u2013air mixtures. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 20(9), 095030.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tChen, Y. C., Chang, C. C., Pan, K. L., &#038; Yang, J. T. (1998). Flame lift-off and stabilization mechanisms of nonpremixed jet flames on a bluff-body burner. Combustion and flame, 115(1-2), 51-65.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tLeung, T., &#038; Wierzba, I. (2008). The effect of hydrogen addition on biogas non-premixed jet flame stability in a co-flowing air stream. International journal of hydrogen energy, 33(14), 3856-3862.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHu, S., Gao, J., Zhou, Y., Gong, C., Bai, X. S., Li, Z., &#038; Alden, M. (2017). Numerical and experimental study on laminar methane\/air premixed flames at varying pressure. Energy Procedia, 105, 4970-4975.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tHarris ME, Grumer J, von Elbe G, Lewis B. Burning velocities, quenching and stability data of non-turbulent flames of methane, propane with oxygen and nitrogen. In: Proc 3rd Symp on Combustion, Flame and Explosion, Williams and Williams, Baltimore, 1949. pp. 80\u20138<br \/>\r\n[9]\tWohl K, Kapp NM, Gazely C. Flame stabilization and quenching. In: Proc of 3rd Symp on Combustion, Flame and Explosion, Williams and Williams, Baltimore, 1949. pp. 3\u201320<br \/>\r\n[10]\tSchefer, R. W. (2003). Hydrogen enrichment for improved lean flame stability. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 28(10), 1131-1141.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tJerzak, W., &#038; Ku\u017ania, M. (2016). Experimental study of impact of swirl number as well as oxygen and carbon dioxide content in natural gas combustion air on flame flashback and blow-off. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 29, 46-54.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tSyred, N., Giles, A., Lewis, J., Abdulsada, M., Medina, A. V., Marsh, R., &#8230; &#038; Griffiths, A. J. (2014). Effect of inlet and outlet configurations on blow-off and flashback with premixed combustion for methane and a high hydrogen content fuel in a generic swirl burner. Applied energy, 116, 288-296.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tKrikunova, A. I. (2020). Premixed methane-air flame under alternate gravity. Acta Astronautica.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tYuasa, S., Oshimi, K., Nose, H., &#038; Tennichi, Y. (2005). Concept and combustion characteristics of ultra-micro combustors with premixed flame. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 30(2), 2455-2462.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMishra, D. P., &#038; Kannan, R. (2004). Experimental investigation of lean premixed swirl burner. International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines, 21, 103-114.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jahidul Haque Chaudhuri &#8220;Experimental Studies on Laminar Jet Methane-Air Premixed Flame at Atmospheric Condition&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp. 57-64 August 2020 URL: DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2020.7801<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/experimental-studies-on-laminar-jet-methane-air-premixed-flame-at-atmospheric-condition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Experimental Studies on Laminar Jet Methane-Air Premixed Flame at Atmospheric Condition<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8ea732 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e8ea732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8efebe\" data-id=\"e8efebe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8effcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8effcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8f0064 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8f0064\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8f01c2\" data-id=\"e8f01c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8f02ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8f02ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8f0367 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8f0367\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8f04e0\" data-id=\"e8f04e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8f05fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8f05fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Brand Name on Consumer Buying Behavior: Empirical Study on Somali Students in Istanbul<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fuad Ali Bulle, Prof. Dr. \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00c7engel &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 65-75<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8f0697 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8f0697\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8f07fd\" data-id=\"e8f07fd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e903909 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e903909\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Branding plays an important role in enhancing any commercial performance and is a closed tool that can positively change people&#8217;s buying behavior. In the current marketing scenario, it has become necessary to examine consumer behavior. Consumers are market owners. A commercial organization cannot operate without consumers. The study is presented in five chapters, literature review, research methodology, presentation of research results, analysis and discussion of data, summary, results, and recommendations. The objectives of the study focus on examining the impact of a brand on consumer buying behavior, whether consumer buying behavior is affected by factors such as the excellent price of branded products, perceived quality of branded products, marital status, and brand name associated with brand consumption of Somali students study in Istanbul which is the working population of the study since most of the students in turkey study in Istanbul. a questionnaire was used to collect data. 110 questionnaires were used, which collected 110 responses for a month. The results show that the brand name has a strong positive impact and an important relationship with consumer buying behavior.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-75\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fuad Ali Bulle<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster Student, Faculty Social Science, Department of Business Administration, Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Turkey<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Dr. \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00c7engel<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Faculty Social Science, Department of Business Administration, Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Turkey<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aaker, A. (1991). Managing Brand Equity, Capitalyzing on the value of the brand. database Marketing Institute.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAlamgir, M., Nasir, T., Shamsuddoha, M., &#038; Nedelea, A. (2010). Influence Of Brand Name On Consumer Decision Making Process- An. The Annals of The &#8220;\u015etefan cel Mare&#8221; University of Suceava. Fascicle of The Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, 145.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tALAMGIR, M., NASIR, T., SHAMSUDDOHA, M., &#038; NEDELEA, A. (2010). INFLUENCE OF BRAND NAME ON CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING PROCESS- AN. The Annals of The &#8220;\u015etefan cel Mare&#8221; University of Suceava. Fascicle of The Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, 145.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAl-azzawi, M., &#038; Anthony, M. (2012). Students Brand Preferences Between Apple and samsung. Eskilstuna-V\u00e4ster\u00e5s: M\u00e4lardalen University.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBlackett, T. (2004, April). Interbrand. 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Principles of Marketing. financial times prentice hall.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tMarken, G. (2003). emotional branding of how successful an irrational edge. public relations quarterly summer, 48(2).<br \/>\r\n[22]\tMarken, G. (2003). Emotional Branding, How Succesful brands the irrational edge. Summer, Public Relations Quarterly, 48(2), 15-16.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tMiles, M. B. Huberman, A.M,. (1994). Qualitative data Analysis: Expanded Source Book (2nd Edition b.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tOffeh, E. B., Antwi-Donkor, c., &#038; Addo, R. (2013, June). THE EFFECTS OF BRANDING ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR IN LOCAL. CHRISTIAN SERVICE UNIVERSITY, s. 32.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tOrodha, A. K. (2002). Research Methodology. Nairobi: Kenyatta University Module And E-learning.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tpapanastassiu, r. (2006). too old for a brand. 22-23.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tPaul, P. J. (2005). too old for a brand.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tPeter, J. D. (2010). Marketing Management: Knowledge and skills (10th edition b.). Mc Graw-hill\/Irwin.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tPhaton, M. (2005). Qualitative Research And Evaluation Method. Chicago: Sage Publications INC.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tRossiter, a. P. (1987). Advertising and Promotion Management. Singapore: Mcgraw-hill.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tRubini, A. (2010). THE ROLE OF BRAND IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR. SAVONIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tSekaren, U. (2006). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. America: John Wiley &#038; Sons.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tSolomon Micheal. (2005). Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being. (5th Edition b.). New Jersey: Prentice Halls.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tSophia Gregori, &#038;. A. (2002). Grocery Shopping Behavior. UMEA University, USBE.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tTATT, K. E. (2010). Factors Influencing Consumer Buying Behaviour of Luxury Branded Goods. UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA.<br \/>\r\n[36]\tuggla, H. (2001). emotional branding: how successful brands gain an irrational edge. organization of brand:malmo economic Travis daryi, 39.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fuad Ali Bulle, Prof. Dr. \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00c7engel &#8220;The Effect of Brand Name on Consumer Buying Behavior: Empirical Study on Somali Students in Istanbul&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.65-75 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/65-75.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/65-75.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-brand-name-on-consumer-buying-behavior-empirical-study-on-somali-students-in-istanbul\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Brand Name on Consumer Buying Behavior: Empirical Study on Somali Students in Istanbul<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e90486c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e90486c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e90503f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e90503f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e905191\" data-id=\"e905191\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9052a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9052a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e905342 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e905342\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e905494\" data-id=\"e905494\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e90559b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e90559b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e905637 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e905637\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e905791\" data-id=\"e905791\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e90589a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e90589a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e905932 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e905932\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e905a71\" data-id=\"e905a71\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e905b87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e905b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e905c21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e905c21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e905f6e\" data-id=\"e905f6e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9060e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9060e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Free Education as a Mechanism to Ascertained Quality Education in Primary Schools in Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Bashar Ibrahim, Sanusi Sirajo Aliyu, Isah Yahaya &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 76-79<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e906187 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e906187\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e90631c\" data-id=\"e90631c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e906441 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e906441\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research is aims at investigating the academic achievement of pupils during free education program in Sokoto state, the researchers used descriptive survey design in order to determined accurate results, the population of 20,305 was used to conducted this Studies out of the population 377 Sample was used for the study the Sample was Determine using RV. Krejcies and D.W Morgan (1970) Table of determining Sample Size for Research Activities, Fourteen designed Questions were formulated to Guide Studies Simple Random Sampling techniques\u2019 was used to determine the Sample, the questionnaires has been Validated by experts\u2019 and they testified its reliability and Validity. Descriptive Statistics and SPSS were used for data Analysis the Finding of the Study shows that, Free Education has played a crucial roles on pupil access to quality Education in Sokoto State, This was achieved Through Pupil Enrolments with a Means of 3.0389 while level of intervention in public partnership shows 3.1696 and pupils performance with means 3.1544 the Instrument Consist three likert Scale. The following was recommended from the Studies: &#8211; Government needs to gives More Priority on Free- and quality education. There is Needs for Strong Intervention between Public and Private Partnership for Access quality Education among pupils of Sokoto State.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 76-79\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashar Ibrahim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDept of Adult and Non-formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sanusi Sirajo Aliyu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences, College of Basic and Remedial Studies, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Isah Yahaya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDept of General Studies, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAmin, M.E. (2005). Social Science Research: Conception, Methodology and Analysis. Makerere\tUniversity Printers, Kampala<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAkareem H.S &#038; Hossain S.S (2016) Effective Supervision of Teacher Performance: A tool for a Quality education The Guardian.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAmbe B.A &#038; Eyo E.O (2017) Evaluation of Community Mobilization and Enrichment of School  Curricular Strategies for the 9 years Schooling programme in Cross River State, Nigeria. Prestige, Journal of Counseling Psychology 1 (1) 225 \u2013 238<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAmanchukwu, R. N (2011) The challenges of Quality education and good governance in a developing economy. African Journal of Education and Technology, 1(3), 103 \u2013 110.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tDewey, J. (1916) Democracy and Education. An introduction to the philosophy of education (1966) New York: Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tKaplan, Robert &#038; saccuzo.(1999). Research methodology A step by step guide for beginners..Ginja Publication Press<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMicheal C.O. Dantani Y.S &#038; Patrick O.A (2012) Motivational factors that enhance learning,Among Primary School Pupils of Sobe Local government Area of Kaduna State. TheNigeria Educational Psychologist 10 (1) 84 \u2013 94.<br \/>\r\n[8]\t UN (2019) world meters retrieve www.worldometer.infor\/word population\/Nigeria populationon a thursday 31\/10\/2019 1:38am.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tUnited Nations General Assembly (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: United Nations. http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/documents\/udhr\/. Accessed dec, 20, 2019<br \/>\r\n[10]\tUnicef (2019) The Teachers Guide to Psychosocial Support in the Classroom Unicef, West a Central Africa Regional Office.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bashar Ibrahim, Sanusi Sirajo Aliyu, Isah Yahaya &#8220;Free Education as a Mechanism to Ascertained Quality Education in Primary Schools in Sokoto State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.76-79 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/76-79.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/76-79.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/free-education-as-a-mechanism-to-ascertained-quality-education-in-primary-schools-in-sokoto-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Free Education as a Mechanism to Ascertained Quality Education in Primary Schools in Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9074f3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9074f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e907ca6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e907ca6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e909c3b\" data-id=\"e909c3b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e90d20d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e90d20d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e90dff3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e90dff3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e90e1fa\" data-id=\"e90e1fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e90e32d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e90e32d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e90e3f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e90e3f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e90e572\" data-id=\"e90e572\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e90e687 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e90e687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Heavy Metals of Some Selected Medicinal Plant in Kwakwachi Fagge Local Government of Kano State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Obadahun.J, Okeh.Q, Shittu.K.J, Pascalina.P.L, Oludege.O.F, Omotola.M.B &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 80-82<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e90e729 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e90e729\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e90e8bf\" data-id=\"e90e8bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e90e9f8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e90e9f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was carried out to assess the level of heavy metal content of five selected medicinal plants locally consumed in Kwakwachi Fagge local government of Kano state. The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and As) were determined in Azadirachta indica (neem leaf), Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leave), Anacardium occidental (cashew leave), Citrus sinensis (orange) and Citrus limo (lemon) samples using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of the metals in all the medicinal plants were found to be Pb 1.84-5.12 mg\/l, Cd 0.6-0.84 mg\/l, Cr 0.24-0.6 mg\/, As 1.6-10.2 mg\/l. The result obtained from study showed that arsenic has the highest concentration in all the medicinal plants. The levels of the various heavy metals in the medicinal plant samples studied were found to be in order of As>Pb>Cd>Cr. The concentration of heavy metals in the plant samples exceeded the permissible limit of W.H.O (2006). The result indicates potential heavy metal risk as a result of the consumption of the mentioned traditional medicine in the study area.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 80-82\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obadahun.J<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology (Nilest), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okeh.Q<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology (Nilest), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shittu.K.J<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology (Nilest), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pascalina.P.L<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology (Nilest), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oludege.O.F<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Science and Resources Management, National Open University of Nigeria, Plot 91, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omotola.M.B<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDirectorate of Research N and Development, Ogun Centre, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology (Nilest), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkbarou T.J and Anpkhedzhaeua, D. (2000). Standardization Strategies for Herbal Drugs. An \tover view Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology  1:310-312.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAlloway B.J, Ayres D.C. (1998). Chemical principle of Environmental Pollution water air and Soil 102:216-218.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAlokMaithani. (2011). Journal of Pharmacy Research.4 (6), 1824- 1827.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAnan K, Houghton P.J. (2008). Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Fibroblast Growth Stimulation of Aqueous Extract of Ficusasperifoliamig and gossypiumarboreuni L: WoundHealingPlantsJournalethnopharmacol;119:1414.(pub md)<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAnyaehie U.B. (2009). Medical Properties of Fractionated Acetion\/Water Neem Leaves Extract from Nigeria. NigerJournalforphysiolScience.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tArora M, Kiran B, Rani S,Rani A,Kaur B, Mittal N. (2008).Heavy Metal Accumulation in Vegetables Irrigated with water from different Sources.Food chem. 111;811-815.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tATSDR.(1993).Taxicologicalprofileforlead (Agency for toxic substances and disease registry.) U.S Department of health and human services,Atlanta, GA.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tATSDR.(2000).Toxicologicalprofileforchromium. Atlanta,GA: U.S,Department of health and human services.s( Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease registry).<br \/>\r\n[9]\tAyensu, E.S and De Filipps, R.A. ( 1978). Endangered and Threatened Plants of  TheUnited State Washington Dc Smith Sonian Institution.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tBalandrn M.F, Kinghorn, A.D andFarnsworth, N.R.(1993). Plant Derived Natural Product in Drug Discovery and Development;An Overview in: Human Medicinal Agents from Plants, Kinghorn, A.D &#038;Balandrin, M.F (Eds) American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C ISBN 0 &#8211; 8412 &#8211; 2705 &#8211; 5. pp.2 &#8211; 12.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tBassam Abdul Rassol Hassan. ( 2012). Medicinal Plants- Clinical Pharmacy Discipline, School of Pharmaceutical  Sciences, University of Sons  Malaysia,11800,  Minden,  Penang,Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tOsbeck L. (2011). Sweet Orange Plant USDA.GOV.Archived from the original.concentration of road side farmland,soil in mountainous Areas. International Journal of Environment Researchand Public Health 9:1715-1731.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tCown   M.M.( 1999).   Plant   Products   as   Antimicrobial   Agents,   Journal of Clinical Microbiology Rev Vol. 12 (4) : 564 &#8211; 582.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tCrellin J.K, PhilportJ, Temmie B. (1989). A Reference Guild to Medicinal Plants, Herbal Medicine, Past and Present. Duke University Press. pp. 265.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tCrowell P.L. (1999). Prevention and Therapy of Cancer by Dietary Monoterpenes.TheJournalofNutrition 129(3): 775S -778S, PMID 10082788.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tHolm G,Herbst, V. andTeil, B. (1998).Brogenkunde In; PlantaMedica (2001). 67:263-269<br \/>\r\n[17]\tHostettman K, WolfenderJ.L, Rodfriguez S and Marston A. (1996). Strategy in the Search for Bioactive Plant Constituents in: Chemistry, Biological and Pharmacological Properties of African Medicinal Plant.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tIgila G.O, Olesezk W, Burda S, Jurzysta M. (1995). Nutritional Assessment of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves in Growing Mice. JournalforAgriculture Foodchem 43: 2162 &#8211; 2166.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tIkem A,Egiebo N.O,Nyvor K. (2003).Trace Elements in Water, Fish and Sediments from Tuskegulake, Southeastern USA, water,Air and soil Pollution 149:51-75.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tIndian Council of Medical Research. (2003). Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol 1 Ansari Nagar. New Delhi. 110029, India.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tIwu M.M, Duncan A, R and Okunyi, Ce.O. (1999). New Antimicrobials of Plant Origin J. Janick (Ed) Ashs Press, Alesandria, Va. Egypt.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tJarup L. (2003).  Hazards of Heavy Metals Contamination Br Ned Bill  68 : 167 &#8211; 82 (Pub Md).<br \/>\r\n[23]\tJarup L. (1998). Health Effects of Cadmium exposure- A review of the literature and risk estimate. Journal for  Natural Science Research(2012) ISSN 2224;3186 Volume 2 No 7.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tKokwaro J.O. (1993). Medicinal Plants of East Africa, Second Edition, Kenyan Literature Bereau, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tKupchan S.M, Heming Way R.T, Karim A, Werner D. (1969). Tumor Inhibitor Xlvii Vernodalin  andVernomygdin, two new Cytotoxic Sesquiterpene Lactones from Vernoniaamygadalina Journal Organisation chem. 34 (12:3908).<br \/>\r\n[26]\tLinda L,Sansum and  J.B.D.Robinson. ( 1974). Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis vol.5 Iss. 5.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tLone M.I, Saleem S, Mahmood T, Saifullah K, Hussain G. (2003).Heavy  Metal Contents of Vegetables Irrigated by Sewage\/Tube Well Water. International Journal for Agriculture Biol,5(4):533-535.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tMorton Julia F. (1987). &#8220;Cashew, Apple, Anacardiumoccidentale L&#8221;. fruitsof warm climate. Center of new Crops and Plants Product, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN. pp. 239.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tNational  Research   Council.   (1986).   Unemployment  and  Illegal   Drug  use;   Concordant<br \/>\r\nevidence form a Prospective Study and National trends. Britishmedical journal (Clinical Research Education).<br \/>\r\n[30]\tSingh M. (2007). Cancer Preventive Properties of Ginjer. A brief review Journal food and Chemical Toxicology volume 45 (5): 683 &#8211; 690.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tTchounwou P.B,Patlolla A.K,Centeno J.A. (2003). Carcinogenic and Systemic Health Effects Associated with Arsenic Exposure; a critical review.Toxicol pathol;31(6):575-588 (pub Med).<br \/>\r\n[32]\tW.H.O.(2006).Guidline vol.2 Recommendation. World Health Organization Geneva.pp:130.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tWorld Health Organization. (2003). The Value of Plant use in Traditional Medicine for Drug  Discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives 109 ; 69 &#8211; 75.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tZavadil J. (2009).The Effect of Municipal Waste Water Irrigation in the Yield and Quality of Vegetables and Crops.Soil waste Res.4(3):91-103.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tZhang F,Yan X,Zeng C,Zhang M,Shresth S. (2012).Influence of Traffic Activity and Heavy metal.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Obadahun.J, Okeh.Q, Shittu.K.J, Pascalina.P.L, Oludege.O.F, Omotola.M.B &#8220;Assessment of Heavy Metals of Some Selected Medicinal Plant in Kwakwachi Fagge Local Government of Kano State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp. 80-82 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/80-82.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e91808a\" data-id=\"e91808a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e918532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e918532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9187c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9187c5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e918b83\" data-id=\"e918b83\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e91a43d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e91a43d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e91a53d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e91a53d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e91a6e3\" data-id=\"e91a6e3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e91a81b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e91a81b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e91a8c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e91a8c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e91aa30\" data-id=\"e91aa30\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e91ab63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e91ab63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Gender Differences in Manifestation of University Students\u2019 Problem Behaviours: A Case of Kibabii University, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Carolyne Otieno Wakoli &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 83-86<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e91ac07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e91ac07\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e92360f\" data-id=\"e92360f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e92380e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e92380e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the recent past, universities have witnessed violent protests and destruction of property including those of the community, risky sexual behaviour which has ended in many female students becoming pregnant and careless drinking by students in the villages surrounding the universities. Kibabii University like any other in Kenya has depression such symptoms in students which has occasioned students committing suicide. All these types of behaviour have been of concern to parents, lecturers, counselors, the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders. The study concluded that there is a structural gender variation differences emerging in terms of both externalized problem behaviors and internalized problem behaviors.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 83-86\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Carolyne Otieno Wakoli<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Humanities and Social Sciences, Alupe University College (A Constituent of Moi University) Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAloka, P., &#038; Bujuwoye, O. (2013). Gender difference in decisions on   student   disciplinary   panels   of   selected   Kenya   secondary schools. African journal online, 5252-5271.[2].<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBansel,  P.  (2010). Bullies,  bullying  and  power  in  the  context  of schooling. Bri.  J.  Social  education  2010:30;  59-69.  Doc:  10. 1080\/01425690802514391.[3].<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBerkout, O. V., Young, J. N., &#038; Gross, A. M. Mean girls and bad boys: Recent research on gender differences in conduct disorder. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2011;16(6):503\u2013511.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBrisbane,  K.  (2010).  Teenage  aggression  and  impulsivity  in  high school  students. Health  Journal  Issue  2. 2011  (Queenland  wide Inc).<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCastle, D. J., Kulkarni, J., &#038; Abel, K. M. (2006). Mood and anxiety disorders in women. New York: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tCrick, N. R. &#038; Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Dev Psychopathol. 2003;15:719\u2013742.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tDishion, T. J. (2000). Cross-Setting Consistency in Early Adolescent Psychopathology: Deviant Friendships and Problem Behavior Sequalae. Journal of Personality 68(6):1109\u20131126.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tKeenan, K., Loeber, R., &#038; Green S. (1999). Conduct Disorder in Girls: A Review of the Literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review; 2(1):3\u201319.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tKiboiy, K. L. (2013). The dynamics of unrests in Kenya\u2019s higher education: the case of Moi University. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Education Management and Policy Studies, University of Pretoria, S.A.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tKitzrow, M. A. (2003). The mental health needs of today&#8217;s college students: Challenges and recommendations. NASPA Journal, 41 (1), 165-179.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tKrejcie, R.V., &#038; Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tManiglio, R. (2014). Prevalence of sexual abuse among children with conduct disorder: a systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review;17(3):268\u2013282.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tMcLennan, J. (1992). \u201cUniversity Blues\u201d: Depression among tertiary students during an academic year. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20, 186\u2013192.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMoffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Jaffee, S. R., Kim-Cohen, J., Koenen, K. C., Odgers, C. L., &#038; Viding, E. (2008). Research Review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.;49(1):3.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMugenda, A. G. (2008). Social science research. Theory and principles. (1st Ed.). Nairobi: Applied Research and Training Services.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tO&#8217;Sullivan, L. F., Harrison, A., Morrell, R., Monroe-Wise, A., &#038; Kubeka, M. (2006). Gender dynamics in the primary sexual relationships of young rural South African women and men. Cult Health Sex;8(2):99\u2013113.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tSenn, T. E., Carey, M. P., &#038;Vanable, P.A. Childhood and Adolescent Sexual Abuse and Subsequent Sexual Risk Behavior: Evidence from Controlled Studies, Methodological Critique, and Suggestions for Research. Clinical psychology review; 28(5):711\u2013735.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tTanaka, J. S., &#038; Huba, G. J. (1987). Assessing the stability of depression in college students. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 22, 5\u201319.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tWebb, E., Ashton, C.H., Kelly, P., &#038; Kamali, F. (1996). Alcohol and drug use in UK university students. The Lancet, 348, 922-925.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Carolyne Otieno Wakoli &#8220;Gender Differences in Manifestation of University Students\u2019 Problem Behaviours: A Case of Kibabii University, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.83-86 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/83-86.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/83-86.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gender-differences-in-manifestation-of-university-students-problem-behaviours-a-case-of-kibabii-university-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gender Differences in Manifestation of University Students\u2019 Problem Behaviours: A Case of Kibabii University, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e924642 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9248c8\" data-id=\"e9248c8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9249eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9249eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e924a89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e924a89\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e924be5\" data-id=\"e924be5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e924cef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e924cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e924d89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e924d89\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e924ed4\" data-id=\"e924ed4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e924fe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e924fe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e92507b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e92507b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9251ba\" data-id=\"e9251ba\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9252c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9252c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e925363 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e925363\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9254a3\" data-id=\"e9254a3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9255a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9255a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e925639 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e925639\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e92591d\" data-id=\"e92591d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e925a7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e925a7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e925b33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e925b33\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e925c8f\" data-id=\"e925c8f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e925d99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e925d99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e925e32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e925e32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e925faa\" data-id=\"e925faa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9260b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9260b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Applied Behavior Analysis as an Intervention Strategy in Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. George Mathenge Wairungu &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 87-92<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e92614a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e92614a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9262c2\" data-id=\"e9262c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9263f5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9263f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurological developmental disorder that affects a child\u2019s ability to communicate, and socialize. Children with ASD   as well have nonfunctional repetitive behaviors, activities and restricted interests. Many children with ASD may have intellectual disabilities, anxiety and sensory processing disorders in a comorbid state. Commonly, learners with ASD exhibit inappropriate and challenging behaviors that comprise attention and in turn significant time is lost redirecting behavior in class and during therapy sessions. Unwanted Behaviors in learners with ASD play three functions inclusive of avoiding work, earning a reward and getting attention. Managing unwanted behavior require that teachers and families identify the core triggers and functional cause of the targeted behavior. This is usually achieved through conduction of an objective process known as functional behavior analyses. When this is done successfully then what follows is a scientific behavior modification approach known as Applied Behavior Analyses. This paper discusses the nature, principles and goals of Applied behavior analyses. A thorough review of literature from researchers and behavior management experts has been conducted to compile it.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 87-92\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. George Mathenge Wairungu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBaranek, G.T., Foster L.G., Berkson, G. (1997). Tactile Defensiveness and Stereotyped Behaviors. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 51, 91-95<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBartolom\u00e9-Villar, B., Mourelle-Mart\u00ednez, M. R., Di\u00e9guez-P\u00e9rez, M., &#038; de Nova-Garc\u00eda, M. J. (2016). Incidence of oral health in pediatric patients with disabilities: Sensory disorders and autism spectrum disorder. Systematic review II. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 8(3), e344\u2013e351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.52923<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBeh-Pajooh  A., Ahmadi A.,  Shokoohi-Yekta, M .,  ASgary, A. (2011). The effect of social stories on reduction of challenging behaviours in autistic children. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15 (2011), 351\u2013355<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBogin, J., Sullivan, L., Rogers, S., &#038; Stabel. A. (2010). Steps for implementation: Discrete trial training. Sacramento, CA: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, The M.I.N.D. Institute, The University of California at Davis School of Medicine<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBrasic, J.R. (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder. Medscape<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCoolican, J., Smith, I. M., &#038; Bryson, S. E. (2010). Brief parent training in pivotal response treatment for preschoolers with autism. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 51(12), 1321\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02326.x<br \/>\r\n[7]\tDunlap, G.,  &#038;  Fox, L. (2007). Parent\u2013Professional Partnerships: A valuable context for addressing challenging behaviours, International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 54:3, 273-285, DOI: 10.1080\/10349120701488723<br \/>\r\n[8]\t Emerson, E., Robertson, J. Gregory , N., Hatton, C. Kessissoglou, S. Hallam, A.,Hillery, J. (2008). Treatment and Management of Challenging Behaviours in Residential Settings. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1468-3148.2000.00036.x<br \/>\r\n[9]\tEvans-Williams C.V.M., Williams, D.J., (2016) Diagnosing\/Recognising High Functioning Autism in Adult Females: Challenging Stereotypes. Autism Open Access 6: 179. doi:10.4172\/2165-7890.1000179<br \/>\r\n[10]\tFallon, M., Zhang, J., Kim, Eun-Joo (2011). Using Course Assessments to Train Teachers in Functional Behavior Assessment and Behavioral Intervention Plan Techniques. The Journal of International Association of Special Education 12(1)<br \/>\r\n[11]\tFoxx R. M. (2008). Applied behavior analysis treatment of autism: the state of the art. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 17(4), 821\u2013ix. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2008.06.007<br \/>\r\n[12]\tGrey, I., Mesbur, M., Lydon, H., Healy, O., &#038; Thomas, J. (2018). An evaluation of positive behavioural support for children with challenging behaviour in community settings. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 22(4), 394\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1744629517716545<br \/>\r\n[13]\tGrey, I. M., Honan, R., McClean, B., &#038; Daly, M. (2005). Evaluating the effectiveness of teacher training in Applied Behaviour Analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 9(3), 209\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1744629505056695<br \/>\r\n[14]\tGrey, I., Lydon, H. &#038; Healy, O.  (2016) Positive behaviour support: What model of disability does it represent?, Journal of Intellectual &#038; Developmental Disability, 41:3, 255-266, DOI: 10.3109\/13668250.2016.1164304<br \/>\r\n[15]\tHieneman, M. (2015). Positive behavior support for individuals with behavior challenges. Behavior analysis in practice, 8(1), 101-108.Johnston, J. M., Foxx, R. M., Jacobson, J. W., Green, G., &#038; Mulick, J. A. (2006). Positive behavior support and applied behavior analysis. The Behavior analyst, 29(1), 51\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03392117<br \/>\r\n[16]\tKearney, A.J. (2015) Applied Behaviour Analysis: An introduction to ABA for parents, teachers,and other professionals. London UK.: Jesicca Kingsley Publishers<br \/>\r\n[17]\tKeenan, M., Dillenburger, K., R\u00f6ttgers, H.R. et al. Autism and ABA: The Gulf Between North America and Europe. Rev J Autism Dev Disord 2, 167\u2013183 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-014-0045-2<br \/>\r\n[18]\tKirkham, P. (2017). \u2018The line between intervention and abuse\u2019 \u2013 autism and applied behaviour analysis. History of the Human Sciences, 30(2), 107\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0952695117702571<br \/>\r\n[19]\tKlintwall L., Eikeseth S. (2014) Early and Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) in Autism. In: Patel V., Preedy V., Martin C. (eds) Comprehensive Guide to Autism. Springer, New York, NY. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-4788-7_129.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tLei, J., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Abdullahi, S. M., Braconnier, M. L., &#038; Ventola, P. (2017). Brief report: Reduced anxiety following Pivotal Response Treatment in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research in autism spectrum disorders, 43-44, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2017.09.002<br \/>\r\n[21]\tLucyshyn, J.M., Dunlap, G., &#038; Freeman, R. (2014). A historical perspective on the evolution of positive behavior support as a science-based discipline. In F. Brown, J. Anderson, &#038; R. DePry (Eds.), Individual positive behavior supports: A standards-based guide to practices in school and community-based settings (pp. 3-26). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes<br \/>\r\n[22]\tMatson, J. L., Mahan, S., Fodstad, J. C., Worley, J. A., Neal, D., &#038; Sipes, M. (2011). Effects of symptoms of co-morbid psychopathology on challenging behaviours among infants and toddlers with Autistic Disorder and PDD-NOS as assessed with the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT). Developmental neurorehabilitation, 14(3), 129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17518423.2011.557029<br \/>\r\n[23]\tMatson, J.L, Wikins, J.,  &#038;  Macken, J.  (2008) The Relationship of Challenging Behaviors to Severity and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders.  Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 2:1, 29-44, DOI: 10.1080\/19315860802611415<br \/>\r\n[24]\tMatson, J.L., &#038; Rivet, T.T. (2008) Characteristics of challenging behaviours in adults with autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, and intellectual disability. J Intellect Dev Disabil.33(4):323-329. doi:10.1080\/13668250802492600<br \/>\r\n[25]\tMoreno, G. &#038; Bullock, L.M.  (2011) Principles of positive behaviour supports: using the FBA as a problem-solving approach to address challenging behaviours beyond special populations, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 16:2, 117-127, DOI: 10.1080\/13632752.2011.569394<br \/>\r\n[26]\tO&#8217;Nions, E., Happ\u00e9, F., Evers, K., Boonen, H., &#038; Noens, I. (2018). How do Parents Manage Irritability, Challenging Behaviour, Non-Compliance and Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Meta-Synthesis. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 48(4), 1272\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3361-4<br \/>\r\n[27]\tOspina, M. B., Krebs Seida, J., Clark, B., Karkhaneh, M., Hartling, L., Tjosvold, L., Vandermeer, B., &#038; Smith, V. (2008). Behavioural and developmental interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a clinical systematic review. PloS one, 3(11), e3755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003755https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003755<br \/>\r\n[28]\tParmeggiani, A., Corinaldesi, A. &#038; Posar, A.  (2019). Early features of autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study. Ital J Pediatr 45, 144 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-019-0733-8<br \/>\r\n[29]\tPierce, K., &#038; Schreibman, L. (1997). Multiple peer use of pivotal response training to increase social behaviors of classmates with autism: results from trained and untrained peers. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 30(1), 157\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.1997.30-157<br \/>\r\n[30]\tRabideau, L. K., Stanton-Chapman, T. L., &#038; Brown, T. S. (2018). Discrete Trial Training to Teach Alternative Communication: A Step-By-Step Guide. Young Exceptional Children, 21(1), 34\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1096250615621357<br \/>\r\n[31]\tRichards, C., Moss, J., Nelson, L. et al. (2016). Persistence of self-injurious behaviour in autism spectrum disorder over 3 years: a prospective cohort study of risk markers. J Neurodevelop Disord 8, 21 .https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-016-9153-x<br \/>\r\n[32]\tRoane, H. S., Fisher, W. W., &#038; Carr, J. E. (2016). Applied Behavior Analysis as Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder. The Journal of pediatrics, 175, 27\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.04.023<br \/>\r\n[33]\tShenoy, M. D., Indla, V., &#038; Reddy, H. (2017). Comprehensive Management of Autism: Current Evidence. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 39(6), 727\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_272_17<br \/>\r\n[34]\tStahmer, A.C., Suhrheinrich, J., Reed, S., Bolduc, C.  &#038; Schreibman, L.  (2010). Pivotal Response Teaching in the Classroom Setting, Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 54:4, 265-274, DOI: 10.1080\/10459881003800743<br \/>\r\n[35]\tVismara, L. A., &#038; Bogin, J. (2009). Steps for implementation: Pivotal response training. Sacramento, CA: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, The M.I.N.D. Institute, The University of California at Davis School of Medicine.<br \/>\r\n[36]\tWang, P., &#038; Spillane, A. (2009). Evidence-based social skills interventions for children with autism: A meta-analysis. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 318-342<br \/>\r\n[37]\tZakaria N. A. (2017). The Effects of Inclusive Education on the Self-Concept Of Students with Special Educational Needs. Journal of ICSAR 1(1):25-31 DOI: 10.17977\/um005v1i12017p025<br \/>\r\n[38]\tZirkel, P.A. (2011). Case Law for Functional Behavior Assessments and Behavior Intervention Plans: An Empirical Analysis.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. George Mathenge Wairungu &#8220;Applied Behavior Analysis as an Intervention Strategy in Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.87-92 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/87-92.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/applied-behavior-analysis-as-an-intervention-strategy-in-learners-with-autism-spectrum-disorder\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Applied Behavior Analysis as an Intervention Strategy in Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e928aaf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e929341\" data-id=\"e929341\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e929447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e929447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9294de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9294de\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e929645\" data-id=\"e929645\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e92974b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e92974b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9297e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9297e2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e929929\" data-id=\"e929929\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e929a31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e929a31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e933533 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e933533\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e93374f\" data-id=\"e93374f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e933882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e933882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e93393b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e93393b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e933aa8\" data-id=\"e933aa8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e933bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e933bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e933c58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e933c58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e933ddb\" data-id=\"e933ddb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e933ee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e933ee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Media Networks and Their Impact on University Students\u2019 Academic Performance: A Case of Kibabii University, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Hesborn Chonge &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 93-96<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e933f87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e933f87\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9340fa\" data-id=\"e9340fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e93422a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e93422a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Improvements in communication technology especially in social media has greatly broadened the scope of communication helping people to be better informed and keeping abreast with world development. The social networking sites among others include: WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook and Skype which use gadgets like smart phones and tablets. The popularity of use of social media has been felt in learning institutions. Certainly, this creates a direct link between the use of social media and academic achievement in learning institutions. These sites remain in use continuously by students on a daily basis. Therefore, as to whether many social networking  sites  displayed  on  the  internet  cause  students  to  be  tempted  to  abandon  their academic work and reading times in  preference for chatting online with friends or they enhance academic performance is a question that this paper has attempted to answer. Consequently, this paper aims at discussing the impact of social media networks in terms of promoting or negating academic performance among university students. At the end of the paper, the author has recommended on how learning institutions can maximumly benefit there students from the exposure to social media to enhance academic performance<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 93-96\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hesborn Chonge<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAhmed, I. &#038; Qazi, T.F. (2011). A look out for academic impacts of social networking sites: a student based perspective. Afr. J. Bus.  Manage. 5 (12), 5022\u20135031. Available at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5897\/AJBM11.595.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBadri, M., Al Nuaimi, A., Guang, Y., &#038; Al Rashedi, A. (2017). School  performance, social  networking effects,  and  learning of school children: Evidence of reciprocal relationships in Abu Dhabi. Elsevier, 34(8): 1433-1444.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBaltaci, O. (2019). The Predictive Relationships between the Social Media Addiction and Social Anxiety, Loneliness, and Happiness. International Journal of Progressive Education, Volume 15(4), 73-82.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tDavis, III C. H. F., Deil-Amen, R., Rios-Aguilar, C., &#038; Gonz\u00e1lez Canch\u00e9m, M. S. (2012). Social media and higher education: A literature review and research directions. Report printed by the University of Arizona and Claremont Graduate University.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tElphinston, R. A., &#038; Noller, P. (2011). Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(11), 631\u2013635.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHansen, D. T. (2017). The Teacher and the World: A Study of Cosmopolitanism as Education. Abingdon,UK: Taylor &#038; Francis.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHofferth, S. L., &#038; Moon, U. J. (2011). Electronic play, study, communication, and adolescent achievement, 2003-2008. Journal of Research on Adolescents, 22(2):215\u2013224.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tHoffmann, C., &#038; Bublitz, W. (2017). Pragmatics of Social Media. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tJacobsen, W. C., &#038; Forste, R. (2011). The Wired Generation: Academic and Social Outcomes of Electronic Media Use Among University Students. Cyber psychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5):275\u2013280.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tJunco, R., &#038; Cotton, S. (2012). No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance. Computers &#038; Education, 59(2):505\u2013514.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tKirschner, P. A. &#038; Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26:1237\u20131245.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tKrejcie, R.V., &#038; Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMalaney, G. D. (2005). Student Use of the Internet. J. Educ. Technol. Syst. 33 (1), 53\u201366.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tMorahan-Martina, J., &#038; Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16, 13\u201329.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tOrodho, J. A. (2012). Techniques of writing research proposals and reports in education and social sciences. Nairobi: Kanezja Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tPenni, J. (2017). The future of online social networks (OSN): A measurement analysis using social media tools and application. Telemat. Inform, 34, 498\u2013517<br \/>\r\n[17]\tSchrittwieser, S., Fr\u0308uhwirt, P., Kieseberg, P., Manuel, L., Mulazzani, M., Huber, M., &#038; Weippl. E.  (2012). Guess Who\u2019s Texting You? Evaluating the Security of Smartphone Messaging Applications. In 19th Annual Network &#038; Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS\u201912).<br \/>\r\n[18]\tSelwyn, N. (2012). Social Media in Higher Education. The Europa World of Learning.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tShields, P., &#038; Rangarjan, N. (2013). A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management. Stillwater, Ok: New Forums Press.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tSpies Shapiro, L. A., &#038; Margolin, G. (2014). Growing up wired: social networking sites and adolescent psychosocial development. Clinical child and family psychology review, 17(1), 1\u201318.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tZanamwe, N., Rupere, T., &#038; Kufandirimbwa, O. (2013). Use of Social Networking Technologies in Higher Education in Zimbabwe: A learners\u2019 perspective. International Journal of Computer and Information Technology, 2(1), 8-18<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hesborn Chonge &#8220;Social Media Networks and Their Impact on University Students\u2019 Academic Performance: A Case of Kibabii University, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.93-96 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/93-96.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/93-96.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-media-networks-and-their-impact-on-university-students-academic-performance-a-case-of-kibabii-university-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Social Media Networks and Their Impact on University Students\u2019 Academic Performance: A Case of Kibabii University, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e939adf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e939adf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e939bd6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e939bd6\" 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data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e93aa65\" data-id=\"e93aa65\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e93abc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e93abc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e93ac72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e93ac72\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e93ade6\" data-id=\"e93ade6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e93af1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e93af1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e93afc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e93afc9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e93b136\" data-id=\"e93b136\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e93b251 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e93b251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparison of Feature Selection Techniques for Predicting Student\u2019s Academic Performance<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Olukoya, Bamidele Musiliu &#8211; August 2020 Page No.: 97-101<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e93b2f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e93b2f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e93b45b\" data-id=\"e93b45b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e93b57e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e93b57e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In recent time, educational data mining (EDM) has received substantial considerations. Many techniques of data mining have been proposed to dig out out-of-sight knowledge in educational data. The Knowledge obtained assists the academic institutions to further enhance their process of learning and methods of passing knowledge to students. Powerful tools are required to analyze and predict the performance of students scientifically. This paper focuses on comparing two feature selection techniques in identifying major factors among the numerous affecting students\u2019 academic that could give accurate prediction. Student educational data was retrieved from Kaggle data repository and feature selection on is done by applying Information Gain Attribute Evaluator and Correlation Based Features Selection (CFS) using WEKA as an Open Source Tool. Further a comparison is made among these two feature selections algorithm to select best attributes for prediction among all.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 97-101\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Olukoya, Bamidele Musiliu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPh.D Student, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria (FUOYE)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAmrieh, E. A., Hamtini, T., &#038; Aljarah, I. (2016). Mining Educational Data to Predict Student\u2019s Academic Performance Using Ensemble Methods. International Journal of Database Theory and Application, 9(8), 209\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14257\/ijdta.2016.9.8.13<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBrownlee, J.  (2016). \u201cMachine Learning Algorithms,\u201d Machine Learning Mastery, Available: http:\/\/machinelearningmastery.com\/. [Diakses 15 May 2017].<br \/>\r\n[3]\tDevasia, M. T., P, M. V. T., &#038; Hegde, V. (2016). Prediction of Students Performance Using Educational Data Mining. In Department of Computer Science Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University,Mysuru Campus Mysuru, Karnataka, India (p. 190).<br \/>\r\n[4]\tGulati, H. (2015). Predictive Analytics Using Data Mining Technique. Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2015 2nd International Conference on, 713\u2013716.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tPhil, M., &#038; Shoba, S. A. (2017). Educational data Mining &#038; Students Performance Prediction Using SVM Techniques. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4(8), 1248\u20131254.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tRoy, S., &#038; Garg, A. (2017). Predicting Academic Performance of Student Using Classification Techniques. In 4th IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Electronics (Pp. 568\u2013572).<br \/>\r\n[7]\tSari, B. N. (2016). \u201cImplementasi Teknik SeleksiFitur Information Gain pada AlgoritmaKlasifikasi Machine Learning untukPrediksi Performa AkademikSiswa,\u201d dalam Seminar Nasional TeknologiInformasi dan Multimedia, Yogyakarta.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tTama,B. A. (2015). Learning to Prevent Inactive Student of Indonesia Open University. Journal of Information Processing Systems (JIPS), 11(2), 165\u2013172.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tWahyuni, E. S. (2016) \u201cPenerapanMetodeSeleksiFituruntukMeningkatkan Hasil Diagnosis KankerPayudara,\u201d Journal SIMETRIS, vol. 7, pp. 283-294, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tWati, M., Indrawan, W., Widians, J. A., &#038; Puspitasari, N. (2017). Data Mining For Predicting Students \u2019 Learning Result. In Dept. of Computer Science and Information Technology Universitas Mulawarman Samarinda, Indonesia (p. 28).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olukoya, Bamidele Musiliu &#8220;Comparison of Feature Selection Techniques for Predicting Student\u2019s Academic Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.97-101 August 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/97-101.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/97-101.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/comparison-of-feature-selection-techniques-for-predicting-students-academic-performance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Comparison of Feature Selection Techniques for Predicting Student\u2019s Academic Performance<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e93ff57 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e93ff57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e940040 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e940040\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9401f2\" data-id=\"e9401f2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e940315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e940315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9403b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9403b1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e94051e\" data-id=\"e94051e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e940631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e940631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9406ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9406ce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e94081e\" data-id=\"e94081e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94092f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94092f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9409ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9409ff\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e940ba6\" data-id=\"e940ba6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e940cd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e940cd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e940d74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e940d74\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e940eb6\" data-id=\"e940eb6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e940fb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e940fb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e94105e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e94105e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9411d4\" data-id=\"e9411d4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9412e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9412e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Design an IoT enabled D2C E-Commerce Business Model for the Agricultural Supply Chain<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ashiq MI, Raja Krishnamoorthy, Kaarthick Velumani, Gregory Nannam, Sandeep Padalikar &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 102-106<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e941381 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e941381\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9415f1\" data-id=\"e9415f1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e941734 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e941734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Agriculturist face many challenges from producing the food crops until marketing. The conventional agricultural practices need revamping to provide quality food crops with optimized usage of water, bio nutrients and labor.  The agriculturist in rural and remote areas lacks better monetary returns, since the local traders and intermediaries decide the prices for the farm produce. To meet the ever-growing demand and improve productivity, few farmers adopt artificial booster and additive usage. This poses a high risk on consumer\u2019s health, since they are not aware of the origin, variety, pesticides and fertilizers used on the farm produce that is available in market. An attempt has been made to digitalize, a conventional agricultural supply chain for gaining better crop yield, cloud marketability, improved profit and provide a robust customer experience.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 102-106\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ashiq MI<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Consultant, Cognizant Technology Solutions, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raja Krishnamoorthy<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProgram Manager, Cognizant Technology Solutions, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kaarthick Velumani<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Technology Architect, Cognizant Technology Solutions, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gregory Nannam<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFunctional Architect, Cognizant Technology Solutions, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sandeep Padalikar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFunctional Architect, Cognizant Technology Solutions, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">http:\/\/leafcertified.org\/the-apparel industry\/faqs\/problems-associated-with-conventional-farming<br \/>\r\n[2]\thttps:\/\/nasdonline.org\/1246\/d001050\/health-hazards-in-agriculture-an-emerging-issue.html<br \/>\r\n[3]\t http:\/\/www.businessworld.in\/article\/E-Commerce-In-Agriculture-Marketing-A-New-Frontier\/04-10-2017-127543\/<br \/>\r\n[4]\t https:\/\/www.coredna.com\/blogs\/direct-to-consumer<br \/>\r\n[5]\thttps:\/\/freewebstore.com\/features.html<br \/>\r\n[6]\thttps:\/\/news.sap.com\/germany\/files\/2016\/04\/digital-business-modeling-ea769b27-5a7c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf<br \/>\r\n[7]\tAshiq MI et al, 2017, Implement Design Thinking Methodology for Prototyping a Smart Farm Application to Monitor, Control and view real-time data Analytics through SAP BUILD,IJRSI, ISSN 2321\u20132705, Volume IV, Issue XII<br \/>\r\n[8]\thttps:\/\/app.creately.com\/<br \/>\r\n[9]\thttps:\/\/herbarium.onlineweb.shop\/ <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ashiq MI, Raja Krishnamoorthy, Kaarthick Velumani, Gregory Nannam, Sandeep Padalikar &#8220;Design an IoT enabled D2C E-Commerce Business Model for the Agricultural Supply Chain&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.102-106 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/102-106.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/102-106.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/design-an-iot-enabled-d2c-e-commerce-business-model-for-the-agricultural-supply-chain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Design an IoT enabled D2C E-Commerce Business Model for the Agricultural Supply Chain<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9424fd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9424fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9425c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9425c8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e94273b\" data-id=\"e94273b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e942861 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e942861\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e94291e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e94291e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e942a8f\" data-id=\"e942a8f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e955168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e955168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparative Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Production under Two Feed Management Regimes in Ogun State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Wale Ayojimi, Babatunde Oluseyi Ajiboye, Olasunkanmi Moses Bamiro &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 107-115<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e95525e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e95525e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e95546b\" data-id=\"e95546b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9555e4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9555e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study, the comparative economic analysis of egg production using two (2) types of feed regimes vis-\u00e0-vis farm produced (self-compounded) feed and procured (commercial) feed in Abeokuta South &#038; North LGAs was examined. A multistage sampling procedure was employed in the selection of sixty (60) poultry (egg) farmers: thirty (30) who procured commercial feeds, and thirty (30) who produced their feeds. The data was analyzed through a combination of descriptive statistics, cost and return structure, profitability and efficiency ratios as well as t-statistic test of difference between means. The result of the analyses showed that most of the poultry (egg) farmers for both categories studied, were educated and would make use of any qualitative innovation introduced to them, while most of them have a mean farming experience of below ten (10) years, also, farmers who use farm produced feeds had a higher average stock size of about 1,218 birds while those who use commercial feeds had about 1,050 birds. Feed cost, being the most important and expensive component of variable costs in poultry egg production was 79.6% using farm produced feed, while it was 80.6% using commercial feed. The profitability ratios calculated revealed that poultry (egg) farmers in the area could generate a return on fixed cost of N687,798.83and N244,901.93 and a rate of return on investment of 31.4% and 11.9% using farm produced feed and commercial feed respectively. For the efficiency ratios, a bird fed with these two types of feeds, produced an approximate number of five (5) eggs in a week. However, while for every Kg of farm produced feed, six eggs were produced for commercial feeds, five eggs were produced. Moreover, for a dozen of egg to be produced, 1.97Kg and 2.33Kg respectively of feed are expected to be fed. This was further accentuated by the cost of feed (N\/kg) and profit (N \/bird), which were significant at 1.4% and 1% respectively. The study therefore concluded that although poultry (egg) production is economically profitable and that farm produced feed is highly responsive to less cost and higher profit in Abeokuta metropolis, it is however not left without some limitations. These include: high cost of feed and feed ingredients, lack of capital and occasional power outage. Hence it is recommended that more concerted efforts be directed towards boosting agriculture specifically the production of such crops used in compounding feed so as to reduce the competition between man and poultry. In addition, proper enlightenment programmes can be organized for feed millers coupled with the direction of more labour force to the indigenous production of such equipment mostly grinders which can equally be better utilized in the absence of electricity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 107-115\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 August 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wale Ayojimi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Babatunde Oluseyi Ajiboye <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olasunkanmi Moses Bamiro <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAboki, E., A.A.U. 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Feed Ingredients and ration formulation for a depressed Economy.  Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[66]\tTijjani, H., B.A. Tijani, A.N. Tijjani and M.A. Sadiq (2012). Economic analysis of poultry egg production in Maiduguri and environs of Borno State, Nigeria. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science 2(12): 319-324.<br \/>\r\n[67]\tUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2013). International Egg and Poultry Report<br \/>\r\n[68]\tWikipedia (2020). List of Nigerian States by GDP. Assessed on May 26, 2020<br \/>\r\n[69]\tWorld Bank. 2007b. World Development report 2008: Agriculture for Development. The World Bank, Washington D.C.<br \/>\r\n[70]\tWorld Bank. 2007a. World Bank assistance to Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: An IEG Review. The World Bank, Washington D.C.<br \/>\r\n[71]\tWorld Health Organization. 2010. World Health Statistics.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wale Ayojimi, Babatunde Oluseyi Ajiboye, Olasunkanmi Moses Bamiro &#8220;Comparative Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Production under Two Feed Management Regimes in Ogun State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.107-115 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/107-115.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/107-115.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/comparative-economic-analysis-of-poultry-egg-production-under-two-feed-management-regimes-in-ogun-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Comparative Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Production under Two Feed Management Regimes in Ogun State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e956427 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e956427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e956503 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e956503\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e95667d\" data-id=\"e95667d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95679a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e95679a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e956848 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e956848\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9569b5\" data-id=\"e9569b5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e956ac3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e956ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Performance of Procurement Methods and Practices in Faith \u2013 Based Organizations in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Nomelif Kemei, Oyaro Jackson Ong\u2019eta, Biru Sara and Omondi Richard Mc\u2019Otieno &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 116-128<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e956b58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e956b58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e956cff\" data-id=\"e956cff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e956e53 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e956e53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Faith \u2013 based organizations in Kenya have grown in terms of their operations and systems. This growth has necessitated the establishment of various strategic business units aimed at improving their performance and productivity. One of the key strategic business units that has been adopted by most of these organizations is the procurement units. The procurement function is considered as one of the key functional areas of any organization. This is due to its strategic position in enhancing the performance of the organization both in terms of improving their financial performance as well as managing the quality of service and products by the organizations. This study by adopting the descriptive research design and involving procurement staff and committee members from 18 institutions, and by using self \u2013 constructed survey questionnaire aimed at evaluating the performance effectiveness of the procurement methods and practices as used in the faith-based organizations in Kenya by addressing the following research questions: What is the place of procurement in the operations of the organizations?; What are the procurement methods used in the organizations under the category of Competitive methods and Non-competitive methods; What is the level of effectiveness of the procurement practices used in the organizations based on Costs of procurement, Quality of procurement and Risk mitigation ability; Is there a significant relationship between the place of procurement in the organization and the level of effectiveness of procurement practices and Is there a significant relationship between the assessment of the relationship between the organization and its suppliers and the place of procurement in the organization and the level of effectiveness of procurement practices. Descriptive statistical tools including frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations were used to analyze the data. Additionally, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used in testing the null hypothesis. The study established that procurement is well placed, competitive procurement methods are mostly used compared to the non-competitive methods. There was a significant positive and moderate relationship between place of procurement in the organization and the level of effectiveness of procurement practices (r = 0.309; P = 0.012<0.05) and the self-assessment of the relationship between the organization and its suppliers (r = 0.355; P = 0.004<0.05). The study concludes that competitive procurement methods are mostly used as compared to the non-competitive methods, the institution have procurement practices that are cost effective, high quality and effective in risk mitigation<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 116-128\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nomelif Kemei<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, School of Business, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500 \u2013 30100 Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oyaro Jackson Ong\u2019eta<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, School of Business, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500 \u2013 30100 Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Biru Sara<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, School of Business, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500 \u2013 30100 Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omondi Richard Mc\u2019Otieno<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, School of Business, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500 \u2013 30100 Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Agaba E. &#038; Shipman N. (2008). Public procurement reform in developing countries: The Uganda experience. Paper presented to the 2nd International Public Procurement Conference.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAlhazmi, T. &#038; McCaffer, R. (2000). Project procurement system selection model. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 126 (3), 176-184.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAlthaus, C. (1997). The application of agency theory to public sector management. In Davis, G., Sullivan, B. &#038; Yeatman, A. 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Factors Influencing Procurement Performance in Private Sector in Kenya, International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 9 (2). ISSN 2028-9324.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tBartolini, A., (2011). State of the CPO \u2013 Reporting structure. Retrieved from: http:\/\/cporising.com\/2011\/08\/11\/state-of-the-cpo-reporting-structure\/<br \/>\r\n[11]\tBeil, D. (2009). Supplier selection. Retrieved 13th August 2018, from: http:\/\/www-personal.umich.edu\/~dbeil\/Supplier_Selection_Beil-EORMS.pdf<br \/>\r\n[12]\tBonazzi, L. &#038; Sardar, I. (2007), \u201cAgency theory and corporate governance: a study of the effectiveness of board in their monitoring of the CEO\u201d, Journal of Modeling in Management, 2 (1), 7-23.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tBoston, J. (1991). The theoretical underpinning of public sector restructuring in New Zealand. In Boston, J., Martin, J. &#038; Walsh, P. 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(2019), Competitive Tendering, Open.bccampus.ca.<br \/>\r\n[64]\tParniangtong, S. (2016). Strategic Sourcing: Concepts, Principles and methodology. Supply Management, Management for Professionals, Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.1007\/978-981-10-1723-0_2<br \/>\r\n[65]\tPi, W. N., &#038; Low, C. (2006). Supplier evaluation and selection via Taguchi loss functions and an AHP. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 27(5-6), 625-630.<br \/>\r\n[66]\tPirayesh R, &#038; Forouzandeh R (2016) The effective deployment of brand through sustainable competitive advantage and corporate image. Journal of Administrative Management, Education Training (JAMET) 12(4)<br \/>\r\n[67]\tPublic Procurement Oversight Authority-Kenya (PPOA), (2009). Procurement manual for works. 1st Ed, Nairobi, Government of Kenya<br \/>\r\n[68]\t Ratemo, T. (2011). 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Supply Relationship Management; Redefining the value of strategic supplier collaboration. Germany, Delloitte Consulting GmbH.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nomelif Kemei, Oyaro Jackson Ong\u2019eta, Biru Sara and Omondi Richard Mc\u2019Otieno &#8220;Performance of Procurement Methods and Practices in Faith \u2013 Based Organizations in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.116-128 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/116-128.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/116-128.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/performance-of-procurement-methods-and-practices-in-faith-based-organizations-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Performance of Procurement Methods and Practices in Faith \u2013 Based Organizations in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95d593 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e95d593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e95d676 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e95d676\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e95d800\" data-id=\"e95d800\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95d92d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e95d92d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e95d9d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e95d9d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e95db44\" data-id=\"e95db44\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95dc52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e95dc52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Senior Secondary School Students\u2019 Academic   Achievement in Physics<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Hakeem Akintoye, Jimoh Saliu &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 129-134<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e95dcf7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e95dcf7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e95de82\" data-id=\"e95de82\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95dfb8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e95dfb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the impact of socio-cultural factors on the achievement in physics. Descriptive survey research designs were adopted. The sample for the study consisted of one hundred and seventy-one students who were selected from three intact co-educational senior secondary school physics classes. Two research questions raised for investigation alongside one corresponding null hypothesis were answered and tested respectively. Two Instruments: Physics Achievement Test (PAT) and Student Socio-cultural factors on Achievement Questionnaire (SSAQ) were used to collect data for the study. The Physics Achievement Test had a reliability coefficient of the achievement test was 0.87 using spilt-half method while that of the questionnaire was 0.91 using the Cronbach alpha method. using the Mean, Standard deviation, bar graph and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical tools. The data collected were analysed using the Mean, Standard deviation, bar graph and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical tools. Findings in this study revealed that of all the socio-cultural factors considered in this study which include sex, student attitude, parental educational background and peer group, parental educational background had the highest impact on students achievement. Also, the study revealed that there was significant impact between socio-cultural factors and students\u2019 achievement in physics; F (5,123) = 2.676, p < 0.05. The study concluded that socio-cultural factors such as sex, student attitude, parental educational background and peer group impact on student achievement in physics. should be considered by physics teachers when teaching the subject. It was recommended that physics teachers endeavour to address students socio-cultural challenges in order to enhance students achievement and interest in physics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 129-134\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hakeem Akintoye <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science and Technology Education, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jimoh Saliu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Language, Art and Social Science Department, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAhmad, K. &#038; Naeema, B. (2013). Influence of socioeconomic and educational background of parents on their children\u2019 education in Nigeria. International journal of scientific andresearch publications, volume 3.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAkinade E, A.., Adewuyibi, T.D.O &#038; Sulaiman, A.A (2010) Socio-legal factors that influence the perpetuation of rape in Nigeria. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 5 (1)   1760\u20131764.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAngell, C., Guttersrud, O., Henriksen, E. K., &#038;Isnes, A. (2004). Physics: Frightful, but fun. Pupils\u2019 and teachers\u2019 views of Physics and Physics teaching. Journal of Science Education. 8 (8), 683-706.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tApsalone M, \u0160umilo E. (2015) Socio-cultural factors and international competitiveness. Business, Management and Education.13(2):276\u2013291.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBrody, Ge X; Conger, R; Gibbons, F; Murry, V; Gerrard, M. and Simons, R (2001). The influence of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization and parenting on African American children\u2019s affiliation with deviant peers. Child Development. 72 (4) 1231-1246.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCarter, S.C. &#038; Brickhouse, N.W. (1989). What makes chemistry difficult? Alternate Perceptions.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tColclought, C; Al-samaria, S; Rose P and Tembon, M. (2003). Achieving schooling for all in Africa: Cost, Commitment and Gender. England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tDenga, D.I &#038; Akuto, G. W (2004). Learning Difficulties and behaviour Disorders Among Nigerian Children. Rapid Educational publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tDong-Hai., N &#038; Sanjay, R. (2009). Student difficulties in transfer of problem solving across Education (IJCDSE) Special Issue, 3(3), 1510-1515 Education. 8 (8), 683-706.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tErinosho, S.Y. (2013). How do students perceive the difficulty of Physics in secondary school?:International Journal of Cross-disciplinary Subjects in Education (IJCDSE) Special Issue, 3(3), 1510-1515.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tIgbokwe, C. O. (2010). The effect of multicultural learning environment on cognitive achievement of pupils primary science. Journal of Science Teachers\u2019 Association of Nigeria (STAN); 45 (1&#038;2): 9-19.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tIsangedighi, A. J (2011). Essentials of Learning. Calabar, Kendra: Cherry Free Psychology Newsletter. About .com Psychology. Journal of Chemical Education, 66, 223-225.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tKalijah, M. S. (2002). Education, training and careers in Physics for women in Malaysia. IUPAP<br \/>\r\n[14]\tKesemang, M. E. E., &#038; Taiwo, A. A. (2002). The correlates of the socio-cultural background of Botswana junior secondary school students with their attitudes towards and achievements in science  [Electronic version]. International Journal of  Science Education,24 (9),  919-940.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tLashbrook, J. T. (2000). Fitting in: Exploring the emotional dimension of adolescent pressure. Adolescence,35(140): 747-757.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tLavy, V., and Shlosser, A. (2007). Mechanisms and Impacts of Gender Peer Effects at School. NBER Working Paper 13292. National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tMcElhaney, K.B., Immele, A., Smith, F.D., &#038; Allen, J.P. (2006). Attachment organization as a moderator of the link between friendship quality and adolescent delinquency. Attachment &#038; Human Development, 8(1), 33\u201346.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tMezieobi, K. A. and Domike, G. C. (1996). Social studies education in Nigeria, A Realistic Approach Enugu: Whyte and Whyte Publishers.  of Physics, 62, 796-803.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tMusgrave, C. B. (2000). Environmental factors affecting attitude towards science and mathematics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(1), 382\u2013394.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tOkebukola, P. (2002). Beyond the stereotype to new trajectories in science teaching. Ibadan: Science Teachers Association of Nigeria. 37: 28-31.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tOkoye, B. E. &#038; Okeke, O. C. (2007). Efficacy of eliminating superstitious beliefs strategy on achievement and knowledge retention in genetics among secondary school students. Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria (STAN).; 42 (1&#038;2); 73-77.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tOlalekan, A. B. (2016). Influence of peer group relationship on the academic performance of students in secondary schools: A case study of selected secondary schools in Atiba Local Government Area of Oyo State. Global Journal of Human-Social Science, 16, 4<br \/>\r\n[23]\tOwolabi T. (2006). A Diagnosis of Students Difficulties in Physics. Educational Perspectives 7(2), 15-20. Pupils\u2019 and teachers\u2019 views of Physics and Physics teaching. Journal of Science<br \/>\r\n[24]\tRedish, E. F. (1994). The implications of cognitive studies for teaching physics. American Journal Representation. Oxford. UK: Pergamon Press.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tTudge, J., &#038; Scrimsher, S. (2003). Lev Vygotsky on education: A cultural-historical, interpersonal, and individual approach to development. In B. Zimmerman &#038; D. Schunk (Eds.), Educational psychology: A century of contributions (pp. 207-228). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates<br \/>\r\n[26]\tVygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tVygotsky, Le (1986).Thought and language. Cambridge: The MIT press.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tWertsch, J. V. (1991). A sociocultural approach to socially shared cognition. In L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, &#038; S. D.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tTeasley (Eds.). Perspectives on socially shared cognition (p. 85\u2013100). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10096-004<br \/>\r\n[30]\tYip, D. Y. (2001). Promoting the development of a conceptual change model of science instruction in prospective secondary biology teachers. International Journal of Science Education; 23(7): 755-770.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hakeem Akintoye, Jimoh Saliu &#8220;Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Senior Secondary School Students\u2019 Academic   Achievement in Physics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.129-134 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/129-134.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/129-134.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-socio-cultural-factors-on-senior-secondary-school-students-academic-achievement-in-physics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Senior Secondary School Students\u2019 Academic   Achievement in Physics<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95eeb8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e95eeb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e95ef8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e95ef8f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e95f173\" data-id=\"e95f173\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95f2a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e95f2a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e95f346 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e95f346\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e966e8a\" data-id=\"e966e8a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e967058 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e967058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of the Perceptions of Employees on the Effectiveness of Performance Improvement Plans by Commercial Banks in Busia, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Munyekenye Deborah, Ondari William, Sang Monica and Omondi Richard &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 135-144<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e967135 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e967135\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e967349\" data-id=\"e967349\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9674bc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9674bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study intended to evaluate the perception of employees on the administration of the PIP in commercial banks located in Busia Town in Busia County. The following set of research questions guided the study: What is the employees\u2019 perception on the effectiveness of the implementation of the PIP; What are the employees\u2019 perceptions of the various aspects of the Performance improvement plans; To what extent do selected factors affect the employees\u2019 performance that can lead to PIP administration; To what extent has the implementation of PIP helped employees in improving selected performance indicators; To what extent has the PIP addressed selected performance indicators; What are the alternative methods or measures to Performance improvement plans that can be adopted by the commercial banks and What are the differences in the perceptions of the employees on the effectiveness of the PIP when compared by Gender, Levels of education, type of training and prior knowledge of Performance improvement plans in Commercial banks in Busia County? This study adopted the evaluation research design and targeted all the permanent employees deployed to the various bank branches within Busia Town. The study adopted the use of questionnaires in gathering the required data and used both the descriptive and inferential research methods in analyzing the data. The study has established that the respondents are positive about various elements of the PIP, the PIP have managed to help the employees improve in their areas of operations and the organizations should consider alternative performance management methods.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 135-144\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Munyekenye Deborah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500-3-100 Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ondari William<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500-3-100 Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sang Monica<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500-3-100 Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omondi Richard<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500-3-100 Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArya, P. P.&#038;. Gupta, R.P (2003). Human Resource Management and Accounting. New Delhi: Deep &#038; Deep publications PVT LTD.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAsmub, B. (2008). Performance Appraisal Interviews-preference organization in assessment<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBratton, J. &#038; Gold,J. (2007).Human Resource Management theory and practice .New York: Palgarave Macmillan.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCerto, S.&#038; Certo, T. (2009). Modern Management. NJ: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tChevalier, R. (2007). A manager`s guide to improving work place perormance . New York: American Management Association.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tChiang, F. T. &#038; Birtch, T.A. (2010). Appraising performance across Borders:An empirical<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKenyalaw Cause 621,(2012).Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/kenyalaw.org\/ caselaw\/cases\/view\/ 88049<br \/>\r\n[8].\tLuis, R. G.,Balkin,D.B. &#038; Cardy R.L (2009). Managing Human Resources. NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMartin,X.S.I,Blanke,J, Hanouz,M.D,Geiger,T &#038; Mia, I. (2009). The Global Competitiveness Index 2009-2010. Contributing to Long term prosperity amid the Gloabal Economic Crisis. World Economic Forum , 2-45.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMcAfee,R.B. &#038; Poffenberger, W. (1982). Productivity Strategies-Enhancing Employee Job Performance. NJ: Prentice-Hall.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNath, C. (2011). Quality of appraisal practices in Indian PSUs:a case study. The International Journal of Human Resources Management , 648-662.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tRedman, T.&#038; Wilkinson, A. (2009). Contemporary Human Resource Management-Text and Cases. Edinburgh: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tSelden, S &#038; Sowa,E. J. (2011). Perfomence Management and Appraisal in Human Service Organizations:Management and Staff Perspectives. Public Personnel Management.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tShrivastava, A. &#038; Purang, P. ( 2011). Employee Perceptions of Performance Appraisals: A comparative study on Indian banks. The International Journal of Human Resource Management.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSolomons, N. (2006). A Critical evaluation of the performance management system used by Nampak research and development. SA: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSundarsan, A. (2009). Employee performance appraisal:The (Un)suitability of Management by objectives and key Result Areas. BITS,Pilani(management Group).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tT.R.Manoharan, C.Muralidharan &#038; S.G Deshmukh( 2011) An intergrated fuzzy multi-attribute decision -making model for employees` performance appraisal. The international Journal of Human Resource Management , 722-735.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tTorrington, D. et al. (2008). Human Resource Management. EDN: Pearson Education Limited.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tVasset F. et al.(2010). Employees` Perceptions of Justice in Performance appraisals. Nursing Management , 30-34.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tZhang, Y.&#038; Lovegrove,I. (2009). Performance appraisal for Chinese state-owned banking industry. Journal of organisational Transformation and social change.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Munyekenye Deborah, Ondari William, Sang Monica and Omondi Richard &#8220;Evaluation of the Perceptions of Employees on the Effectiveness of Performance Improvement Plans by Commercial Banks in Busia, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.135-144 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/135-144.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/135-144.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-the-perceptions-of-employees-on-the-effectiveness-of-performance-improvement-plans-by-commercial-banks-in-busia-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of the Perceptions of Employees on the Effectiveness of Performance Improvement Plans by Commercial Banks in Busia, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96842d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e96842d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e968535 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e968535\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9686e6\" data-id=\"e9686e6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e968828 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e968828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e968903 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e968903\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e968aa6\" data-id=\"e968aa6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e968bc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e968bc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Forms of Charity in Islamic Economics: An Analysis in the Quran and Sunna (As Reported in Bukhari and Muslim)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Rabiu Abubakar Abba, Besar Bin Ngah &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 145-166<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e968c7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e968c7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e968e44\" data-id=\"e968e44\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e968fa6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e968fa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Charity is a way of bringing justice to every society, while justice is the essence of all religions in the World. It is in this respect that Islam made charity particularly Zakat, obligatory and binding upon all those who embrace the religion. Poverty had existed right from time immemorial, with around 3 billion people in the World living in abject poverty, out of which 35% are from Muslim World (World Bank 2010).This concern calls for urgent, collective and concrete efforts among the Muslim World to improve the conditions of poor Muslims, regardless of their color, gender, nationality and sect, since Islam amplifies unity and brotherliness. The objective of this research is therefore, to explore the forms of charity in Islam based on the two important sources which are the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet (PBUH) as reported in Bukhari and Muslims. Qualitative approach is employed in conducting the research and the data is collected through relevant literature survey, while descriptive technique is based on document analysis on literatures in the Qur\u2019an and Hadith of the Prophet as reported in both Bukhari and Muslim as well as some views of few experts in Hadith literatures, such as Al Nisai, Ibn Majah and Tirmidhi which are used in analyzing the data. The general findings of the paper indicates that man is merely an agent carrying out God\u2019s will and pleasure on earth, and is therefore expected to expend the entrusted wealth on the various forms of charity in both the Qur\u2019an and Sunna of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), these are: Zakat, which is an obligation, Charity as a social responsibility, which comprises, Sadaqat, Voluntary alms (Khairat) and Baitul Mal Funds. The research further identified eight categories classified in the Holy Qur\u2019an and expatiated in Hadith, as the beneficiaries of Zakat and other forms of charity. While the method of payment of Zakat and other forms of charity should be in such a way that beneficiaries are not molested and only that which is good and honorable is given in charity. Finally, the paper found that rewards will be met by those who comply and render Zakat and other forms of charity, while terrible punishment await those who fails to comply with the various injunctions of the Qur\u2019an as well as traditions of the Holy Prophet in disbursing Zakat and other forms of charity.  It is suggested from this study that various governments could support charitable institutions to effectively collect and disburse Zakat and other forms of charity towards the alleviation of the sufferings of the general public.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 145-166\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rabiu Abubakar Abba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Al-Madina International University, Kualalumpur-Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Besar Bin Ngah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Al-Madina International University, Kualalumpur-Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbdullah, M., &#038; Sapiei, N. S. (2018). Do Religiosity, Gender and Educational Background Influence Zakat Compliance? The Case of Malaysia. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(8), 1250-1264.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJSE-03-2017-0091.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAbdullahi, S. (2019), \u201cHow waqf, zakat can boost infrastructural needs of Nigeria\u201d, available at: https:\/\/ guardian.ng\/features\/friday-worship\/how-waqf-Zakat-can-boost-infrastructural-needs-of-nigeria (accessed 16 September 2019).<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAbdul-Wahab A. (2018). The Practice of Zakat and Poverty Alleviation in Accra, Ghana. Thesis submitted to the University of Ghana, Legon in      partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of MPhil for the study of Religions Degree. University of Ghana.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAbdussalam, O. I., Fuadah, J., &#038; Mohammad, A. (2013A). Is Zakah Effective to Alleviate Poverty in a Muslim Society? A Case of Kwara State, Nigeria. Negeri Sembilan. GJAT<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAbRahman, A., M. Haji Alias and Syed S. Omar, (2012).  Zakat Institution in Malaysia: Problem and Issues. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 2(1) Abu &#8216;Ubaid, al Amwal, al Maktabah al Tijaryyah al Kubra, Cairo, 1353H.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAbu Dawud, 1968. Sunan Abu Dawud. Maktabah, al-Ma&#8217;arif, part 36: 4793.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tAbu Y. Kitab AL Khraj. Translated and provided with an introduction and notes by Ben S. A. (1969). London. Luzac &#038; Co.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tAbubakar, Y.  S., &#038; Muhammad, F.  O. (2017). Analytical Overview of the Role Played by Waqf in Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Sokoto, Sokoto State. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies<br \/>\r\n[9]\tAhmad S. M. (1977). Economics of Islam (A Comparative study), SH. Muhammad Asaraf Pakistan<br \/>\r\n[10]\tAhmed, H. (2004). Role of Zakah and Awqaf in Poverty Alleviation, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tAl-Bukhari, M.I. 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The Islamic Social SecurIty: Its Impact on Economic Development, Department of Economics, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.A paper presented in the Post Graduate Seminar Series.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tHafidhuddin, A. (2009). Zakat, macroeconomic Policies, and Poverty Alleviation: Lessons from Simulations of Bangladesh, Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, Bangladesh<br \/>\r\n[19]\tHassan, M. K. (2010).  An Integrated Poverty Alleviation Model combining Zakat, \tAwqaf and Micro finance. University of Orleans.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tHomans G. (1958), \u201cSocial Behavior as Exchange,\u201d American Journal of Sociology, 63, no. 6 (1958): 597\u2013 606, doi: 10.1086\/222355.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tHossain, M. Z. (2012). Zakat in Islam: A Powerful Poverty Alleviating Instrument for Islamic Countries, International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment Vol. 3, No 1, April 2012.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tImam Bukhari. Sahih Bukhari Translation by M. Muhsin Khan.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tImam Muslim. Sahih Muslim. Translation by Abdul Hamid Siddique.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tKantudu and Boyi (2007). Effectiveness of Zakat as an Instrument of Fiscal Policy in the Redistribution of Wealth in Kebbi State, Kiyawa et al (Eds), JOSAMS, \t Volume 12, Kano: Bayero, University, Kano, 2007<br \/>\r\n[25]\tKusuma, D.W. and Sukmana, R. (2010). The Power of Zakat in Poverty Alleviation: 7th International Conference Tawhidi Epistemology: Zakat and Waqf Economy, Bangi<br \/>\r\n[26]\tMahmud Y. (2010). Impact of zakat in Alleviating Rural Poverty: A case study of MACCA in Bangladesh. A paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Islamic and Finance.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tMolla, R.I. ET. ALL (1988). Frontiers and Mechanics of Islamic Economics. University of Sokoto, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tMuhammad, F. A. (1975). Sunan Ibn Majah, Vol. 1-2 Iyhan T-Tark Al-Arabi, Lebanon.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tMuhammad, R. A. Mustapha (1968). Sunan Al-Tirmidhi, Vol. 3 Al-Babi-Al-Halbi Publication, Cairo.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tMuslim, H.N., 1995. Sahih Muslim, Ed. Muhammad, Fu&#8217;ad &#8216;Abdul Baqi. Dar Ihya&#8217; al- Kutub al-&#8216;Arabiya, pp: 1105.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tOlanipekun, Wahid Damilola Et. Al. (2015). The role of Zakat as a Poverty Alleviation Strategy and a tool for \tsustainable development: Insights from the perspectives of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Oman Chapter). Vol. 5, No. 3.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tPicac, M., Et al (2013). Abu Hassan Al-Mawardi\u2019s Views on Economic Policies Current Research Journal of Economic Theory 5(3) Maxwell Scientific Organization.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tRahman, A. U. (1976). Economics Doctrines of Islam, Vol. 111. Islamic Publications Limited Pakistan.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tSaad, U. S. (1952). Sunan Abu Dawud; Vol. 1 A. A. Azhar.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tSiddiqi, A. H. (1999). Sahih Muslim; Arabic-English. India: Adam Publishers &#038; Distributors.<br \/>\r\n[36]\tSuyuti, J. (1964). Sunan Al-Nisai (Vol. 5-6). Mustapha Al-Halbi and Sons Publications Cairo.<br \/>\r\n[37]\tTaha, R, Adam F, Ali NNM, &#038; Ariff A.M. (2017). Religiosity and Transparency in the Management of Zakat Institutions. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 20: 1-9.<br \/>\r\n[38]\tTajuddin, S. T., Azman, S. A., &#038; Shamsuddin. (2015). Compliance behavior of Zakat on income among Muslim youth in Klang Valley. In proceeding of the international conference on social research. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[39]\tUNDP (2015). Nigeria \u2013The Human Development Index: Going beyond Income, Human Development Report.<br \/>\r\n[40]\tUNDP (2016). Nigeria \u2013The Human Development Index: Going beyond Income, Human Development Report.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tYumna, A. &#038; M. Clarke (2011). Integrating zakat and Islamic Charities with Microfinance initiative in the purpose of poverty alleviation in Indonesia. The 8th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, Doha, Qatar.<br \/>\r\n[42]\tYusoff, M. B. (2011). Zakat Expenditure, School Enrollment, and Economic Growth in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences.Vol 2, Issue 6.<br \/>\r\n[43]\tYusuf al Qardawi (1969). Fiqh al Zakah (Vol. I), Translated by Dr. Monzer Kahf Scientific Publishing Centre King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.<br \/>\r\n[44]\tZainal H., Abubakar A. &#038; Saad R. A. (2016). Reputation, Satisfaction of Zakat Distribution, and Service Quality as Determinant of Stakeholder Trust in Zakat Institutions.  International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2016, 6(S7) 72-76.<br \/>\r\n[45]\tZakaria, M. (2014). The Influence of Human Needs in the Perspective Al-Syari\u2019ah of Maqasid Al-Syari\u2019ah on Zakat Distribution Effectiveness.  Asian Social Science, 10(3), 165-173.<br \/>\r\n[46]\tZakat &#038; Sadaqat Foundation. (2016). 12th Zakat Distribution Ceremony Brochure. Lagos, Nigeria, pp 13-14.<br \/>\r\n[47]\tZakat Report. (2012), Federal Territory Islamic Religious Council. Assessed July 17, 2019 from: http:\/\/www.zakat.com.my<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rabiu Abubakar Abba, Besar Bin Ngah &#8220;Forms of Charity in Islamic Economics: An Analysis in the Quran and Sunna (As Reported in Bukhari and Muslim)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.145-166 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/145-166.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/145-166.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/forms-of-charity-in-islamic-economics-an-analysis-in-the-quran-and-sunna-as-reported-in-bukhari-and-muslim\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Forms of Charity in Islamic Economics: An Analysis in the Quran and Sunna (As Reported in Bukhari and Muslim)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96a109 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e96a109\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e96a1dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e96a1dc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e96a367\" data-id=\"e96a367\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96a4b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e96a4b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e96a55d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e96a55d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e96a6cb\" data-id=\"e96a6cb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96a7e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e96a7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Fertilizer use to the Environment and the Determinant to Choice of the Nutrient Management Planning Techniques by Farmers in South East, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ume, S I, Uloh, E V, Nnadozie, AKO and Nnaji, J O &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 167-175<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e96a89b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e96a89b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e96aa29\" data-id=\"e96aa29\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96ab65 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e96ab65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Effect of fertilizer use to the environment by smallholder arable crop farmers in Southeast, Nigeria was studied. One hundred and twenty farmers were purposively selected from three out of five states in Southeast. A well structured questionnaire and oral interview were used to collect information needed for the study. The objectives of the study were addressed using percentages, multinomial Logit regression and factor analysis. The results show that most of the sampled farmers were aged, fairly educated, well experienced, large number of household size and membership of organization. The fertilizer types used by the farmers were compound fertilizer, muriate of potash, single super phosphate, urea and commercial fertilizer. The sources of fertilizer to the farmer were open market, cooperative, town union, Agricultural. Development. Program (ADP), Ministry of Agriculture and Local Government Area. Also, the effect of fertilizer application to the environment were affect water supply, kidney problem, methemoglobinemia, blister in the body, carcinogenic effect, eutrophication and global warming. The fertilizer nutrient management planning adopted to reduce the potentials of environmental  risk were soil testing, fertilizer application  method, proper storage and handling of fertilizer, The result of the multinomial logistic regression estimates showed that farming experience, age of the farmers, educational level, extension services and membership of organization affected the choice of adaptation practices of. fertilizer nutrient management planning in order to reduce the effects of fertilizer application to the environmental. The limiting factors to fertilizer availability in the  study area were diversion of fertilizer, transportation problem, political interference, delay in procurement. There is need to enhance farmers\u2019 access to extension services, cooperative membership and credit.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 167-175\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ume, S I<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uloh, E V<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFederal College of Education, Ehamfu, Enugu State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnadozie, AKO<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnaji, J O<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNational Agricultural Extension and Research Liasion Services NAERLS)Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">.\tAdewanyi, D S. 2003;Antioxidant Properties of arious solvent extract of  total  henol constituents from three differentAgroclimatic origin of Drums tick Tree(Moringaoleifera Lam): Department of Aquacultur  \tsystems and   Animal Nutrition. University of Hohenhim (480b),D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. 2003; 45p.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAmaji, C (2007). Analysis on farmer\u2019s willingness of reduce nitrogen fertilizer and influencing factors[J] China Rural Economy2007 (9\uff09\uff1a9~17.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAyoola, G B(2014) . \u201cFertilizer Production, Imports and Use in Nigeria\u201d. ;Pp. 10-12.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tByrnes, B H(1995)  \u201cAgronomic Advantages and Disadvantages of Fertilizer Products,\u201d International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama, 1995.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tByrnes, B H (1990) \u201cEnvironmental Effects of N Fertilizer Use An Overview,\u201dFertilizer Research, 1990; 26:209 -215.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBumb, B L (2005) \u201cThe Role of Fertilizers in Food Security and the Environment:Trends to 2020,\u201d Paper prepared for IFPRI\u2019s 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and the Environment, Draft, January 2005<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBumb,B L(1991)\u201cTrends in Fertilizer Use and Production in Sub -Saharan Africa,1970 -95: An Overview,\u201d Fertilizer Research 28: 41-48.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tCai, G. X., Fan, X. H. and Yang,Z. Gaseous loss of nitrogen from fertilizers applied to wheat on a calcareous soil in North China Plain [J]. 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Improving farmers\u2019livelihoods in a changing world.FAO and World Bank, Rome and Washington D.C. 2000, 32P.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tInternational Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) (1998), Africa Fertilizer SituationSeptember<br \/>\r\n[19].\tInternational Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), (1996)Africa Fertilizer Situation November 1996<br \/>\r\n[20].\tKryzanowski, L., and Penney, D.C., ( 2004). Alberta fertilizer guide. Alberta 310-FARM(3276).<br \/>\r\n[21].\tLiverpool-Tasie, L. S. O., Omonona, B. T., Sanou, A, and Ogunleye, W. (2016).A profitability analysis of fertilizer use for maize production in Nigeria. GISAIA: Policy Paper \u2013 February 2016.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tManyong,V M(2001); Fertilizer use and definition of farmer domain for impact oriented research in the Northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Nutr.Cycl. Agro Eecosyst.2001, 59: 129-141.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tNPC (2006) National population Commission sample survey: Abuja, Nigeria; 2006Population census of Federal Republic of Nigeria: Analytical report at the national level. National Population Commission, Abuja;<br \/>\r\n[24].\tMcGuinness, H.(2003),Living Soils: Sustainable Alternatives to Chemical Fertilizers, Consumer PolicyInstitute, Consumers Union, 2013<br \/>\r\n[25].\tNhemachena,C,  Hassan, R (2007).  Micro-level analysis of farmers\u201e adaptation to climate change in southern Africa. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00714.Washington, D.C.: InternationalFood Policy Research Institute.; Pp 34.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tOgunmola; R O(2007). Perception of farmers towards the use of agrochemicals and organic mineral fertilizer among rural dwellers in Afijio Local Government of Oyo State.Unpublished B.Sc project in the Department of Agricultural Extension and RuralDevelopment.University of Ilorin, Kwara State. 2007; Pp. 56 -62<br \/>\r\n[27].\tOhajianya; D O(2007). Comparative analysis of organic and inorganic fertilizer use in cassava production in Imo State, International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2007; 9: 30-34 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4314\/ijard.v9i1.2660<br \/>\r\n[28].\tOlwande; J (2009); Agricultural Technology Adoption: A Panel analysis of Smallholder Farmers\u2019 Fertilizer use in Kenya, Contributed paper prepared for presentation at the African Economic Research Consortium Conference on Agriculture for Development.; 23p.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tOnyenweaku, C. E., Okoye, B. C. and Okorie, K. C. (2010).Determinants of fertilizer adoption by rice farmers in Bende Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. Nigeria Agricultural Journal, 2010; 41(2): 1-6.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tParish, D.H.,(1993) \u201cAgricultural Productivity, Sustainability, and FertilizerUse,\u201d IFDC Paper Series P-18, May 1993<br \/>\r\n[31].\tRosen,C J White, DG (2001) &#8220;Preventing Pollution Problems from Lawn and Garden Fertilizers.&#8221;UniversityofMinnesotaExtensionService.http:\/\/www.extension.umn.edu\/distribution\/horticulture\/DG2923.html, 2001<br \/>\r\n[32].\tTittonell,P (2008) Combining organic and mineral fertilizers for integrated soil fertility management in smallholder farming systems of Kenya: explorations using the crop-soil model field. 2008; 65p<br \/>\r\n[33].\tUme S. I., JiwubaF.I , and Ochiaka C D (2012). Economics of upland rice (orizasayiva) production in Ivo LGA of  Ebonyi State, Nigeria . Agro Science Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Envoirnment and Extension Volume 11(3);51-56.Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria , Nsukka. Enugu State , Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tUme, S.I., Onunka B.N., Nwaneri T.C. and Okoro G.O (2016) Socio-economic Determinants of Sweet Potato Production among Small Holder Women   Farmers in Ezza South Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Advance Research 3 (9); 972-883 w ww . G j a r . O r g<br \/>\r\n[35].\tZhihong. C A O(2003) Effect of fertilization on air quality-effect of fertilization on environment quality[J]Soils\uff0c2003\uff0c35\uff084)\uff1a265~270<br \/>\r\n[36].\tZLZhu, K L (2002) Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-contributions to food production, impacts on the environment strategies [J].Nutrient Cycling Agroecosystems,  63(2): 117-127. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ume, S I, Uloh, E V, Nnadozie, AKO and Nnaji, J O &#8220;Effect of Fertilizer use to the Environment and the Determinant to Choice of the Nutrient Management Planning Techniques by Farmers in South East, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.167-175 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/167-175.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/167-175.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-fertilizer-use-to-the-environment-and-the-determinant-to-choice-of-the-nutrient-management-planning-techniques-by-farmers-in-south-east-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Fertilizer use to the Environment and the Determinant to Choice of the Nutrient Management Planning Techniques by Farmers in South East, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96ba13 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e96ba13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e96baea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e96baea\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e96bc9c\" data-id=\"e96bc9c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96bdc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e96bdc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e96be63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e96be63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e96bffb\" data-id=\"e96bffb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96c11d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e96c11d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Vegetative Estalishment of African Egg Plant (<i>Solanum Macrocarpon.<\/i> Linn) Enhanced With Fertilizer Application<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Aderemi, F. T., Aderemi A. M., Shaib-Rahim, H. O., Adewoye, A. A., Roberts, A. E. &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 176-180<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e96c1ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e96c1ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e96c341\" data-id=\"e96c341\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e985856 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e985856\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study is based on the use of organic and inorganic fertilizer application in raising <em>Solanum macrocapon<\/em> stem cuttings. The study was conducted in the Green House of the Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan. The experiment considered the use of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 as treatments in growing <em>Solanum macrocapon<\/em> stem cuttings. There were nine (9) treatment which consisted of 7.5g, l0g, 12.5g, 15g of poultry manure and 0.75g. l.0g, l.25g and l.5g of NPK (15:15:15), each were added to 2kg of top soil while 2kg topsoil only served as control. The treatments were assigned in completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five (5) replicates. The parameters assessed includes the emergence of leaf, leaf production, leaf area, harvest yield and dry matter content, all which were subjected to Analysis of Variance and the means were separated using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that treatment application of l.25g of NPK 15:15:15 had the highest mean value for leaf production, leaf area, and dry weight of first and second harvest, fresh weight of first and second harvest, while control has the least mean value for all the test carried out. 7.5g of poultry manure and control have the least mean value in leaf area. The results showed that treatment application of 15g of poultry manure had the highest mean value for days to first flower. There is no significant differences in the emergence of leaf. Based on the results of this study, application of NPK 15:15:15 at l2.5g per 2kg of soil is recommended for yield production of <em>Solanum macrocarpon<\/em> stem cuttings.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 176-180\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aderemi, F. T. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHorticulture and Landscape Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aderemi A. M. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAgricultural Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shaib-Rahim, H. O. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAgricultural Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adewoye, A. A. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHorticulture and Landscape Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Roberts, A. E.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAgricultural Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdeyeye, E.I. and Adanlawo, I.G. (2011).\tAmino acid composition of the ripe fruits of Solanum aethiopicum and Solanum macrocarpon. International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences 2 (2): 40-51.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAkanbi, WB, Adeboye, OC, Togun, AO, Ogunrinde, JO, Adeyeye, AS (2007). Growth, herbage and seed yield and quality of terfairian occidentalis as influenced by cassava peel compost and Mineral fertilizer. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(4):508-516.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBello S.O, Muhammed B.Y, Gammaniel K.S, Abdu-Aguye. I, Ahmed. H, Njoku C.H, Pindiga, U. H, Salka, A.M. Preliminary Evaluation of the Toxicity and some Pharmacological Properties of the Aqueous Crude Extract of Solanum macrocarpon. Research Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, (2005); 1 (1):1-9.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tFasuyi AO. Nutritional potentials of some tropical vegetable leaf meals: Chemical characterization and functional properties. African Journal of Biotechnology, (2006); 5:49-53.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tFRIN (2014): Agro meteorological station. Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. Page 69-126.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMepha H.D., Eboh L. and Banigbo D. (2007). Effects of processing treatments on the nutritive composition and consumer acceptance of some Nigerian edible leafy vegetables. African Journal of Food Agricultural Nutrition Development. 7 (1): 1-18.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMosha TC, Gaga HE. Nutritive value and effect of blanching on trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities of selected leafy vegetables. Journal of Plant Foods and Human Nutrition, (2000); 54- 271-283.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tNwodo, S.C, Abayomi, C.O, Eboji, O.K., Opeyemi, C.E., Olajumoke, A.K. and Damilola, I.D. (2011). Proximate and Phytochemical Analysis of Solanum aethiopicum L. and Solanum macrocarpon L. fruits. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences 1(3): 436-439.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tOjo, D.O. &#038; Olufolaji, A.O., (2000). Optimum NPK fertilizer rates for growth and yield of Solanum macrocarpon (cv. \u2018Igdagba\u2019). Journal of vegetable Environment and Ecology 14 (4): 834-836.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tOjo, O.D (2001). Density and cutting height affect the production of Solanum macrocarpon. Journal of vegetable crop production, 7 (2), 45-55.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tOlaniyi, J.O and Ojetayo, A.E. (2010). The effect of organomineral and inorganic fertilizers on the growth, fruit yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum frutescence).J. Animal &#038; Plant Sciences, 8 (3): 1070-1076.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tOlatunji, O. and Ayuba, S.A (2011) Effects of combined application of poultry manure and NPK 20-10- 10 fertilizers on soil chemical properties and yield of maize (Zea may L.). Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Soil Science Society of Nigeria. 7th-11th March, 2011, Minna, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tYamaguchi M. World Vegetable Principle, Production and Nutritive Values. (2005). <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aderemi, F. T., Aderemi A. M., Shaib-Rahim, H. O., Adewoye, A. A., Roberts, A. E. &#8220;Evaluation of Vegetative Estalishment of African Egg Plant (<i>Solanum Macrocarpon.<\/i> Linn) Enhanced With Fertilizer Application&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.176-180 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/176-180.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/176-180.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-vegetative-estalishment-of-african-egg-plant-solanum-macrocarpon-linn-enhanced-with-fertilizer-application\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of Vegetative Estalishment of African Egg Plant (<i>Solanum Macrocarpon.<\/i> Linn) Enhanced With Fertilizer Application<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e98667d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e98667d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e986753 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e986753\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9868d0\" data-id=\"e9868d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e986a04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e986a04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e986aa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e986aa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e986c0a\" data-id=\"e986c0a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e986d1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e986d1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparative Effects of Different Manure on Growth and Yield of Okra (<em>Abelmuscus esculentus\u00a0 L. Moench<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Aderemi, F.T., Aderemi, A.M., Elesho, R.O., Aluko, A.K., Oyeleke O.S- August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 181-183<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e986dc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e986dc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e986f33\" data-id=\"e986f33\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e987054 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e987054\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study evaluated the comparative effects of the organic fertilizer (poultry manure, cow dung and composted manure) on okra (<em>Abeloamoschus exclulentus<\/em>) at Research Farm of Federal College of Forestry, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria, latitude 7\u00b026N and longitude 3\u00b036E. Three manures were used for this work (composted, cow dung and poultry manure), the manures were dried under intense sunlight and ground into powdery form and incorporated into topsoil in a polythene bag and watered to allow commencement of mineralization and germination fourteen (14) before planting. The experimental design was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. Composted manure gave the highest mean value of 35.6, 6.16, 0.67 and 15.713 for plant height, number of leaves, stem girth and fruit weight respectively. The control has the lowest mean value for all the experimental test carried out. The study revealed that okra responded well to the application of composted manure, cow dung and poultry manure and recommended to farmers in their cropping system for improved yields.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 181-183\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aderemi, F.T.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHorticulture and Landscape Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aderemi, A.M.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAgricultural Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elesho, R.O.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAgricultural Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aluko, A.K.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHorticulture and Landscape Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oyeleke O.S<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAgricultural Technology Department, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAyoola, O. T. and Adeniran, O. N. (2006).\tInfluence of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer on yield and yield components of crops under different cropping systems in South West Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 5 1336-1392.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tMakinde, E. A.; Ayoola, O. T. and Akande, M. O. (2007). Effects of organo-mineral fertilizer application on the growth and yield of egusi melon. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 1 :15-19.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tGrubben, G.H. (1999); Tropical vegetable and their genetic resources. Edited by Tridall and Williams, FAO, Rome, ITALY, 137pp.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tOjeniyi, S.O. (2000). Effect of goat manure on soil nutrients and okra yield in a rain forest area of Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agric. 5:20-23.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBelay, A.; Classens, A. S.; Wehner, F. C. and De Beer, J. M. (2001). Influence of residual manure on selected nutrient elements and microbial composition of soil under long term crop rotation. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 18:1-6.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tChude, V.O. (1999): Perspectives on fertilizer use in the 21st century, Book of abstracts, Soil Science Society of Nigeria Benin, 1999 25th Annual Conf. Held at Precious V Palm Royal Hotel from 21st-25th Nov. 1999.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tEifediyi, E.K and Remison, S.U (2010): Growth and yield of cucumber (CucumissativumL.) as influenced by farm yard manure and inorganic fertilizer. Journal of Plant Breed Crop Science, 2:216-220.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tSomani, I.L. and Totawat, K.L (1996): Soil conditioners and amendments. Agrotechpub. Academy: Udaipur. 1st edition, PP: 28-160<br \/>\r\n[9]\tVablauwe, B., Wendt., J.W. and Diels, J. (2001): Combated application of organic mater and fertilizer, Journal of Amer Soc Agron, 20t: 247.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tAbou, El-Magd, M.A., El-Bassiony, M. and Fawzy, Z.F. (2006): Effect of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of some varieties of Broccoli plants. Journal of April science Res, 2:791-798<br \/>\r\n[11]\tSeran, T.H., Srikrishmah S. and  Ahamed, M.M.Z (2010); Effect of different levels of inorganic  fertilizers and  compost as lasal application on the growth and yield of some food crops. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 5:64-70.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aderemi, F.T., Aderemi, A.M., Elesho, R.O., Aluko, A.K., Oyeleke O.S &#8220;Comparative Effects of Different Manure on Growth and Yield of Okra (<em>Abelmuscus esculentus\u00a0 L. Moench<\/em>)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.181-183 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/181-183.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/181-183.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/comparative-effects-of-different-manure-on-growth-and-yield-of-okra-abelmuscus-esculentus-l-moench\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Comparative Effects of Different Manure on Growth and Yield of Okra (<em>Abelmuscus esculentus\u00a0 L. Moench<\/em>)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e987ddd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e987ddd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e987ea8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e987ea8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e988020\" data-id=\"e988020\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e997b6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e997b6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e997d0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e997d0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e99803f\" data-id=\"e99803f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e99829d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e99829d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Socio-Economic Determinants of Quality Services in the Nigerian Banking Industry <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Obisesan, Francis Oludare, PhD; FCIB, Prof. A. S. Ogunsiji &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 184-191<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e998401 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e998401\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e998740\" data-id=\"e998740\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9989c7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9989c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated socio-economic determinants of quality services in the Nigerian banking industry. The service sector plays a dominant role in creating value in such economies and by extension, the purchasing patterns of consumers and managerial decisions of the providers of these services are influenced by activities of stakeholders in this sector in a complex way.<br \/>\r\nA cross-sectional survey design was applied using quantitative methods of data collection. A self-reported structured questionnaire was designed for data collection. A randomized sample size of 1505 banks\u2019 customers participated in the study while two hypotheses were tested statistically at 95% confidence interval.<br \/>\r\nResults showed that adequacy of facilities (Tangibility), reliability, prompt service, network availability, billing cost (ATM, Cheque books, SMS), customer care services and Value Added Services (e.g.E-Bank statements) jointly predicted quality services in the Nigerian banking industry (R2=.090, F=21.103, p<.01); age, educational qualifications, customer experience with other banks in Nigeria, duration of banking patronage, method of information dissemination in the banks and gender jointly predicted quality services {F=43.744, R=.386, R2=.149, AdJR2=.146;p<.001}<br \/>\r\nConclusions revealed that the determinants of quality services in the Nigerian banking industry. This objective was achieved using multiple regression analysis to determine variables include Tangibility, reliability, prompt service, network availability, billing cost (ATM, Cheque books, SMS), customer care services and Value Added Services (e.g.E-Bank statements) and also concluded that age, educational qualifications, customer experience with other banks in Nigeria, duration of banking patronage, method of information dissemination in the banks and gender jointly predicted quality services. Therefore, socio-demographic variables are determinants of customers\u2019 perceived quality of service in the banking sector. Therefore, it is recommended that banks intensify more effort towards enhancing customer satisfaction through courtesy platform, staff attitude to customers, training of staff on customer relation, respect customers and adjust welfare unit and let the customer feel emotionally attached to the banks.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 184-191\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obisesan, Francis Oludare, PhD, FCIB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. A. S. Ogunsiji<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Marketing, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdegoke, O.S. (2010) Multi- Dimensional Organization Restructuring, Inventory: Development and \tValidation. Journal of Psychological &#038; Social Science Issues, Vol. 18 Issue 3 pp 1-4<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAdekanye Femi (2006) Elements of Banking in Nigeria, The CIBN Publishers, Yaba, Lagos Booz Allen, &#038; Hamilton (1995)- Mobilfunk. Frankfurt\/M.: IMK.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAmoako, G. K. (2012). 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The impact of new technologies on customer satisfaction and business to business customer relationships: Evidence from the soft drinks industry Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 17(3), 224-228. doi:10.1016\/j.jretconser.2010.03.008<br \/>\r\n[48]\tSiddique, A. B., Karim, K. S., &#038; Rahman, M. L. (2011). Customers&#8217; Perception about the Determinants of Service Quality of Foreign and Domestic Banks: An Empirical Study on Bangladesh. Journal of Business And Technology, 1-14.<br \/>\r\n[49]\tSteenkamp, J. B. (1990) Conceptual Model of the Quality Perception Process in Journal of Business Research, Vol. 21 pp. 309-333.<br \/>\r\n[50]\tStone, et al., (2000) Customer Relationship Marketing: Get to know Your Customers and Win their Loyalty 2nd Ed. Great Britain Clays Ltd pp 85 \u2013 98<br \/>\r\n[51]\tSummers, D. C. S. (2005), Quality Management: Creating and Sustaining Organisational \tEffectiveness, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.<br \/>\r\n[52]\tZeithaml et al (1988) The Extended Gap Model of Service Quality<br \/>\r\n[53]\tZeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., &#038; Berry, L. (1990). Delivering quality service:Balancing customer perceptions and expectations. New York, NY: Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[54]\tZeithaml, V.A., Berry, L.L. &#038;Parasuraman, A. (1996), The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 60, pp. 31- 46.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Obisesan, Francis Oludare, PhD; FCIB, Prof. A. S. Ogunsiji &#8220;Socio-Economic Determinants of Quality Services in the Nigerian Banking Industry &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.184-191 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/184-191.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/184-191.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/socio-economic-determinants-of-quality-services-in-the-nigerian-banking-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Socio-Economic Determinants of Quality Services in the Nigerian Banking Industry <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e99d93b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e99d93b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e99dad2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e99dad2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e99dd90\" data-id=\"e99dd90\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e99df94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e99df94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e99e0c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e99e0c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e99e336\" data-id=\"e99e336\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e99e57c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e99e57c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Development of Hospital Formulary for Geriatric Patients: A Review<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Nima Krishnan, Danisha P, Suhaila P K- August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 192-194<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e99e6b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e99e6b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e99e99b\" data-id=\"e99e99b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e99ebdd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e99ebdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Providing the maximum safe and effective medication at the right time to the patient is the prime aphorism of all the health care setting. It can be done by the continuous updation and reviewing the informations about a medication. For hospital settings these informations can be authenticated and encompassed and it is known as hospital formulary. According to WHO hospital formulary is \u201ca manual containing clinically oriented summaries of pharmacological information about selected drugs\u201d [2].Formulary enumerating is an evidence based system which helps the physician to find out the correct medication with accurate dose determination. Such type of prescribing is known as rational prescribing. Geriatric patients are the patients who are in the age group of sixty five and above. So they have to experience a number of medical conditions together it is known as multiple co morbidities. As a result they have to administer so several medications together it is known as polypharmacy. It leads to increased burden of pills. The polypharmacy and inappropriate medications are the major route of medication errors in geriatric patients. The precise and up to date informations about the drugs used in such patients are necessary for achieving the therapeutic goal of improved patient safety and medication adherences.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 192-194\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nima Krishnan <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Al Shifa College of Pharmacy, Kizhattur, Malappuram, Kerala, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Danisha P <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Professor, department of Pharmacy Practice, Al Shifa College of Pharmacy Kizhattur, Malappuram, Kerala, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suhaila P K <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Al Shifa College of Pharmacy, Kizhattur, Malappuram, Kerala, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tKaur R J, Misra A Ambwani S R: \u201cHospital formulary concept: Is India ready and how it will benefit from it?\u201d jbclinpharma.2017;8: 208-10.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tShashikala CW, Ganachari MS, Praveen T: Development and implementation of hospital formulary Sep 2013: IJOPP; 5(3):8-14.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tJohn Feely, Robert Chan, Lelia Cocoman, Kenneth Mulpeter, Petrica O Connor: Necessity of the continuous intervention in the preparation of hospital formulary;BMJ.300 sep 2019:28-30.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tTimothy W Cutter and Thomas R Clark: General principlesof geriatric drug therapy: Journal of contemporary pharmacy practice; March 2018:1-6(published online).<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAnita Nandagopal, Anupama Koneru et al: Assessment of rational drug prescribing pattern in geriatric patient in Hyderabad metropolitan:IJOPP;jul-sep2017:10(3)174-178.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tNachiket Bhaveshaikh, Sangita Sukumaran, Upal Vyas: Drug prescribing pattern in elderly patients in a teritiary level hospital: IJBClinPharma.April 2017;6(4):759-64.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tPrakash Goudanavar et al. A Prospective study on medication prescribing pattern for geriatric patients in a teritiary care teaching hospital: jbiopharm: 2015,23-27.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMangala B Murthy et al. Geriatric prescription analysis with respect to \u2018STOPP\u2019 and \u2018START\u2019 criteria: a descriptive study in the Indian scenario: December 2017: 6(12) 2864-70.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tMathew Grissinger: The truth about hospital formularies, part1: August 2008:33(8)441.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tR J Dalmelia et al: Development of hospital formulary for a teritiary care teaching hospital in south: IJOPS: Nov-December 2007:773-79.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nima Krishnan, Danisha P, Suhaila P K &#8220;Development of Hospital Formulary for Geriatric Patients: A Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.192-194 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/192-194.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/192-194.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/development-of-hospital-formulary-for-geriatric-patients-a-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Development of Hospital Formulary for Geriatric Patients: A Review<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9a4da2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9a4da2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9a4f3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9a4f3a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9a5227\" data-id=\"e9a5227\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9a5458 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9a5458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9a55c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9a55c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9a58ac\" data-id=\"e9a58ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9a5b03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9a5b03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Financial Architecture, Cash Holding, and Goodwill on Stock Return with the Approach Five-Factor Models<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong> Catur Wahyu Irjayanto, Zaenal Arifin &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 195-203<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9a5c46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9a5c46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9a5f61\" data-id=\"e9a5f61\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9a620f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9a620f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study examines the effect of financial architecture, cash holding and goodwill on stock returns using a 5-factor model approach. The financial architecture variables consist of corporate governance (Board of Commissioners, Board of Directors, and board process), capital structure, and ownership structures (managerial and institutional holdings). Testing was conducted using Weighted Least Square Method (WLS) in 25 companies from 2015-2018 selected in purposive sampling at the group of Compass 100 Index in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The calculation of the stock return in this study uses an abnormal return and as a comparison is also a test using models with expected return and actual return. The results of this study show the Board Process and the capital structure have a significant effect on stock return in the regression model with abnormal return. The results on the model with expected return show that managerial ownership has a significant effect and the model with actual return shows that only cash holding has a significant effect. In addition, the variables of the Board of Commissioners, the Board of Directors and institutional ownership in the comparison model show results that consistently do not have a significant effect on stock returns.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 195-203\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Catur Wahyu Irjayanto<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business and Economics, Universitas Islam Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zaenal Arifin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business and Economics, Universitas Islam Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAng,T.C.C, Lam, F.Y.E.C, Ma,T.,dkk, (2019). 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Yogyakarta: FakultasEkonomiUniversitasNegeri Yogyakarta<br \/>\r\n[66]\tYuniati,M., Raharjo,K., &#038; Oemar,A., (2016), Pengaruh Kebijakan Deviden, Kebijakan Hutang Profitabilitas Dan Struktur Kepemilikan Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2009-2014, Journal Of Accounting, 2(2) <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Catur Wahyu Irjayanto, Zaenal Arifin &#8220;The Effect of Financial Architecture, Cash Holding, and Goodwill on Stock Return with the Approach Five-Factor Models&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.195-203 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/195-203.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/195-203.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-financial-architecture-cash-holding-and-goodwill-on-stock-return-with-the-approach-five-factor-models\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effect of Financial Architecture, Cash Holding, and Goodwill on Stock Return with the Approach Five-Factor Models<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9b6920 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9b6920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 204-206<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9b709f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9b709f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9b721a\" data-id=\"e9b721a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9b735a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9b735a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Withania somnifera L. (Ashwagandha) pertain to the Solanaceae family. Withania somnifera is generally used in Unani and Ayurvedic system. It is also called winter cherry, Ajagandha, Kanaje, Amukkara and Indian Ginseng. This type of medicinal plant is used in many purposes of diseases in human being. This type of medicinal plant is generally used in anxiety, chronic disease such as stress, Intergrative oncology, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson disease. It is also used in many purposes such as antibacterial purposes, aphrodisiac, hepatoprotective, immune modulator, anticonvulsant, antistress, antioxidant and anticancer purposes and has adaptogenic activity. In this review, we study about the phytochemical and pharmacological studies these bioactive phytochemicals used in therapeutic use in Human health.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 204-206\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Priyanka Gupta<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agriculture, Akal Degree College, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur-148001, India<br \/>\r\nAffiliated to Punjabi University<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tChopra RN, Nayar SL and Chopra IC. 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Effect of Transia (TR) , an Ayurvedic herbal formulation, onpancreatic islet superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in hyperglycaemic ras. Indian J Exp Biol.;35(3)297-299.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tRege RN, Thatte UM and Dahanukar SA.(1999).Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phyto ther Res;13(4):275-91.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tBone K.(1996).Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queensland.Australia:Phytotherapy Press.137-41.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tBhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K ,Ghosal SD.(2000). Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithaanolides:an experimental study. Phyto med.463-69.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tBhattacharya A, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SK.(2001). Antioxidant effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides in  chronic foot shock stress- induced pertubations of oxidative free radical scavenzing enzymes and lipid peroxidation in rat frontal cortex and straiatum. J. Ethnopharmacol.74:1-6.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tSingh B, Saxena AK, Chandan BK.(2001). etal. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide free aqueous fractuion from the roots of Withania somnifera Dun. Phytother Res.15:311-318.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tPrakash J,Yadav SK, Chouhan S, Singh SP.(2013). Neuroprotective role of Withania somnifera root extract in maneb-paraquat induced mouse model of Parkinsonism. Neurochemical Research.38 (5):972-980.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tSingh N,Pillay V, Choonara YE.(2007). Advances in the treatment of Parkinson&#8217;s disease. Prog. Neurobiol.81 (1):29-44.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Priyanka Gupta &#8220;Review: Therapeutic Use of <i>Withania somnifera (L).<\/i> Dunal for Human Felicity&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.204-206 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/204-206.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/204-206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/review-therapeutic-use-of-withania-somnifera-l-dunal-for-human-felicity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Review: Therapeutic Use of <i>Withania somnifera (L).<\/i> Dunal for Human Felicity<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9b814b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9b814b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9b8229 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9b8229\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9b83b0\" data-id=\"e9b83b0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9b84c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9b84c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9b855f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9b855f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9cc8d7\" data-id=\"e9cc8d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9cca8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9cca8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Validation of Mobile Health Conceptual Model for Health Organisation in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Nathan Nachandiya, Ferdinand Che, O.B Longe &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 207-220<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9ccb56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9ccb56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9ccd15\" data-id=\"e9ccd15\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9cce65 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9cce65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper developed and validated a conceptual model for Mobile Health (M-health) adoption in health organizations in Nigeria. The sound knowledge of Readiness and M-health Acceptance among health staff has made developing the M-health conceptual model easy and simple. M-Health implementation is facing a lot of challenges working against its deployment and continuous use. Amongst the factors are: resistance to change by stallholders, lackadaisical attitudes of users of such technology, poor technical support, poor funding by government, epileptic quality of services and lots more. Therefore, there is a need for more effort from the government, stallholders and the entire Caregivers to overcome all the challenges militating against the successful implementation and continuous use of M-health system in Nigeria. The paper proposed, develops and evaluates a sustainable M-health deployment model for health organizations with pre and post-deployment stages. The study also encapsulates all the critical success factors that are essential for a successful deployment of this technology in health organizations in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 207-220\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nathan Nachandiya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAdamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ferdinand Che<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAdamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>O.B Longe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAdamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alalwan, A., Baabdullah, A. 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N. J. (2018). Factors Motivating the Adoption of SelfHealthcare Monitoring Mobile Applications by the South African Youth. IST-Africa 2018 Conference Proceedings Paul Cunningham and Miriam Cunningham (Eds) IIMC International Information Management Corporation, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tNielson, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. San Frascisco. Morgan Kaufan<br \/>\r\n[32]\tNg, W. and Nicholas H. (2012) A framework for Sustainable Mobile Schools. British Journal of Education Technology 2012. Http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com<br \/>\r\n[33]\tOkuboyejo, S.,  Eyesan, O. (2014). mHealth: Using Mobile Technology to Support Healthcare. Online journal of public health informatics. 5. 233. 10.5210\/ojphi.v5i3.4865.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tReid, S. Abdulrazak, B. Alas, M. (2016). An Exploratory Framework Assessing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators Related to Mobile Device Applications and Attributes for the Canadian Seniors. 9758. 293-301. 10.1007\/978-3-319-41264-1_40.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tSilverman, D. (2011). Interpreting Qualitative Data. A Guide to the Principles of Qualitative Research.<br \/>\r\n[36]\tTaha, I., Mohammad, S., Northita, M.N (2015): The usability factors of cardiovascular health monitoring mobile application. A conceptual model.<br \/>\r\n[37]\tTuon, F. F., Gasparetto, J., Wollmann, L. C., &#038; Moraes, T. P. (2017). Mobile health application to assist doctors in antibiotic prescription &#8211; an approach for antibiotic stewardship. Braz J Infect Dis, 21(6), 660-664. doi:10.1016\/j.bjid.2017.08.002<br \/>\r\n[38]\tVentola C. L. (2014). Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses and benefits. P &#038; T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 39(5), 356\u2013364.<br \/>\r\n[39]\tVukovic, V., Favaretti, C., Ricciardi, W., &#038; Waure, C. (2018). Health Technology Assessment Evidence On E-Health\/M-Health Technologies: Evaluating The Transparency And Thoroughness. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 34. 1-10. 10.1017\/S0266462317004512.<br \/>\r\n[40]\tWilliam, B., Po-Yin,Y., Marlene, R., Rebecca S.(2013) Assessment of the Health IT Usability Evaluation Model (Health-ITUEM) for evaluating mobile health (mHealth) technology. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, Volume 46, Issue 6, December 2013, Pages 1080-1087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2013.08.001<br \/>\r\n[41]\tWoldeyohannes, H., Ngwenyama, O. (2017). Factors Influencing Acceptance and Continued Use of mHealth Apps. 239-256. 10.1007\/978-3-319-58481-2_19.<br \/>\r\n[42]\tXu, Z., Dubovitskaya, A.,Ryu, S., Schumacher, M., &#038; Wang, F. (2018). Secure and Trustable Electronic Medical Records Sharing using Blockchain. AMIA &#8230; Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium, 2017, 650\u2013659.<br \/>\r\n[43]\tZhao, Y., Ni, Q., &#038; Zhou, R. (2018). What factors influence the mobile health service adoption? A meta-analysis and the moderating role of age. International Journal of Information Management, 43, 342-350.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nathan Nachandiya, Ferdinand Che, O.B Longe &#8220;Validation of Mobile Health Conceptual Model for Health Organisation in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.207-220 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/207-220.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/207-220.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/validation-of-mobile-health-conceptual-model-for-health-organisation-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Validation of Mobile Health Conceptual Model for Health Organisation in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9cdcac elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9cdcac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9cdd7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9cdd7c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9cdf15\" data-id=\"e9cdf15\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9ce035 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9ce035\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9ce0d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9ce0d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9ce257\" data-id=\"e9ce257\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9ce36b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9ce36b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Socio-Sexual Behavior and Workers Productivity in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Goodfaith Nnenna Okeke, John Chidume Anetoh, Chukwujekwu Jeffery Obiezekwem, Vivian Chioma Anetoh, Chizoba Adaeze Okafor, Ernest Monday Ebomah, Kobimdi Pamela Ikpo &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 221-228<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9ce403 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9ce403\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9ce57e\" data-id=\"e9ce57e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9ce6c1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9ce6c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study centered on effect of social-sexual behavior on workers\u2019 productivity in banking sub-sector in Nigeria. The study sought to ascertain the extent sexual harassment affects the productivity of the employees. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The target population was the bank workers. The principal instrument for collection of primary data was the questionnaire which was structured in five point Likert scale. The test retest method was used to check the reliability of the measuring instrument. The result gave a reliability coefficient value of 0.771 which indicated an acceptable internal consistency. Multiple regression analysis statistical technique was used to test the hypotheses formulated to guide the study. The findings showed that sexual harassment increases turnover and absenteeism rate, lowers individual and group productivity and reduces manager\u2019s time to investigate complaints. The study recommended that the management should strictly adhere to rules regarding recruitment, promotion, discipline, reward and training so that merit prevails against nepotism because this will ensure that sexual harassment or sexual demands as a measure for bathe in these processes are avoided. It was concluded that sexual harassment and negative workplace romance in organizations can cause significant stress and anxiety that leads to mental and emotional problems.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 221-228\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Goodfaith Nnenna Okeke <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> John Chidume Anetoh <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Marketing, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwujekwu Jeffery Obiezekwem  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Entrepreneurship Studies, Faculty of Management Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Vivian Chioma Anetoh  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy, Anambra State Polytechnic Mgbakwu, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Chizoba Adaeze Okafor <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Entrepreneurship Studies, Faculty of Management Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ernest Monday Ebomah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nResearch Scholar, Recbot Research Centre, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kobimdi Pamela Ikpo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBiggs, D.M., Matthewman, L. &#038; Fultz, C. (2012). Romantic relationships in organizational settings: gender in management. An International Journal. Http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/toc\/gm\/27\/4.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tCherry, K. (2018). How social exchange theory influences relationships. Dotash publishing family.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tHendrika, P.V. (2013). The effect of dissolved workplace romance on the psychosocial functioning on the productivity of involved employees. A mini Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in the Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tHoran, S.M., &#038; Chory, R.M. (2011). Understanding work\/life blending: credibility implications for those who date at work. Communication Studies, 62, 563-580.  Http:\/\/Dx.Doi.Org\/10.1080\/10510974.2011.582663<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHunt, C., Davidson, M., Fielden, S. &#038; Helge, H. (2007). Manchester Business School, University of Manchester.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tIdris, H., Adaja, J., Audu, S. &#038; Aye, G.  (2016). Analysis of the causes and effects of sexual harassment on the performance of female employees in some selected organizations in Kogi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Democratic and Development Studies (IJDDS) website: http:\/\/www.rcmss.com<br \/>\r\n[7]\tJames, C.Q. &#038; Ann, M. (2017). Sexual Harassment: have we made any progress? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology Http:\/\/Dx.Doi.Org\/10.1037\/Ocp0000054<br \/>\r\n[8]\tJoni H. (2015). Sexual Harassment inthe Workplace. Iza World of Labor. Wol.Iza.Org<br \/>\r\n[9]\tJennifer L. B. &#038; Karl, A. (2009). Sexual behavior at work: fun or folly? Journal of Applied Psychology.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tKarl, A., Leah, S., Marla, B.W and Alexis, N.S. (2014). Social sexual behavior at work. Research in Organizational Behavior. Https:\/\/Www.Researchgate.Net\/Publication\/261291775<br \/>\r\n[11]\tLars, B.W. &#038; Inga, T. (2016). Workplace romances: going to work is amazing and really fun. International Journal of Psychological Studies; https:\/\/www.Researchgate.Net\/Publication<br \/>\r\n[12]\tMalachowski, C. C., Chory, R. M., &#038; Claus, C. J. (2012). Mixing pleasure with work: employee perceptions and responses to workplace romance. Western Journal of Communication. Http:\/\/Dx.Doi.Org\/10.1080\/10570314.2012.656215.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMerkins, R. (2008). The impact of sexual harassment on turnover intentions, absenteeism and job satisfaction: findings from Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tNolan C. L., Regory R. B., and Karen S. W. (2009). Responding to workplace romance: a proactive and pragmatic approach. The Journal of Business Inquiry. http\/\/www.uvu.edu\/woodbury\/jbi\/articles 100-119.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tPierce, C.A. &#038; Aguinis, H. (2005). Legal standards, ethical standards and responses to social-sexual conduct at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26: 727-732.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tPierce, C.A., Aguinis, H. &#038; Adams, S.K.R. (2000). Effects of dissolved workplace romances and rater characteristics on responses to sexual harassment accusations. Academy of Management Journal.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tPierce, C.A., Karl, K.A., &#038; Brey, E.T. (2012). Role of workplace romance policies and procedures on job pursuit intentions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(1), 237-263.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tPierce, C.A., Byrne, D. &#038; Aguinis, H. (1996). Attraction in organizations: a model of workplace romance, Journal of Organizational Behavior.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tPierce, C. A., &#038; Aguinis, H. (2009). Moving beyond a legal-centric approach to managing workplace romances: organizationally sensible recommendations for human resources leaders. Human Resource Management, In Press.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tSchultz, V. (2003). The sanitized workplace. Yale Law Journal, 112(1), 2061\u20132193.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tWilson, F. (2015). Romantic relationships at work: why love can hurt. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(1),1-19. doi:10.1111\/Ijmr.12034.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Goodfaith Nnenna Okeke, John Chidume Anetoh, Chukwujekwu Jeffery Obiezekwem, Vivian Chioma Anetoh, Chizoba Adaeze Okafor, Ernest Monday Ebomah, Kobimdi Pamela Ikpo &#8220;Socio-Sexual Behavior and Workers Productivity in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.221-228 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/221-228.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/221-228.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/socio-sexual-behavior-and-workers-productivity-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Socio-Sexual Behavior and Workers Productivity in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d7cfc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9d7cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9d7dd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9d7dd8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9d7f79\" data-id=\"e9d7f79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d80a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9d80a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9d814b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9d814b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9d82ca\" data-id=\"e9d82ca\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d83e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9d83e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Causes of Divorce in Gaya District of Hong Local Government Area Adamawa State<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Valada Alex, Tabitha M. Vandima &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 229-232<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9d8483 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9d8483\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9d85fd\" data-id=\"e9d85fd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d872b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9d872b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study find out the causes of divorce in Gaya District of Hong Local Government Area Adamawa State.simple random sampling and purposive sampling was used to sample divorce, divorcee, married men and women 25 each as respondents in the entire area where mean, standard deviation and t-test was used to analysed the result obtained. Based on the findings of the study, the results shows that numerous factors account as a cause of divorce in the area and no significant differences was found among the opinion of divorced, divorcee, married men and women in the district. It is further recommendated among others that; Couples should go for long courtship for them to understand each other, religion bodies should endevour to provide marriage counseling to all intended couples and establish a bench mark for bride price, married couples should avoid all unnecessary advices from third parties that at times may lead to divorce and Government should organise seminar programmes on marriage that will boaster strong understanding on marriage among youth.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 229-232\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Valada Alex <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education Faculty of Education Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Tabitha M. Vandima <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education Faculty of Education Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbanyam., Lumun, N.,  Sambe., Ngutor., Avanger., Yandev, M.  (2014). A Sociological<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAnalysis of the Impact of Premarital and Marital Counseling in Preventing the Global Trend of Divorce. American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 5(1)130-136<br \/>\r\n[3]\tArugu, L. O. (2014). Social indicators and effects of marriage divorce in African societies. The Business &#038; Management Review, (4)4.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAmadi, U. P. N., &#038; Amadi, F. N. C. (2014).  Marital Crisis in the Nigerian Society: Causes, Consequences and Management Strategies Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy (5) 26 Doi:10.5901\/mjss.2014.v5n26p133<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAmato, P. R., &#038; Previti, D. (2003). People\u2019s Reasons for Divorcing: Gender, Social Class, the Life Course, and Adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, (24)5, 602-626 DOI: 10.1177\/0192513X03254507<br \/>\r\n[6]\tDavid, E. S., Ebri, I. E, &#038; Linda, Y. (2013).  Divorce: A Social Menace. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(3):772-782<br \/>\r\n[7]\tGrath, R.J (2001). Woman-to-woman marriage: practice and benefits in Sub-Saharan Africa; Journal of Comparative Family Studies; 29.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tLevy, R. J.(2009), &#8220;Divorce.&#8221; Microsoft\u00ae Encarta\u00ae 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tMbiti, J.S (2007). African Religions and Philosophy; London; Cassal and ollier Mehari, H. (2013). Divorce: Common Causes and Socio-Economic Costs \u2013 A Survey of<br \/>\r\n[10]\tDivorced Individuals in Mekelle City. A Thesis Research Submitted in Partial   Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Development Studies<br \/>\r\n[11]\tOlaniyi, A. A. (2015). Analytical Study of the Causal Factors of Divorce in African Homes. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences (5,)14.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tSerkalem B. (2006), Divorce: its causes and impacts on the lives of divorced women and their Children, A comparative study between divorced and intact families, Addis Abeba<br \/>\r\n[13]\tShelley, C. &#038; Brauner-Otto, S.  (n.d). Divorce in Sub-Saharan Africa: Are Unions Becoming More Stable?<br \/>\r\n[14]\tTilsen D. &#038; Larson U. (2000), Divorce in Ethiopia: The Impact of Early Marriage and Childlessness. Journal of biosocial science, 32, pp 355-372.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tYusof, R., &#038; Mashi, A. L. (2015).  An Assessment of \u201cZawarawa\u201d Mass Marriage Programme, in Kano State, Nigeria. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, (5)10<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Valada Alex, Tabitha M. Vandima &#8220;Causes of Divorce in Gaya District of Hong Local Government Area Adamawa State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.229-232 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/229-232.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/229-232.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/causes-of-divorce-in-gaya-district-of-hong-local-government-area-adamawa-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Causes of Divorce in Gaya District of Hong Local Government Area Adamawa State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d9500 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9d9500\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9d95d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9d95d4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9d9753\" data-id=\"e9d9753\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d986a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9d986a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9d9902 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9d9902\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9d9a7a\" data-id=\"e9d9a7a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d9b8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9d9b8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improvement of E-Learning on Students Learning Motivation during Covid-19 Pandemic<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Anisah, Syahid Suhandi Aziz, Ferdian Ari Bowo &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 233-235<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9d9c28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9d9c28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9d9d9e\" data-id=\"e9d9d9e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d9ecb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9d9ecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this research is to see pandemic policies and phenomena whose impact forces the world of higher education to change service work patterns from conventional to online-based services, one of which is to use e-learning which has an impact on student learning motivation. The research used a correlational descriptive method. The research was done in the semester of January-May of 2020 at the Faculty of Engineering Jayabaya University. Using the Slovin technique for 30 respondents, the primary data was closed-ended questionnaires. The research found that e-learning can affect the learning motivation of students. Based on the test, e-learning positively affects and improves the learning motivation of students. Learning motivation of students to use e-learning is a critical factor in the learning process. This is because the use of interactive features in the e-learning can boost motivation and thus providing a better learning result.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 233-235\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anisah <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversitas Jayabaya, Jakarta-Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syahid Suhandi Aziz<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversitas Jayabaya, Jakarta-Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ferdian Ari Bowo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversitas Jayabaya, Jakarta-Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">J. M. Mateo, D. P. Del Rey, and S. M. Hern\u00e1ndez, \u201cStudent motivation and cross-curricular development through e-learning applied to cooperation,\u201d in 2010 IEEE Education Engineering Conference, EDUCON 2010, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tD. H. Schunk and E. L. Usher, \u201cSocial Cognitive Theory and Motivation,\u201d in The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tR. M. Ryan and E. L. Deci, \u201cSelf-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being,\u201d Am. Psychol., 2000.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tJ. Brophy, Motivating students to learn: Third edition. 2010.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tP. R. Schunk, D. H., Meece, J. L., &#038; Pintrich, Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications, 4th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tT. A. Bekele, \u201cMotivation and satisfaction in internet-supported learning environments: A review,\u201d Educational Technology and Society. 2010.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tM. Aparicio, F. Bacao, and T. Oliveira, \u201cAn e-learning theoretical framework,\u201d Educ. Technol. Soc., 2016.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tE. Wagner, \u201cInteraction strategies and experience design: Guidelines for technology-mediated learning,\u201d EdMedia+ Innov. Learn., pp. 4118\u20134119, 2005.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tM. Haverila and R. Barkhi, \u201cThe Influence of Experience, Ability and Interest on e-Learning Effectiveness,\u201d Eur. J. Open, Distance E-Learning, 2009.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tK. J. Kim and T. Frick, \u201cChanges in student motivation during online learning,\u201d J. Educ. Comput. Res., 2011.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tT. N. Garavan, R. Carbery, G. O\u2019Malley, and D. O\u2019Donnell, \u201cUnderstanding participation in e-learning in organizations: A large-scale empirical study of employees,\u201d Int. J. Train. Dev., 2010.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tL. Koff and R. Mullis, \u201cNutrition Education and Technology: Can Delivering Messages via New Media Technology Effectively Modify Nutrition Behaviors of Preschoolers and Their Families?,\u201d J. Nutr. Educ. Behav., 2011.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tC. C. Chou, L. Block, and R. Jesness, \u201ca Case study of Mobile Learning Pilot Project in K-12 schools,\u201d J. Educ. Technol. Dev. Exch., 2012.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tA. Sandybayev, \u201cThe Impact of E-Learning Technologies on Student\u2019s Motivation: Student Centered Interaction in Business Education,\u201d Int. J. Res. Tour. Hosp., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 16\u201324, 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anisah, Syahid Suhandi Aziz, Ferdian Ari Bowo &#8220;Improvement of E-Learning on Students Learning Motivation during Covid-19 Pandemic&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.233-235 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/233-235.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/233-235.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improvement-of-e-learning-on-students-learning-motivation-during-covid-19-pandemic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Improvement of E-Learning on Students Learning Motivation during Covid-19 Pandemic<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9ddbfd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9ddbfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9ddcd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9ddcd7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9dde60\" data-id=\"e9dde60\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9ddf87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9ddf87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9de039 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9de039\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9de1a0\" data-id=\"e9de1a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9de2ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9de2ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Okra Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Moench) In a Jatropha \u2013 Okra Intercrop<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Makinde, A.I, Okunade R.F, Oluwafemi, M.O, Alabi, B.A,  Akinboye, O, Adedeji, J.A And Ayodele, S.Y &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 236-239<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9de347 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9de347\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9de4c2\" data-id=\"e9de4c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9de5e5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9de5e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Intercropping is usually employed to meet the demand for nutritionally balanced food for the world\u2019s increasing population and release intense pressure on land use. The study was conducted to evaluate the compatibility of Jatropha-okra intercrop and also to identify the appropriate okra spacing when inter-planted with Jatropha-okra at the experimental site of the Federal College of Agriculture, Moor plantation, Ibadan on latitude 7\u00ba22N and Longitude 3\u00ba50E. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising of five treatments in three replicates. It includes sole okra, sole Jatropha and three cropping system with varied okra spacing of 30cm x 40cm, 30cm x 50cm, 30cm x 60cm.. Parameters assessed were plant height (cm), number of leaves and fruit yield. The result obtained revealed that Okra yield as a sole crop was similar to its yield under Jatropha intercrop which indicated that intercropping okra with Jatropha at its early stage will not affect the yield of okra plant. Even though growth of Jatropha and okra were better enhanced when okra was interplanted at 30x40cm, the impact on okra yield could not be established at the early stage of Jatropha plant growth.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 236-239\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Makinde, A.I <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agriculture, Federal College of Agriculture, P.M.B 5029, IAR&#038;T, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Okunade R.F<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agriculture, Federal College of Agriculture, P.M.B 5029, IAR&#038;T, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Oluwafemi, M.O<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape Design, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Alabi, B.A<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agriculture, Federal College of Agriculture, P.M.B 5029, IAR&#038;T, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Akinboye, O<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adedeji, J.A<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agriculture, Federal College of Agriculture, P.M.B 5029, IAR&#038;T, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ayodele, S.Y<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBabatunde, F.E, Dantata, I.J and Olawuyi, O.J (2011). Performance of Sweet potato and \tSoybean as affected by cropping sequence in the northern guinea savanna of Nigeria. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(3): 36-40.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tGeply, O.A; Baiyewu, R.A; Salaudeen, G.T; Adeleke, T.O; Adegoke, I.A and Oladoja, B.V \t(2011). Effects of Intercropping Jatropha curcas on growth and yield of Arable crops \t(Maize and Vegetable). Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment.3:(2)79-84.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tHughes, J. (2009). Just famine foods? What contribution can underutilized plants make to \tfood security? Acta Horticulturae 806:39-41.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tIjoyah, M.O, Atanu, S.O and Yusuf, V.A (2013). Yield performance of maize-okra mixture \tas affected by varying methods of planting in Makurdi, Nigeria. International Journal of  Current Sciences, 6: 140-146.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tMa, F. and Hanna, M. (1999). Biodiesel production: A review of Bio resource Technology 70:1-15.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMadu F.O., Nwosu S.K. (2001). Effect of fertilizer and time of interplanting maize on the\tperformance of yam-maize intercrop. Proceedings of the 2nd annual farming systemsresearch and extension workshop in Southern Eastern Nigeria, Umudike, January 10-\t14, pp. 27-30<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMuoneke C.O., Ogwuche M.A.O., and Kalu B.A., (2007) Effect of relative sowing time\ton \tthe growth and yield of the component crops in okra\/maize and okra\/cowpea intercropping systems.African Journal of Agricultural Research 2(12) 667-677.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tOkigbo, B. N. and Greenland, D. J. (1990). Intercropping System in Tropical Africa. London:\tJournal Publishers limited. pp267.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tSchippers, R.R. (2000). African Indigenous Vegetables: An overview of the cultivated \tspecies.University of Greenwich, Natural Resources Institute: London, UK.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tSilwana T.T., Lucas E.O., Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seed crop to varying \tinter-row and intra-row spacings. (2002) Journal of Agricultural Science 138 193-\t200.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tTaj, K. and Gardner, B. (1986). A spacing and fertilizer trials with okra. Poe. Trop. Reg. \tAmer.\tSoc. Sci. 12: 39-46.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tTint, T. K. and Mya M. 2009. Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) in\tPilot Plant. Working paper number 54:<br \/>\r\n[13]\tUdoh, D. J., Ndon, B. A., Asuquo. P. E. and Ndaeyo, N. U. (2005). Crop Production \tTechniques for the Tropics Concept publication Lagos. Pp.48 &#8211; 49, 211 &#8211; 216.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Makinde, A.I, Okunade R.F, Oluwafemi, M.O, Alabi, B.A,  Akinboye, O, Adedeji, J.A And Ayodele, S.Y &#8220;Effect of Okra Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Moench) In a Jatropha \u2013 Okra Intercrop&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.236-239 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/236-239.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/236-239.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-okra-spacing-on-the-growth-and-yield-of-okra-abelmoschus-esculentus-l-moench-in-a-jatropha-okra-intercrop\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Okra Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Moench) In a Jatropha \u2013 Okra Intercrop<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9df35c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9df35c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9df430 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9df430\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9df59e\" data-id=\"e9df59e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9df6b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9df6b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9df763 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9df763\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9df8de\" data-id=\"e9df8de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9df9ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9df9ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Urban Household Water Insecurity in Ibadan, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong> Samson A. Adejumo (Ph.D) &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 240-247<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9dfa87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9dfa87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9e437b\" data-id=\"e9e437b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9e4504 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9e4504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Urban water insecurity is a growing manifestation in Nigeria and some other parts of the world. This paper considered water availability, safety of the major source, accessibility (distance) and water per capita as water security indicators. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample 1,069 (5.0%) household heads from 21,391 residential buildings across all residential density areas in six selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) (Ibadan North, Ibadan North-West, Ibadan South-East, Ido, Egbeda and Ona-Ara) in Ibadan. Households\u2019 main sources of water were well (65.8%); borehole (20.1%), water vendor (11.6%) and public pipe-borne water (2.5%). Majority, (75.6%) of the wells available to respondents were sited at distance less than 25 metres (WHO minimum distance recommended) to soak-away pits facilities; 53.8% households usually experienced water shortage in their wells; 62% bought borehole water, 2.4% bought well water while 1.9% bought tap water to mitigate shortage. Also, 13.6% travelled more than 1,000 metres (WHO standard) to obtain potable water; 73.1% had access to less than 20 litres water per capita. Respondents in low (4.1%), medium (5%) and high (12.7%) residential districts assessed available sources of water as bad consequently 78.8% of respondents were not satisfied with the present situation of water, demanding for improved borehole and adequate pipe- bore water. Logistic regression model showed that education level (f=0.793, p<0.05) of the respondents has significant effect on the choice of both well water and water vendors as main source of water consumed. Pearson Chi-square result indicates a significant difference in the respondents\u2019 perception of the quality of main sources of water consumed (\u03c72 = 546.59, p< 0.001). Household water security was poor in all residential densities. All residential neighborhoods in Ibadan therefore need to be considered in the planning of sustainable urban water supply.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 240-247\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samson A. Adejumo (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental design and Management University of Ibadan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdejumo, S. A. 2018 Urban household water security in Ibadan, Nigeria, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis sumbmitted to the Department of Urban And Regional planning, university of Ibadan, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAdeleye, B., Medayese, S. and Okelola, O.,  2014. 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Global Journal of Human Social Science Vol. 10 Issue 5<br \/>\r\n[16]\tInocencio, A. B. Padilla, J. E. and Javier E. P. 1999 Determination of Basic Household Water Requirements, Philippine Institute for Development Studies Paper Series NO. 99-02<br \/>\r\n[17]\tIshaku1, H. T., Ajayi, A. P., Ali, H., and Dama, F. M. 2010. The Role of Private Water Vending in Nigerian Peri-Urban Informal Settlements: Implication for Policy Makers J. Water Resource and Protection, 2010, 2, 1082-1087<br \/>\r\n[18]\tLee Geere, J., Cortobius, M., Geere, H., Hammer, C., &#038; HunterIs, P. R. 2018. Water carriage associated with the water carrier\u2019s health? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence, BMJ Glob Health<br \/>\r\n[19]\tMalek M. A, Nor M. A. M, Leong Y. P  2013. Water security and its challenges for Malaysia, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science<br \/>\r\n[20]\tMancosu, N., Snyder, L. R., Kyriakakis, G., and Spano, D. (2015). 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The impact of urban development on risk in sub-Saharan Africa&#8217;s cities with a focus on small and intermediate urban centres, International Journal of disaster risk reduction, Vol. 26, pp 16-23.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tSchultz, B. and Uhlenbrook, S. 2007. \u201cWater Security\u2019: What does it mean, what may it imply?\u201d UNESCO-IHE, Discussion Draft Paper for the session on Water Security Delft, The Netherlands<br \/>\r\n[28]\tShittu O. I,; Okareh O. T and Coker A.O. 2015. Development Of Rainwater Harvesting Technology For Securing Domestic Water Supply In Ibadan, Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[29]\tGlobal Journal of Engineering Research vol. 13,<br \/>\r\n[30]\tSintondji1, L. O., Exp\u00e9dit, V., Oswald, F. D., Dossou-Yovo1, E. R. and Dodji, A. 2017. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Households as Determinants of Access to Water, Hygiene and Sanitation in SoAva, Benin Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, Volume 1, Issue 4<br \/>\r\n[31]\tSingh V.P. 2017. Challenges in meeting water security and resilience. Water international, Vol. 42, NO. 4, 349\u2013359<br \/>\r\n[32]\tSriyalatha M.  A. K. 2016. The Benefits of Improved Water Supply: Lessons learned from Sri Lanka, IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) Volume 7, Issue 4. Ver. II<br \/>\r\n[33]\tSridhar M. K. and Oloruntoba E. O. 2008. Water, Development, Health and the Nigerian millennium Development Goals in Agbola .T., Olatubara .C., Wahab B., Sanni L. and Ipingbemi .O (Eds.) Environmental Planning and Health in Nigeria, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of the social sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, University printer. Pp. 83- 112<br \/>\r\n[34]\tUNDP. Human Development Report 2006. Beyond Scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tUSCB (United States Census Bureau). 2012. International Programs. World Population.<br \/>\r\n[36]\thttp:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/international\/data\/worldpop\/table_population.php<br \/>\r\n[37]\tUNESCO. 2013. Water Security, Institute of Water Education, Netherlands<br \/>\r\n[38]\tUNPF (United Nations Population Fund) 2001. The state of the world population 2001-      FootPrints and Milestones: population and Environmental Change UNFPA. New York.<br \/>\r\n[39]\tVijay P. Singh, 2017. Challenges in meeting water security and resilience, Water International, Vol.24, Issue 4<br \/>\r\n[40]\tWhittington, D., Donald T. L., Xinming Mu. 1991. A study of water vending and willingness to pay for water in Onitsha, Nigeria, Elsevier, vol. 19, issues 2-3. Pg. 179-198.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tWorld Health Organization. 2006. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: incorporating first addendum, 3rd ed., World Health Organization, Geneva <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samson A. Adejumo (Ph.D) &#8220;Urban Household Water Insecurity in Ibadan, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.240-247 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/240-247.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/240-247.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/urban-household-water-insecurity-in-ibadan-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Urban Household Water Insecurity in Ibadan, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9e5328 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9e5328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9e53f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9e53f6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9e557d\" data-id=\"e9e557d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9e56a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9e56a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9e5740 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9e5740\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9e58ab\" data-id=\"e9e58ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9e59d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9e59d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Reynolds Number on Twin Circular Jets at a Small Space Ratio<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Shams Sourav, Ashraful Hossain Rifat, M A Taher Ali &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 248-252<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9e5a6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9e5a6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9e5bde\" data-id=\"e9e5bde\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9e5d07 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9e5d07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A twin circular jet of diameter 20 mm is investigated experimentally for a small space ratio of 1.2 and how Reynolds number affects the flow field is analyzed for three different Reynolds number (Re = 16300, 34400 and 49200). The experiment is carried out in an air jet facility and pressure probe method is used to measure and calculate the position dependent data. Mean velocity profiles along the longitudinal, transverse and lateral directions are studied where an impact of varying Re is evident. Static pressure and mean kinetic energy distributions are also investigated where an enormous influence of Re is found. With the increase of Re, interaction of two jets is enhanced and ample amount of energy and mass transfer occur between the shear layers of the twin jets.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 248-252\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Shams Sourav<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ashraful Hossain Rifat<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> M A Taher Ali<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tTanaka, E., (1970). The interference of two dimensional parallel jets &#8211; 1st report, experiments on dual jets. ( Bulletin of JSME, vol. 13, no. 56, pp. 272-280)<br \/>\r\n[2].\tTanaka, E., (1974). The interference of two dimensional parallel jets &#8211; 2nd report, experiments on the combined flow of dual jets. ( Bulletin of JSME, vol. 17, no. 109, pp. 920-927)<br \/>\r\n[3].\tElbana, H., Gahin, S. and Rashed, M. I. I., (1983). Investigation of two plane parallel jets. (AIAA Journal, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 986-990)<br \/>\r\n[4].\tLin, Y. F. and Sheu, M. J., (1990). Investigation of two plane parallel unventilated jets. (Experiments of Fluids, vol. 10, no. 1990, pp. 17-22)<br \/>\r\n[5].\tLin, Y. F. and Sheu, M. J. (1991). Interaction of parallel turbulent plane jets. (AIAA Journal, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1372-1373)<br \/>\r\n[6].\tPandey, K. M. and Kumar, V., (2010). CFD analysis of twin jet flow at Mach 1.74 with fluent software. (International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 423-428)<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAzim, M. A., (2009). Characteristics of twin axisymmetric free jets. (Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh)<br \/>\r\n[8].\tPhilippov, M. V., Chokhar, I. A. and Terekhov, V. V., (2019). Experimental study of interaction of two parallel circular jets. (Journal of Physics Conference Series, vol. 1359, no. 1)<br \/>\r\n[9].\tLaban, A., Aleyasin, S. S., Tachie, M. F. and Koupriyonov, M., (2019). Experimental investigation of nozzle spacing effects on characteristics of round twin free jets. (Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 141, no. 071, pp. 201-211)<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMuthuram, A., Thanigaiarasu, S. and Ezhilan, V., (2017). Experimental study of symmetrical and asymmetrical twin jet for low Mach numbers. (International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1025-1030)<br \/>\r\n[11].\tZheng, X., Jian, X., Wei, J. and Wenzheng, D., (2016). Numerical and experimental investigation of near field mixing in parallel dual round jets. (International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, vol. 2016, ID. 7935101)<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMohapatra, R. C., (2017). Prediction on turbulent flow of two parallel plane jets using k-\u025b model. (Journal of Open Access Library, vol. 4,  E. 3291)<br \/>\r\n[13].\tRahman, M. S. and Tachie, M. F., (2018). Reynolds number effect on flow characteristics of surface single and twin jets. (Journal of Hydraulic Research, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 808-821)<br \/>\r\n[14].\tBell, G., Soria, J., Honnery, D. and Mitchel, D. E., (2016). PIV analysis of coupled supersonic twin jets. (Proceedings of Australian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Perth, Australia)<br \/>\r\n[15].\tAnderson, E. A. and Spall, R. E., (2001). Experimental and numerical investigation of two dimensional parallel jets. (Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 401-406)<br \/>\r\n[16].\tBoussoufi, M., Bendehina, A. S., Ganaoui, M. E., Morsli, S. and Ouadha, A., (2015). Numerical simulation of the flow field analysis in the mixing twin jets. (Proceedings of International Conference on Materials and Energy, Tetouan, Morocco)<br \/>\r\n[17].\tBryer, D. W. and Pankhurst, R. C., (1971). Pressure probe methods for determining wind speed and flow direction. (Publication of National Physical Laboratory, London)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shams Sourav, Ashraful Hossain Rifat, M A Taher Ali &#8220;Effects of Reynolds Number on Twin Circular Jets at a Small Space Ratio&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.248-252 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/248-252.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/248-252.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-reynolds-number-on-twin-circular-jets-at-a-small-space-ratio\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Reynolds Number on Twin Circular Jets at a Small Space Ratio<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9e6a94 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9e6a94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9e6b59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9e6b59\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9ee68f\" data-id=\"e9ee68f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9ee819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9ee819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9ee8d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9ee8d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9eea74\" data-id=\"e9eea74\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9eeb87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9eeb87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Attitude of Pre-service Teachers towards Application of Techno-pedagogy in Mathematics Classroom<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Akukwe, Anthonius Chukwudi, Nwoke, Bright Ihechukwu &#038; Okebaram Humphrey &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 253-257<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9eec29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9eec29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9eedbe\" data-id=\"e9eedbe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9eeeec elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9eeeec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study was carried out to investigate the attitude of pre-service teachers towards application of techno-pedagogy in mathematics classrooms.  The study focused on mathematics pre-service teachers of Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri Imo state, Nigeria. A sample of 105 degree and NCE pre-service teachers drawn through stratified random sampling technique was used for the study. The descriptive survey research design was applied in carrying out the research. A 14-items likert 4-point type questionnaire titled \u201cPre-service Teachers Attitude towards Techno-pedagogy in Mathematics Classroom (PTATMC)\u201d drawn by the researchers was used for data collection. It had reliability coefficient of 0.80 determined using cronbach\u2019s alpha formula. The data generated were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions while the hypothesis was analyzed using t-test statistical tool tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study showed that, mathematics pre-service teachers had high positive attitude towards the application of techno-pedagogy in mathematics classroom irrespective of gender. Based on the result of the study, it was recommended that, techno-pedagogy should be fully employed in teaching mathematics pre-service teachers in teacher training institutions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 253-257\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Akukwe, Anthonius Chukwudi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science Education, 3Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwoke, Bright Ihechukwu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics, 3Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okebaram Humphrey<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Education, 3Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAwofala, A. O. A (2016). Examining pre-service mathematics teachers\u2019 attitudes toward mathematics. Nigerian Journal of Curriculum Studies, 23, 292-300.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBeaudin, L., &#038; Hadden, C. (2004). Developing techno pedagogical skills in Pre-service teachers.  In Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2004, 492-498. Norfolk,VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBlackwell, C. K., Lauricella, A. R., &#038; Wartella, E. (2014). Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers &#038; Education, 77, 82-90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.04.013<br \/>\r\n[4]\tEnglund, C., Olofsson, A. D., &#038; Price, L. (2017). Teaching with technology in higher education: understanding conceptual change and development in practice. Higher Education Research &#038; Development, 36(1), 73-87. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/07294360.2016.1171300<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGarc\u00eda-Santill\u00e1n, A. Escalera-Ch\u00e1vez, M. E. Rangel, A.C.&#038; L\u00f3pez-Morales, J.S.(2013). Attitude and behavioral among students, computers and mathematics: (a case study in public university). British Journal of Education 1(1), 14-32,<br \/>\r\n[6]\tGloria, R. &#038; Benjamin, A. E. W. (2018). Attitude of teachers towards techno-pedagogy.  International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 5(4), 87-89. DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.1250502<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHaji, S. A. (2015). Science teachers\u2019 attitudes towards the use of information andcommunication technology in secondary schools in Cameroon. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities. 3(2): 573 \u2013 585<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMukhopadhaya, (2002),\u201dTeach for All : a globalizing model of teacher education policy\u201d. International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives.5(4),34-41<br \/>\r\n[9]\tNabin,T.(2015). A study on implementation of techno-pedagogical skills, its challenges and role to release at higher level of education. American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 9(2)182-186<br \/>\r\n[10]\tNational Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics, Reston, VA: NCTM.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tNational Research Council, (2000). How people learn. Washington D. C.: National Academy Press.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tOparah, J. S., Nwoke, B. I, Nwoga,A.N. &#038; Ugwu, D.U.(2017).  Pre-service teachers\u2019 attitude towards application of information and communication technology (ict) as a pedagogical tool in teacher education. British Journal of Education 5(11), 50-57<br \/>\r\n[13]\t\u00d6zcan, S. G\u00f6k\u00e7earslan, S.&#038; Solmaz,E. (2016). Investigation into attitudes of pre-service teachers towards e-learning  with respect to their individual innovativeness levels. Journal of Educational and Instructional Studies in the World 6(2)31-38<br \/>\r\n[14]\tPrasad, C. V., Lalitha, P., &#038; Srikar, P. V. N. (2015). Barriers to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in secondary schools: teacher\u2019s perspective. Journal of Management Research, 7(2), 190-208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5296\/jmr.v7i2.6935<br \/>\r\n[15]\tPradeep, K.S.L(2018). A study of techno-pedagogical skills of secondary school Hindi teachers working in kerala. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education 4(1) 909-913. 10.21275\/ART20193724<br \/>\r\n[16]\tRovai, A.P. &#038; Childress, M.D. (2003). Explaining and predicting resistance to computer anxiety reduction among teacher education students. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(2), 226-235.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tSang, G., Valcke, M, Braak, J V., &#038; Tondeur, J. (2010), Student teachers\u2019 thinking and ICT integration: Predictors perspective teaching behaviors with educational technology. Computers &#038; Education, 54(1), 103-112. Doi:10.1016\/\/j.compedu.2009.07.010.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tSharma, R. (2003). Barriers in using technology for education in developing countries. Computer and  Education41(1), 49-63.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tShirvani, H.(2014)Pre-service teachers\u2019 attitudes toward using technology in schools. Journal of Literacy and Technology 15(1),33-52<br \/>\r\n[20]\tZiyn, E. W. (2014). E-Learning Technology in Pre-Service Teachers Training-Lessons for Ethiopia. Journal of Educational and Social Research 4(1)159-166. DOI: 10.5901\/jesr.2014.v4n1p159<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akukwe, Anthonius Chukwudi, Nwoke, Bright Ihechukwu &#038; Okebaram Humphrey &#8220;Attitude of Pre-service Teachers towards Application of Techno-pedagogy in Mathematics Classroom&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.253-257 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/253-257.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/253-257.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/attitude-of-pre-service-teachers-towards-application-of-techno-pedagogy-in-mathematics-classroom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Attitude of Pre-service Teachers towards Application of Techno-pedagogy in Mathematics Classroom<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9efc79 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e9efc79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9efd55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9efd55\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9efec4\" data-id=\"e9efec4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9effde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9effde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9f007d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9f007d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9f01fc\" data-id=\"e9f01fc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9f0313 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9f0313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship between Demographic Characteristic of Age and Instructional Leadership Style  &#8211; A Kenyan Perspective<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ann Wanjiru Githaiga, Emmy Kipsoi &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 258-263<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9f03af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9f03af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9f054c\" data-id=\"e9f054c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9f068d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e9f068d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education is the vital instrument for economic and social mobility at the personal level, an instrument for transforming a society and a veritable means of effecting development at the national level. Consequently, leadership exhibited at any institution of learning is widely deemed to be an important aspect. As such, there are several reasons in literature suggesting that Instructional leadership (IL) has a strong influence on the success of a school. However, from literature, studies on the relationship between instructional leadership behavior and demographic characteristic of age are very few. As such, the essence of this study was to fill that gap by establishing whether there is significant relationship between instructional leadership behavior and age of head-teachers in primary schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study adopted a quantitative method, used a stratified random sampling technique and utilized Instructional Leadership Inventory (ILI) instrument to survey 198 head-teachers of public and private primary schools in Kiambu County. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine the relationship between IL behavior and age of the head teacher. On the overall, the study revealed that there was no significant relationship between IL behavior and demographic characteristic of age as measured in the dimensions of: Managing curriculum, supervising teaching, monitoring student progress, defining mission and promoting instructional development. The study is in agreement with various studies that demonstrate that age has no strong relationship with leadership style.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 258-263\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ann Wanjiru Githaiga <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, School of Education, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Emmy Kipsoi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, School of Education, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdeyemi, A. 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Gender differences in instructional leadership: how male and female head-teachers perform their instructional leadership role. School Leadership &#038; Management, 38(4), 417-434.<br \/>\r\n[45]\tShaked, H., Gross, Z., &#038; Glanz, J. (2019). Between Venus and Mars: Sources of gender differences in instructional leadership. Educational Management Administration &#038; Leadership, 47(2), 291-309.<br \/>\r\n[46]\tSongan, P., &#038; Ringin, S. M. K. B. (1999). Instructional leadership roles of school head-teachers: an analysis based on selected demographic and school characteristics. Google scholar<br \/>\r\n[47]\tWambui, M., Tanui, E., &#038; Ngaruiya, B. (2016). Relationship between Principal\u2019s instructional leadership role and students\u2019 subject choice in Public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya<br \/>\r\n[48]\tWhite-Smith, K. A. (2012). Beyond instructional leadership: The lived experiences of head-teachers in successful urban schools. 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Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ann Wanjiru Githaiga, Emmy Kipsoi &#8220;The Relationship between Demographic Characteristic of Age and Instructional Leadership Style  &#8211; A Kenyan Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.258-263 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/258-263.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/258-263.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relationship-between-demographic-characteristic-of-age-and-instructional-leadership-style-a-kenyan-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Relationship between Demographic Characteristic of Age and Instructional Leadership Style  &#8211; A Kenyan Perspective<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea015cc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ea015cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea016a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea016a3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea01834\" data-id=\"ea01834\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea01973 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea01973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea01a12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea01a12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea01b7a\" data-id=\"ea01b7a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea01c94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea01c94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Enhancing Environmental Sustainability through Recycled Plastics and Polyethylene in Port Harcourt Urban<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ayagere  Selete  Ayebaemi, Bumaa  Felix  Neeka, Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry, Aselemi Akeuloghonaan Ernest,  Iyowuna Jonah, Ubani, Princewill &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 264-269<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea01d38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea01d38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea01ea9\" data-id=\"ea01ea9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea01fd4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ea01fd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The system of plastics and polyethylene recycling that enhance sustainable environment remains contemporary issues globally. This is relevant given the decline of marine debris, street and neighbourhood littering. However, this appears not to increase complete environment sustainability in the third world country like Nigeria going by both practices, statutory and strategic consideration. The research consequently unveils socio-economic implications of plastics and polyethylene recycling in Port Harcourt and analyse environmental sustainability through plastics and polyethylene recycling. In furtherance, the research acquired data via the plastics and polythene sustainable environment achievement (PPSEA) whereas standardized coefficient (beta) regression analysis and chi-square analysis method were the investigative tools employed. The result of the analysis revealed significant relation between plastics\/polyethylene recycling and socio-economic characteristics at (R2 = 0.966, significant at 0.01) clarifying 96.6% socio economic importance of recycled plastics and polyethylene (population, employment, income, household size and education). This implies that the five aforementioned are the socio-economic advantages of plastics and polyethylene recycling globally. The analysis added that significant relation occur between plastic\/polyethylene recycling and environmental sustainability at (x2 = 126.44, df 1, p = 0.05>0.00) in Port Harcourt urban space. This implies that recycling of plastics and polyethylene reduces dissimilar environmental pollution while the article resolved with recommendations on practices that advocate for the need and utmost concern of the government to embark on a strong environmental awareness programmes that educate both the households, streets, communities, authorities, cities and industries on healthy environment through plastics and polyethylene recycling of global standard.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 264-269\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayagere  Selete  Ayebaemi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bumaa  Felix  Neeka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aselemi Akeuloghonaan Ernest<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iyowuna Jonah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Surveying and Geomatic, Rivers State University Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ubani, Princewill<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]\tAmar, K. M., Singaravelu, V., Jean-M. P., and Manjusri, M.(2018)\u2019\u2019 Composites from renewable and sustainable resources: Challenges and innovations\u2019\u2019 Science  362( 6414)  536-542.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBalint, H.1, Edmund, M., and Csaba, F.(2018)\u2019\u2019 Designing Business Solutions for Plastic Waste Management to Enhance Circular Transitions in Kenya \u2018\u2019Sustainability 10(5)1664; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10051664 .<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBing, X. B.R., Jacqueline, M. B.R., and Jack G. A. J. V. V. (2014)\u2019\u2019Sustainable reverse logistics network design for household plastic waste\u2019\u2019 Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal 26, 119\u2013142   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10696-012-9149-0.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBupe G.M., and Charles,M. (2017)\u2019\u2019 Drivers to Sustainable Plastic Solid Waste Recycling A Review\u2019\u2019 Procedia Manufacturing  8,  649-656.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tClara, R.\u00c1.C., Sally, E., Rafael, M.E., and Kenneth, G. (2012)\u2019\u2019 Sustainability of bio-based plastics: general comparative analysis and recommendations for improvement\u2019\u2019 Journal of Cleaner Production 23 (1) 47-56.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCsaba, F., Edmund, M.,and Balint, H.,(2018)\u2019\u2019 Designing Business Solutions for Plastic Waste Management to Enhance Circular Transitions in Kenya\u2019\u2019 sustainability 10(5),1664;http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10051664.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tFrancisco, V., Sigbritt, K. (2008)\u2019\u2019Quality Concepts for the Improved Use of Recycled Polymeric Materials: A Review\u2019\u2019 macromolecular materials and engineering   293 (4)  274-297.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tJohn, N.H., Costas, A.V., Roland, W., EleniIacovidoua, P. (2018)\u2019\u2019 An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling\u2019\u2019 Journal of Hazardous materials 344, 179-199.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tJoshua O. Babayemi, Innocent C. Nnorom, Oladele Osibanjo and  Roland Weber (2019)\u2019\u2019 Ensuring sustainability in plastics use in Africa: consumption, waste generation, and projections\u2019\u2019 Environmental Sciences Europe 31 (60) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-019-0254-5.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tJoshua O. B., Mary B. O., and Roland, W. O. O. (2018)\u2019\u2019 Initial Inventory of Plastics Imports in Nigeria as a Basis for More Sustainable Management Policies\u2019\u201918060 (8) Do-5696\/2215614 -8, 18.1.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tJulius,N.F, and  Hogarh, J.N ( 2009) \u2018\u2019The Dilemmas of Plastic Wastes in a Developing Economy: Proposals for a Sustainable Management Approach for Ghana\u2019\u2019  west African  Journal  of Applied Ecology 10(1) Doi:104314\/wajae.10i1.45716.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tNeha, P., Pallav, S., Shruti, A., and Piyush, S. (2013)\u2019\u2019 Alternate Strategies for Conversion of Waste Plastic to Fuel \u2018\u2019 International Scholarly Research Notices  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/902053.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tOlawale, O. O, and Damilola, O (2019)\u2019\u2019 Environmental Menace of Plastic Waste in Nigeria: Challenges, Policies and Technological Efforts\u2019\u2019 world environmental conservation conference 322- 333.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tOludele, M. S., Samuel, A. and Adekanbi, O. O.,(2020) \u2018\u2019Knowledge and practice of recycled plastic bottles (RPB) built homes for sustainable community- based housing projects in Nigeria\u2019\u2019 Cogent Social Sciences 6(1) 1778914:  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311886.2020.1778914.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tSubramanian, P.M (2000)\u2019\u2019Resources, Conservation and Recycling Plastics recycling and waste management in the US \u2018\u2019 28 (3\u20134) 253-263<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayagere  Selete  Ayebaemi, Bumaa  Felix  Neeka, Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry, Aselemi Akeuloghonaan Ernest,  Iyowuna Jonah, Ubani, Princewill &#8220;Enhancing Environmental Sustainability through Recycled Plastics and Polyethylene in Port Harcourt Urban&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.264-269 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/264-269.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/264-269.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/enhancing-environmental-sustainability-through-recycled-plastics-and-polyethylene-in-port-harcourt-urban\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Enhancing Environmental Sustainability through Recycled Plastics and Polyethylene in Port Harcourt Urban<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea02d5f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ea02d5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea02e25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea02e25\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea02f93\" data-id=\"ea02f93\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea030ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea030ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea03154 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea03154\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea032b9\" data-id=\"ea032b9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea033cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea033cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teacher\u2019s extent of use of ICT in Promoting Learning For Hearing Impaired Learners In Special Schools In Mombasa County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Agnes Mwaka Mwatsaka, Dr. Bunyasi Beatrice Awori, Prof. Geoffrey Karugu &#8211; August 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 270-274<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea0346d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea0346d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea035e2\" data-id=\"ea035e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea0370d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ea0370d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The main aim of this study was to examine the extent of use of ICT in special schools and units in Mombasa County. The study was anchored on the theory of Diffusion of Innovation and Capability Theory. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The study was conducted in special schools and units for learners with hearing impairment within Mombasa County. The target population comprised of all learners with HI and their teachers in 3 public and one private primary schools in Mombasa County. There was a total of 223 learners with H.I and 30 teachers. Simple random sampling was applied to select the target population and get the study sample size. That was 77 respondents comprising of 66 Hearing Impaired Learners, 6 Teachers and 2 Head teachers\/Deputy Head teachers. The study collected primary data using questionnaires and interview guides. The study revealed that teachers reported that desk computers, laptops, UPS and printers were inadequate. Similarly, LCD projector were, KICD digital content devices and Internet connectivity were also found to be inadequate. The study concludes that desk computers, Laptops, Ups, LCD projector and Printers were inadequate. The study recommends that all schools promoting education for learners with hearing impairments should implement and invest in ICT in order to ensure that learners get sufficient ICT facilities required for their education to ensure there is uninterrupted learning in schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 270-274\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 September 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agnes Mwaka Mwatsaka <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMasters Student, School of Education, Department of Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Bunyasi Beatrice Awori <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Prof. Geoffrey Karugu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAsmal, K. (2004). Prospects, Possibilities and Perils: Distance education\u2019s response to Africa\u2019s development needs. Paper Presented at the 2004 All Africa Ministers Conference on Distance Education, Cape Town, South Africa. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from: http:\/\/www.polity.org.za\/article.php?a_id=46293<br \/>\r\n[2]\tEl Kadiri, S., Grabot, B., Thoben, K. D., Hribernik, K., Emmanouilidis, C., Von Cieminski, G., &#038; Kiritsis, D. (2016). Current trends on ICT technologies for enterprise information systems. Computers in Industry, 79, 14-33.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tGakuu, C. &#038; Kidombo, H. (2010): Pedagogical Instruction of ICT in selected Kenyan secondary schools; Application of Bennett\u2019s Hierarchy. Journal of continuing Open and Distance Education 1. (1)<br \/>\r\n[4]\tGordon, K., Henkin, Y., &#038; Kral, A. (2015). Asymmetric hearing during development: the aural preference \tsyndrome and treatment options. Pediatrics, 136(1), 141-153.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHarris, J. (2006). Irish in Primary Schools: Long Term National Trends in Achievement. Dublin: Department \tof Education and Science.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tKiptalam, G. K., &#038; Rodrigues, A. J. (2011). Accessibility and utilization of ICTs among secondary school teachers in Kenya. Computers and education, 246-263.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tLasa information systems team (2010) Making Computers Accessible for Disabled People. Retrieved from \thttp: www.ictknowlegdebase.org.uk\/computeraccessibilitytups.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMugenda, O. M., &#038; Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. \tNairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tMugo, B.C. (2013). Assistive technology and Access to quality instruction for blind and visually impaired learners: A comparative study of Kenyatta University, Kenya and Syracuse, USA. Thesis of Kenyatta University.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tMundi, S. N. (2011). Socio-cultural perceptions of teachers and parents on inclusive education in four selected special and integrated schools in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation).<br \/>\r\n[11]\tNdukwe, E. (2002). Application of information technology. The Pointer, 28, 16.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRepublic of Kenya (2013) Education Act No. 14\/2013. Nairobi Government Printer.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tRibeiro, J. &#038; Moreira, A. (2010). ICT Training for Special Education Frontline. Professionals. International \tJournal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 5(2), 55-59.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tSalaudeen, G. O. (2015). Information and communication technology for talents. Being a paper presented at the 25th National Annual conference of the National Association for exceptional children (NAEC) held between August 5-9 2015 at Port-Harcourt, River State<br \/>\r\n[15]\tStarcic, A. I., &#038; Niskala, M. (2010). Vocational learners with severe learning difficulties learning on the Internet. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(6), E155-E159.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tTanner, K., Dixon, R. &#038; Verenikina, I. (2010). The Digital Technology in the Learning of Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Applied Classroom Settings. In J. Herrington &#038; C. Montgomerie (Eds.), Proceedings of EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology 2010 (pp. 2586-2591). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tTrucano, M. (2005). Knowledge Maps: ICT in Education. Washington, DC: Infodev\/World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tU.S. Department of Education. (2013). Recognizing educational success, professional excellence, and collaborative teaching (RESPECT). Washington, D.C<br \/>\r\n[19]\tUNESCO (2009). IITE ICTs in Education for people with special needs. http:\/\/www. It.ru\/pics\/publications\/files\/3214644. Pdf.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tWakhaya, M. N. (2010): Influence of the use of ICT on teaching and learning mathematics in secondary schools: A case study of Nairobi province, Kenya. Masters research Thesis University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tWorld Health Organization. (2006). The world health report 2006: working together for health. World Health Organization.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Agnes Mwaka Mwatsaka, Dr. Bunyasi Beatrice Awori, Prof. Geoffrey Karugu &#8220;Teacher\u2019s extent of use of ICT in Promoting Learning For Hearing Impaired Learners In Special Schools In Mombasa County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 8, pp.270-274 August 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/270-274.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-8\/270-274.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-extent-of-use-of-ict-in-promoting-learning-for-hearing-impaired-learners-in-special-schools-in-mombasa-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Teacher\u2019s extent of use of ICT in Promoting Learning For Hearing Impaired Learners In Special Schools In Mombasa County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea116a8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ea116a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Effects of Virtual Laboratory Simulation Package and Demonstration Instructional Strategy on the Achievement of Secondary School Students [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1652,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3262","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3262","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3262"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3262\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1652"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}