{"id":3353,"date":"2020-10-19T05:21:20","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T05:21:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/?page_id=3353"},"modified":"2022-07-19T11:40:46","modified_gmt":"2022-07-19T11:40:46","slug":"volume-vii-issue-x","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/archive\/volume-vii-issue-x\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VII Issue X"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3353\" class=\"elementor elementor-3353 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d299271 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d299271\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d299529\" data-id=\"d299529\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2996b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2996b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Conceptual Model for Arsenic Distribution and Its Relationship with Groundwater Depth<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alexander Kwaku Banson, Richard Kwasi Amankwah, and Samuel Agyarko Ndur &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 01-09<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d29977a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d29977a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d299957\" data-id=\"d299957\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d299af7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d299af7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study, arsenic distribution in groundwater and its relationship with the depth of groundwater was studied. During the study, water samples were taken from wells and community boreholes in the Obuasi Municipality. The samples were analyzed, and models were developed to provide a better understanding of arsenic distribution and groundwater depth. The study concludes that, at greater depth in community boreholes (CBH &gt; 50 m), there is a positive correlation of depth with total arsenic indicating total arsenic mobilization whereas in shallower depth (wells and CBH &lt; 50 m) the correlation is not very clear suggesting total arsenic may be mobilized or demobilized depending on prevailing conditions. There is contribution of microbial activity in the mobilization of arsenic in the groundwater. Arsenite mobilizes with increasing borehole depth and demobilizes with decreasing borehole depth. In wells, there appear to be two arsenite groups all negatively correlated with depth. There is positive correlation between carbonate and silicate weathering and arsenic distribution in the order Wells &gt; shallow MBH &gt; deep MBH &gt; shallow CBH &gt; deep CBH. Shallow monitoring boreholes (MBH) appear to mobilize arsenic through silicate weathering and deep MBHs and CBHs generally mobilize arsenic through carbonate weathering, whilst shallow CBHs and wells appear to mobilize arsenic through a combination of carbonate and silicate weathering. There is therefore the need to identify areas with suitable deep aquifers where there is adequate knowledge of the recharge mechanism and the soil profile to determine protected aquifers for location of new boreholes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-09\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alexander Kwaku Banson <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPerseus Mining Ghana Limited, Ghana,\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Richard Kwasi Amankwah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Mines and Technology, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Samuel Agyarko Ndur<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Mines and Technology, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ahmad K., and Carboo, D. (2000). Speciation of As (III) and As (V) in some Ghanaian Gold Tailings by a Simple Distillation Method. Water Air Soil Pollution, Vol. 122, pp. 317\u2013326.\r\n[2] Anon. (2001). Arsenic in Drinking Water, National Research Council (NRC), National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 242p.\r\n[3] Anon. (2006). Obuasi Municipal Assembly Medium Term Development Plan (OMAMTDP), A Draft Report, Obuasi Municipal Assembly, Ghana, 60p.\r\n[4] Anon. (2010). Rapid Eye Satellite Image of Obuasi, Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Service, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.\r\n[5] Anon. (2011). Arsenic in Drinking Water, Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, World Health Organization, 16p, WHO\/SDE\/WSH\/03.04\/75\/Rev\/1.\r\n[6] Anon. (2012). Surface Water and Groundwater Monitoring Map of Anglogold Ashanti Ghana Limited, Anglogold Ashanti Ghana Limited, Obuasi, Ghana.\r\n[7] Banson, A.K, Amankwah, R.K., Asiam, E.K., and Ndur, S.A. (2018a). \u2018Geochemical Water Dynamics and Arsenic Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater of Obuasi Municipality\u2019, 5th Biennial International Mining and Mineral Conference, Tarkwa, Ghana.\r\n[8] Banson, A.K, Amankwah, R.K., Asiam, E.K., and Ndur, S.A. (2018b). \u2018Hydro-geochemistry and Arsenic Distribution in Groundwater of Obuasi Municipality\u2019, 5th Biennial International Mining and Mineral Conference, Tarkwa, Ghana.\r\n[9] Banson, A.K, Amankwah, R.K., and Ndur, S.A. (2018c). \u2018Surface Water and Groundwater Characteristics of the Obuasi Municipality\u2019, 5th Biennial International Mining and Mineral Conference, Tarkwa, Ghana.\r\n[10] Banson, A.K., Amankwah, R.K., and Ndur, S.A. (2016). \u2018Relationships between Arsenic Concentrations and some Microbiological Agents in Surface and Groundwater of Obuasi Municipality\u2019, 4th International Conference on Mining and Innovation, Tarkwa, Ghana.\r\n[11] Bowell, R.J. (1991). The mobility of gold in tropical forest soils, PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, UK, 438p.\r\n[12] Bowell, R.J. (1993). Mineralogy and geochemistry of tropical rain forest soils: Ashanti, Ghana. Chemical Geology, 106, pp. 345-358.\r\n[13] Duker, A. A., Carranza, E. J. M., and Hale, M. (2004). Spatial dependency of Buruli ulcer prevalence on arsenic-enriched domains in the Amansie West District, Ghana: implications for arsenic mediation in Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, International Journal of Health and Geography, 3, 19p.\r\n[14] Ewusi, A., Obiri-yeboah, S., Voigt, H.J., Asabere, S.B., and Bempah, C.K. (2013). Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Obuasi Municipality of Ghana, A Preliminary Study, Research Journal of Environmental Earth Science, 5(1), pp. 6-17.\r\n[15] Ferguson, J.E., and Gavis, J. (1972). A review of the arsenic cycle in natural waters, Water Research, 6, pp.1259-1274.\r\n[16] Foli, G., Nude, P.M., Amedjoe, C.G., and Kyei, L. (2012). Arsenic Leaching in Mill Tailings at the Anglogold Ashanti-Obuasi Mine, Ghana: Management of Contamination in the Related Water Environment, West African Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 20(1), pp. 11-23.\r\n[17] Gyapong, W., and Amanor, R. (2003). Gold mineralisation in the Obuasi Mine, Unpublished Lecture Notes, Introduction to Geology, Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon.\r\n[18] Gyasi, S.F., Awuah E., Koffour, G. A., Sampson, D. K., and Debrah, A. Y. (2014). Comparative analysis of environmental arsenic and other heavy metals in 2 Buruli Ulcer endemic districts in the Ashanti Region, Ghana, JENRM, Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 56-62.\r\n[19] Gyasi, S.F, Awuah, E., and Larbi, J.A. (2011). Association of perceived risk factors to the development of Buruli Ulcer in the Amansie West Districts, Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 4 (6), pp. 483-497.\r\n[20] Gyasi, S.F., Awuah, E., Larbi, J.A., Debrah, Y.A., and Awua-Boateng, N.Y. (2012a). Temporal relationships of environmental arsenic and M. ulcerans infections in the Amansie West District of Ghana, Pharmacolgia UK, DOI: 10.5567\/pharmacologia.2013.320.326.\r\n[21] Gyasi, S.F., Awuah, E., Larbi, J.A., and Kuffuor, G.A. (2012b). Arsenic in water and soil: A possible contributory factor to M. ulcerans infection in Buruli Ulcer endemic communities, Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, DOI: ajbs. 2011.483.497.\r\n[22] Gyasi, S.F., Awuah, E., Larbi, J.A., Kuffuor, G.A., and Afriyie, O.O. (2012c). Clinical, haematological and histopathological responses to arsenic toxicity in ICR mice using arsenic levels synonymous to Buruli Ulcer endemic communities in the Amansie West District of Ghana, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2 (3), pp. 683-689.\r\n[23] Gyasi, S.F., Awuah, E., Larbi, J.A., Kuffuor, G.A., and Afriyie, O.O. (2012d). Susceptibility of arsenic exposed ICR mice to the development of Buruli Ulcer in the Amansie West District of Ghana, Pharmacolgia, UK, DOI: 10.5567\/pharmacologia.2013.264.\r\n[24] Igboamalu T.E., Nyakale A., Matsena M., and Chirwa E.M., (2020). Effect of Oxidation Reduction Potential (eh) on the Biocatalytic Oxidation of As3+ to As5+ in a Mixed Culture of Chemoautotrophic Bacteria, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 79, pp. 301-306 DOI:10.3303\/CET2079051.\r\n[25] Igboamalu T.E., Chirwa E.M.N. (2018). As(III) Oxidation and electron mass transfer kinetic in an enriched mixed culture of bacillus sp., and exiguobacterium sp., isolated from cow dip in South Africa. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 64, pp. 505-510.\r\n[26] Igboamalu T.E., Chirwa E.M.N. (2017). As(II) oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction insight in an indigenous mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria from a local environment, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 61, pp. 259-264.\r\n[27] Kesse, G.O. (1985). The Mineral and Rock Resources of Ghana, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 610p.\r\n[28] Mayo, M.J. (2006). Arsenic Pathways in Landfills: A Case Study of the Shepley\u2019s Hill Landfill, Ayer, Massachusetts. Boston College: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Msc Thesis, 156p.\r\n[29] Planer-Friedrich, B., Franke, D., Merkel, B., and Wallschl\u00e4ger, D. (2008). Acute toxicity of thioarsenates to Vibrio fischeri, Environmental Toxicological Chemistry, 27, pp. 2027-2035.\r\n[30] Robertson, F.N. (1989). Arsenic in groundwater under oxidizing conditions, south-west United States, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 11, no. 3\/4, pp. 171-186\r\n[31] Smedley, P.L. (1996). Arsenic in Rural Groundwater in Ghana, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 22, pp. 459-470.\r\n[32] Smedley, P.L. (1996). Arsenic in rural groundwater in Ghana. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 22, pp. 459-470.\r\n[33] Smedley, P.L. (2008). Sources and distribution of arsenic in groundwater and aquifers. Chapter 4, In Arsenic in Groundwater: A World Problem, Appelo, C.A.J (Editor), Proceedings of the IAH Seminar, Utrecht, Netherlands.\r\n[34] Smedley, P.L., and Kinniburgh, D.G. (2002). A Review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, Applied Geochemistry, 17, pp. 517-568.\r\n[35] Smedley, P.L., Knudsen, J., and Maiga, D. (2007). Arsenic in groundwater from mineralized Proterozoic basement rocks of Burkina Faso, Applied Geochemistry, 22, pp. 1074-1092.\r\n[36] Welch, A.H., Westjohn, D.B., Helsel, D.R., and Wanty, R.B. (2000). Arsenic in groundwater of the United States: occurrence and geochemistry, Groundwater, 38(4), pp. 589-604.\r\n[37] Xie, X., Wang, Y., Duan, M., and Liu, H. (2008). Sediment geochemistry and arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Datong basin, Northern China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, DOI 10.1007\/s10653-008-9204-7.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alexander Kwaku Banson, Richard Kwasi Amankwah, and Samuel Agyarko Ndur &#8220;Conceptual Model for Arsenic Distribution and Its Relationship with Groundwater Depth&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.01-09 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/01-09.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/01-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/conceptual-model-for-arsenic-distribution-and-its-relationship-with-groundwater-depth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Conceptual Model for Arsenic Distribution and Its Relationship with Groundwater Depth<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d29aa31 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d29aa31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d29ab1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d29ab1f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d29ac91\" data-id=\"d29ac91\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d29adbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d29adbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d29ae67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d29ae67\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d29afc3\" data-id=\"d29afc3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d29b0cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d29b0cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3051 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a3051\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3282\" data-id=\"d2a3282\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a3401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a34c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a34c6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a362f\" data-id=\"d2a362f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a374e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a374e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a37f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a37f5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3960\" data-id=\"d2a3960\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3a8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a3a8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3b2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a3b2b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3c6f\" data-id=\"d2a3c6f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3d77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a3d77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3e15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a3e15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3f84\" data-id=\"d2a3f84\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a408e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a408e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Wind Speed based on Weibull model and Solar Radiation Potential for Electricity Generation in Mubi, Nigeria.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nubwa U.M, Ogbaka D.T and Julius J.K- October 2020 Page No.: 10-15<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4128 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a4128\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4298\" data-id=\"d2a4298\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a43b9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2a43b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Development and advancement of any nation depend on the accessibility of reliable electric power energy. Global radiations obtained in this study are higher with mean value of 22.90 MJm-2 and the measured value 21.39 MJm-2 which shows the presence of high global solar energy potential in Mubi. The energy distribution density with August having the highest value of 30048.52 joules and January having the lowest value of 2010.07 joules, this is due to the average mean wind speed, the power distribution density with August having the highest value of 40.39W\/m^2 and January having the lowest value 2.70W\/m^2. The site has been found to have great potentials for wind and solar utility power generation capacity. The global solar radiation intensity predicted in this study can also be utilized in design, analysis and performance estimation of solar energy systems, which is gaining significant attention.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 10-15\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nubwa U.M <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFederal Ministry of Labour and Employment, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ogbaka D.T<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Pure and Applied Physics, Adamawa State University, Mubi. Adamawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Julius J.K<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGGDSS Nassarawo\/Jereng, Mayo-Belwa LGA Adamawa State Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ahmed, S., &amp; Mahammed, H. (2012). A statistical analysis of wind power density based on the Weibull and Ralyeigh models of \u201cPenjwen Region\u201d Sulaimani\/Iraq. Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 6, 135\u2013140.\r\n[2] Angstrom, A., (1924). Solar and Terrestrial Radiation, J. Meteor. Soc., 50: 121-126.\r\n[3] Augustine C and Nnabuchi, M.N (2010). \u2018Analysis of Some Meteorological Data for Some Selected Cities in The Eastern and Southern Zone of Nigeria\u2019, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol.4 (2), pp 92-99.\r\n[4] Cooper, P.I (1969). \u201cThe Absorption of Radiation on Solar Stills\u201d, Solar Energy, vol. 12, no. 3, pp 333 \u2013 346.\r\n[5] Neuwirth, F., (1980). The estimation of global and sky radiation in Austria. Sol. Energy 24, 421 \u2013 426.\r\n[6] Offiong A. (2003). Assessing the economic and environmental prospects of stand-by solar powered system. Nigerian Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 2003; 7(1); 37-42.\r\n[7] Paritosh, B. (2011). Weibull distribution for estimating the parameters. Wind Energy Management, publication with In Tech, ISBN: 978-953-307-336-1. http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/wind-energy-management\/weibull-distribution-for-estimating-the-parameters\r\n[8] Prescott, J.A., (1940). Evaporation from a water surface in relation to solar radiation. Trans. R. Soc. Sci. Australia 64, 114 \u2013 125.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nubwa U.M, Ogbaka D.T and Julius J.K &#8220;Analysis of Wind Speed based on Weibull model and Solar Radiation Potential for Electricity Generation in Mubi, Nigeria.&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.10-15 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/10-15.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/10-15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-wind-speed-based-on-weibull-model-and-solar-radiation-potential-for-electricity-generation-in-mubi-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analysis of Wind Speed based on Weibull model and Solar Radiation Potential for Electricity Generation in Mubi, Nigeria.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a518a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a53ee\" data-id=\"d2a53ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a5534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a5534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a5611 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a5611\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ab977\" data-id=\"d2ab977\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2abab3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2abab3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2abb66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2abb66\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2abcc1\" data-id=\"d2abcc1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2abdce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2abdce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2abe6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2abe6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2abfe5\" data-id=\"d2abfe5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac0f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ac0f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Bank Characteristics and Macroeconomic Variables on the Islamic Commercial Banks Financial Performances: Case of Indonesia <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Fahd Al-Shaghdari, Barjoyai Bardai- October 2020 Page No.: 16-21<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac192 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ac192\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac30d\" data-id=\"d2ac30d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac44f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2ac44f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed to investigate the impact of banks characteristics and macroeconomic variables on the financial performance among Islamic commercial Banks in Indonesia. This study applies a quantitative research methodology, which includes a numerical measurement and analysis of the factors which influence the Islamic commercial banks financial performance. In this study both internal (banks characteristics) and external (macroeconomic variables) factors that influence the Islamic banks\u2019 financial performance were applied; the data for this study are Panel data, also called longitudinal data or cross-sectional time-series data. It comprises of panel dataset of 12 Islamic Banks from Indonesia. Data were compiled from the DataStream Database and balance sheet for the period of 2009 to 2019, with 132 observations (nT) altogether. The results show that the internal factors (Equity Financing, Bank Size and Assets Quality) are significant factors on Islamic commercial banks financial performance in ensuring success and increase in the profitability and better performance of Islamic commercial Banks in Indonesia. On the other hand, two factor from the internal factors that has no significant impact on the Islamic commercial Banks\u2019 financial performance in Indonesia, namely the Debt Financing and Liquidity. In addition, from the macroeconomic indicators GDP growth rate act as the main external factor that significantly have an impact on the Islamic commercial banks\u2019 financial performance in Indonesia. Nevertheless, inflation factor has no significant impact on the Islamic commercial Bank\u2019s financial performance in Indonesia.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 16-21\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Fahd Al-Shaghdari <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAl-Madinah International University, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Barjoyai Bardai <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAl-Madinah International University, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Hair, J. 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(2016). The profitability of Islamic and conventional bank: Case study in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 359-367.\r\n[43] Suppia, N. M. I., &amp; Arshad, N. C. (2019). Bank specific characteristics and profitability of Islamic and conventional banks in Malaysia. International Journal, 4(1), 39-53.\r\n[44] Rahayu, N. F. A., &amp; Septiarini, D. F. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Islamicity Performance Index in ASEAN Islamic Banks in 2011-2016 Period (A Case Study on Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Thailand). KnE Social Sciences, 362-375.\r\n[45] Noman, A. H. M. (2015). An empirical investigation of the profitability of Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Global Journal of Management And Business Research.\r\n[46] Rashid, A., &amp; Jabeen, S. (2016). Analyzing performance determinants: Conventional versus Islamic banks in Pakistan. Borsa Istanbul Review, 16(2), 92-107.\r\n[47] Asadullah, M. (2017). Determinants of Profitability of Islamic Banks of Pakistan\u2013A Case Study on Pakistan\u2019s Islamic Banking Sector. In International Conference on Advances in Business and Law (ICABL) (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 61-73).\r\n[48] Hamid, N., &amp; Mir, A. S. (2017). Exchange rate management and economic growth: A brewing crisis in Pakistan. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 22, 73-110.\r\n[49] Nagaraju, Y., &amp; Boateng, K. (2018). Profitability determinants of savings and loans companies in Ghana: Evidence on Bank Specific and macroeconomic Determinants. International Journal of Management Studies, 5(2), 2.\r\n[50] Rahaman, M. M., &amp; Akhter, S. (2015). Bank-specific factors influencing profitability of Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), 10(1), 21-36.\r\n[51] http:\/\/islamicfinancenews.com\/sites\/default\/files\/supplements\/I FNGuide2016.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fahd Al-Shaghdari, Barjoyai Bardai, &#8220;The Impact of Bank Characteristics and Macroeconomic Variables on the Islamic Commercial Banks Financial Performances: Case of Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.16-21 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/16-21.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/16-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-bank-characteristics-and-macroeconomic-variables-on-the-islamic-commercial-banks-financial-performances-case-of-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of Bank Characteristics and Macroeconomic Variables on the Islamic Commercial Banks Financial Performances: Case of Indonesia <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ad33e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2ad33e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2badf0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2badf0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2baf39\" data-id=\"d2baf39\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bb065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb128 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bb128\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb2a3\" data-id=\"d2bb2a3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb3ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bb3ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Air quality index of Asa-dam industrial area, Ilorin, Kwara State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Adeola Anthony DADA, John Tolulope SALAMI, Henry Olawale SAWYERR &#8211; October 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 22-26<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb444 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bb444\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb5d2\" data-id=\"d2bb5d2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb705 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2bb705\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study, assessment of air quality indices and its possible health impacts in Asa-Dam industrial area, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out. The ambient air quality measurement was done with respect to Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and carbon mono-oxide. Sample collections were limited to air quality. Air quality sources were randomly selected within the vicinity of the study area, but at different distances. Also, the samples were collected at different locations sixty (60) points. The monitoring exercises were taken in the daytime, the air pollution measurements were carried out using direct reading, automatic in-situ gas monitors; Smart AS8900 Multi-Gas Monitor was used in measuring carbon monoxide (CO), BR-SMART-126 Portable 4-in-1 Air Quality Monitor was used to detect PM2.5, PM10, Garmin Dakota 20 GPS was used to collect Coordinates of sampling points.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 22-26\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adeola Anthony DADA<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCenter for Ecological and Environmental Research, Management and Studies (CEERMS) Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria\r\nDepartment of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria\r\nNational Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency, Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Tolulope SALAMI<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCenter for Ecological and Environmental Research, Management and Studies (CEERMS) Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria\r\nDepartment of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Henry Olawale SAWYERR<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCenter for Ecological and Environmental Research, Management and Studies (CEERMS) Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria\r\nDepartment of Environmental Health Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Arslan, S., A. Aybeka and H.C. Ekerbdcer, 2010. Measurement of personal PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 exposures in tractor and combine operations and evaluation of health disturbances of operators. J. Agric. Sci., 16: 104-115.\r\n[2] Assamoi, E.-M., Liousse, C., 2010. A new inventory for two-wheel vehicle emissions in West Africa for 2002. Atmos. Environ. 44, 3985e3996. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/ 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.06.048.\r\n[3] EPA. The Particle Pollution Report: Current Understanding of Air Quality and Emissions through 2003 (Internet). Research Triangle Park: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emissions, Monitoring, and Analysis Division; 2004 [cited December 2004];1\u201332.\r\n[4] Gull N., Y. Nawaz, M. Ali, N. Hussain, R. Nawaz and S.K. Mushtaq (2013). Industrial Air Pollution and Its Effects on Human\u2019s Respiratory System (A Sociological Study of Bhoun Shugar Mill District Jhang, Pakistan). Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,\r\n[5] Hopkins, J.R., Evans, M.J., Lee, J.D., Lewis, A.C., Marsham, J.H., McQuaid, J.B., Parker, D.J., Stewart, D.J., Reeves, C.E., Purvis, R.M., 2009. Direct estimates of emissions from the megacity of Lagos. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 8471e8477. http:\/\/ dx.doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-9-8471-2009.\r\n[6] Komolafe, A.A., Adegboyega, S.A., Anifowose, A.Y.B., Akinluyi, F.O., and Awoniran, D.R. (2014). Air Pollution and Climate Change in Lagos, Nigeria: Needs for Proactive Approaches to Risk Management and Adaptation. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 10 (4): 412-423.\r\n[7] Magnowski, D., 7 April 2014. Nigerian Economy Overtakes South Africa&#8217;s on Rebased GDP. Bloomberg. http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2014-04-06\/ nigerian-economy-overtakes-south-africa-s-on-rebased-gdp.html (accessed 07.04.14.).\r\n[8] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, (2016) \u2018Air Pollution to Cause 6\u20139 Million Premature Deaths and Cost 1% GDP by 2060\u2019, OECD, accessed 12 July 2019.\r\n[9] Osuji, L.C., Ogali, R.E., Usen, M.U., 2009. Effect of petroleum condensate\/gasoline mixture on automotive engines. Helv. Chim. Acta 92, 328e334.\r\n[10] Othman, O.C. (2010). Roadside levels of ambient air pollutants: SO2, NO2, NO, CO, &amp; SPM in Dares salaam city, Tanzania J Nat. Appl. Sci. (TaJoNas). 1(2): 203 \u2013 210.\r\n[11] Oyekanmi A, Obidairo K, Ekop G, Medupin C. EMS 311: Air and noise pollution, school of science and technology, National Open University [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Nov 15] Available from: http:\/\/nouedu.net\/sites\/default\/files\/2017-03\/ESM% 20311.pdf Pharmacol. 4, 199.\r\n[12] Pope CA 3rd. Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biologic mechanisms and who\u2019s at risk? Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(Suppl 4):713\u201323.\r\n[13] Pr\u00fcss-\u00dcstun A, Wolf J, Corval\u00e1n C, Bos R, Neira M (2016). Preventing disease through healthy environments. A global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. Geneva: World Health Organization.Pulm. Med. 9, 144.\r\n[14] R\u00fcckerl R, Schneider A, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Peters A (2011). Health effects of particulate air pollution: a review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23: 555-92.\r\n[15] R\u00fcckerl R, Schneider A, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Peters A (2011). Health effects of particulate air pollution: a review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23: 555-92.\r\n[16] Stieb DM, Smith-Doiron M, Brook JR, et al. Air pollution and disability days in Toronto: results from the national population health survey. Environ Res 2002;89:210\u20139.\r\n[17] Tawari, C.C. and Abowel, J.F.N. (2012). Air pollution in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria, International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 1(2): 94 \u2013 117.\r\n[18] Turk YA, Kavraz M. Air pollutants and its effects on human health: the case of the city of Trabzon. In: Moldoveanu A. editor. Advanced Topics in Environmental Health and Air Pollution Case Studies. Croatia: In Tech Europe; 2011. p. 251- 68.\r\n[19] UN (United Nations) Economic and Social Affairs, 2013. World Population Prospects: the 2012 Revision. New York. http:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/ (accessed 13.07.13.).\r\n[20] UNEP to help Africa towards a free economy: Official http:\/\/xinhuanet.com Accessed January 14, 2020.\r\n[21] WHO (2006). Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adeola Anthony DADA, John Tolulope SALAMI, Henry Olawale SAWYERR &#8220;Air quality index of Asa-dam industrial area, Ilorin, Kwara State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.22-26 October 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/22-26.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/22-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/air-quality-index-of-asa-dam-industrial-area-ilorin-kwara-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Air quality index of Asa-dam industrial area, Ilorin, Kwara State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc596 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2bc596\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc665 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bc665\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc811\" data-id=\"d2bc811\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc95f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bc95f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Utilization of Postnatal Services among Postnatal Women in Selected Hospitals in Kakamega County<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Charles Kiragu Ngigi- October 2020 Page No.: 27-31<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bca01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bca01\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bcb84\" data-id=\"d2bcb84\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c2f99 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2c2f99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Postnatal care is the care provided to the mother immediately after delivery of baby and placenta. The care is spread across a minimum of four postnatal visits packaged as focused postnatal care. During this period the health worker takes the opportunity to provide essential services geared towards offering promotive, preventive and curative services to both mother and baby. Approximately 800 mothers die daily globally due to pregnant related causes, some are direct and others are indirect causes. This translates to about 600, 000 maternal deaths annually in the global arena.\r\nObjective: We set to carry out a research to establish determinants of utilization of postnatal services among postnatal mothers in Kakamega County.\r\nStudy design: This was a descriptive cross-section study involving 215 participants recruited from three sub-county hospitals.\r\nSampling technique: We used a simple random sampling followed by systematic sampling to select study subjects who were consented. Data was collected using a questionnaire and entered into a data base and analyzed using SPSS version 21.\r\nResults: Variables that were significantly associated with utilization of services included: occupation, health facility, time taken to hospital, number of antenatal clinic attendance and number of postnatal clinic attendance. There was a significant association of services offered and utilization (p&lt;0.05). We concluded that majority of participants utilized postnatal services with the number of ANC, PNC and occupation were significantly associated with utilization of postnatal services. The uptake of cancer of cervix screening was low compared to other services and therefore the study recommends the county government of Kakamega to introduce strategies that may accelerate the uptake of this service.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 27-31\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Charles Kiragu Ngigi <\/strong><\/span>Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 332, 01001, Kalimoni\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] WHO (2018) Postnatal care: Oportunities for Africans\u2019 newborn http:www.who.int.publications. accessed 10\/7\/2019\r\n[2] World Health Organization, (2015a). The Global Health Observatory. Retrieved from: http\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/en-WHO 2015.\r\n[3] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), &amp; ICF Macro, (2015). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Calverton, Maryland: KNBS.\r\n[4] Alkema, L., Chou, D., Hogan, D., Zhang, S., Moller AB, Gemmill,A., Fat, DM., Boerma, T., Temmerman, M., Mathers, C., Say, L., (2016). Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter- Agency Group. Lancet,387 (10017): 462-74.\r\n[5] WHO (2015b) Trends in maternal mortality: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations population Division.\r\n[6] Stokes. MJ., and Wilkinson. JP., (2018). The causes of maternal mortality are changing and preventable. International journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1254\u20131261. Access: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.15154\r\n[7] Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tun\u00e7alp \u00d6, Moller AB, Daniels JD, G\u00fclmezoglu, M.,\r\n[8] Temmerman, M., Alkema, l., (2014). Global Causes of Maternal Death: A WHO Systematic Analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(6): e323-e333.\r\n[9] Kana, MA. Doctor, HV. Peleteiro, B.Lunet, N &amp;Barros, H, (2015). Maternal and child health interventions in Nigeria: a systematic review of published studies from 1990 to 2014.BMC, Public Health, 15,334.\r\n[10] UN General Assembly. 2015. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 21 October 2015, A\/RES\/70\/1. New York, NY: United Nations\r\n[11] Sakala B, Kazembe A. (2011) Factors influencing the utilisation of postnatal care at one week and six weeks among mothers at Zomba Central Hospital in Malawi. Evidence Based Midwifery. 9(4):113\u2013136.\r\n[12] Akunga, D. Menya, M. Kabue (2014) Determinants of postnatal care use in Kenya\r\n[13] African Population Studies, 28 (3) (2014), pp. 1447-1459\r\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.11564\/28-3-638\r\n[14] Noureddine Elkhoudri, Abdellatif BAALI, and Hakima (2017) Postnatal Care: Levels and Determinants in Morocco. Iran Public Health 46(2): 242\u2013248. PMCID: PMC5402784\r\n[15] Mayieka.O (2019) Factors Influencing Utilization of Postnatal Care Services among Women of reproductive Age Attending Child Welfare Clinic at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital-Kenya Accessed from http:\/\/ir.jkuat.ac.ke\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/5133\/MAYIEKA%2C%2C Nicholas Ongera%2C MSc Public Health%2C 2019.\r\n[16] Yunus, A., Iqbal, S., Munawar, R., Zakar, R., Mush-taq, S. K., Sadaf, F., &amp; Usman, A. (2013). Determinants of Postnatal Care Services Utilization in Pakistan-Insights from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2006-07. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 18(10), 1440-1447\r\n[17] Tesfahun F. Worku W. Mazengiya F. Kifle (2014) Knowledge, Perception and Utilization of Postnatal Care of Mothers in Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia: A cross \u2013Sectional Study. Maternal Child health j18(10) 2341-2351\r\n[18] Mukunyi E.G. (2018) utilization of mobile phone short message service to enhance uptake of focused antenatal care in tharaka nithi county, Kenya. Accessed from http\/\/:www.ku.ac.ke 24\/6\/2020\r\n[19] Kikuchi k, Yasuoka J, Nanishi K, Ahmed A, Nohara Y, Nishikitani M, (2018) Postnatal care could be the key to improving the continuum of care in maternal and child health in Ratanakiri, Cambodia. PloS ONE 13(6): e0198829. Doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0198829\r\n[20] Ettarh, RR. &amp; Kimani J. (2016). Influence of Distance to Health Facilities on the Use of Skilled Attendants at Birth in Kenya. Health Care for Women International Journal 37(2).\r\n[21] Khaki J and Lonjezo S (2019) Factors associated with the utilization of postnatal care services among Malawian women Malawi Med J Mar;31(1):2-11. doi:10.4314\/mmj.v31i1.2.\r\n[22] Chaka E, Abdurahman A, Nedjat S and Maidzadeh R (2019) Utilization and Determinants of Postnatal Care Services in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Ethiop J Health Sci. 29(1): 935\u2013944. doi: 10.4314\/ejhs.v29i1.16\r\n[23] Sagawa J (2016) Determinants of postnatal care utilization among mothers in Mangochi District, Malawi. Accessed 23\/9\/2020 http:\/\/makir.mak.ac.ug\/handle\/10570\/5636\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Charles Kiragu Ngigi,&#8221;Determinants of Utilization of Postnatal Services among Postnatal Women in Selected Hospitals in Kakamega County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.27-31 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/27-31.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/27-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-utilization-of-postnatal-services-among-postnatal-women-in-selected-hospitals-in-kakamega-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Determinants of Utilization of Postnatal Services among Postnatal Women in Selected Hospitals in Kakamega County<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c3ecf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c414a\" data-id=\"d2c414a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4294 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c4294\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4337 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c4337\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4ac2\" data-id=\"d2c4ac2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c4bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4c59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c4c59\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4da2\" data-id=\"d2c4da2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4ee6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c4ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4f89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c4f89\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c50d3\" data-id=\"d2c50d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c51f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c51f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c528b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c528b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c53f4\" data-id=\"d2c53f4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c551b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c551b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Academic Performance of In-School Adolescents in Adamawa State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rhoda Tekwi Peter &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 32-38<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c55c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c55c3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c573e\" data-id=\"d2c573e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c5874 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2c5874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Adolescence is the period following the onset of puberty during which physical and psychological occur. In-school adolescent academic performance can be determined by factors such as peer pressure, learning environment and home background. Peer pressure is commonly associated with episodes of adolescent risk taking (such as delinquency, drug abuse, sexual behaviours), because this behaviour commonly occurs in the company of peers. It can also have positive effects when youth are pressured by the peer toward positive behaviour. The interaction of various characteristics of school and classroom climate can create a support that enables all members of the school community not only to learn but also to teach at optimum levels. Nevertheless, a negative school climate interferes with learning and development and can affect academic performance of in-school adolescents. A functioning family is beneficial to a child than a dysfunctional one. Family separation was a great contributor of child neglect which generally leads to child deviant behavior. For example, leaving home and addicted to vices and the like from parental and family neglect, lack of supervision and guidance, lack of supervision and the absence of close relationships between teenager and his or her parents are factors that influence delinquency and poor academic performance.It is obvious that secondary schools should have guidance services with a competent counsellor to counsel students from broken homes, child raised by single parent and parents who do not pay adequate attention to their children and wards\u2019 education and those students experiencing challenges in schools; and peer pressure.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 32-38\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rhoda Tekwi Peter <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adegboyega, A. A. (2002). Trends in Public Financing of Federal Inventors in Nigeria: A Case Study of University of Ibadan in Adedeji, S. O. (ed). African Journal of Educational Planning and Policy Studies, 3 (1): 95-108.\r\n[2] Aguolu, C. C. &amp;Aguolu, I.E. (2002). Libraries and information management in Nigeria. Maiduguri: ED-INFORM services. Pp212-218\r\n[3] Allen, N. M., (2005). Family structure, parental practices, and high school completion. American Sociological Review, 56, 309-320.\r\n[4] Arief, H. I. (2011). Relationship between broken homes and academic achievement of secondary school students in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigerian Academic Journal.46 (2), 256-263.\r\n[5] Ayodele, J. B. (2004). The role of the head teachers in school plant management and maintenance. In Fagbamiye E.O., Babaloja J.B, Fabunmi M and Ayemi A.O. Management of primary and secondary education in Nigeria. Ibadan: NAEAP. 93 \u2013100.\r\n[6] Bachman, H. J., Coley, R. L., &amp; Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2009). Is maternal marriage beneficial for low-income adolescents? Applied Developmental Science, 13(4),153-171.\r\n[7] Balogun, T. A. (2002). Improvisation of Science Teaching Equipment. Journal of the Science TeachersAssociation,20 (2), 72-76.\r\n[8] Bern, C. (2010). The influence of parental attitudes on child\u2019s behaviour and development in human angles. Ibadan: University Press.\r\n[9] Black, I. (2002). Are boys better than girls in Mathematics and English Language in academic performance? Psychology for Everyday Living. 2, 21-27\r\n[10] Bobbies, B. &amp; Elhaney S. (2005). Gale Encyclopaedia of Psychology. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/gale-encyclopedia-of-psychology\/oclc\/44089317\r\n[11] Burns C. &amp; Darling, B. (2002). Actiology, treatment and prevention of juvenile delinquency among secondary school adolescents in Nigeria. Journal of Research in Education, 2 (11)1-8.\r\n[12] Center for Social and Emotional Education, (2007). Retrieved on November 11, 2018 from http:\/\/www.edutopia.org \/php\/orgs.php? id=ORG_403595\r\n[13] Dumas, M., Ellis B. &amp; Wolfe S. (2012). Are fathers really necessary to the family unit in early childhood? International Journal of Early Childhood.\r\n[14] Edoka, B. E. (2000). Introduction to Library Science. Publishing, 15-16.\r\n[15] Eze, H. (2010). Resourcing for quality: Adult literacy learning. In Hinzen H. (ed) Adult Education and Development. 4(21), 45 \u2013 64\r\n[16] Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN), 2004. National Policy on Education. Lagos: NERDC.\r\n[17] Hardcastle, J. (2002). The way forward for broken homes. London: Marlin Coterie,\r\n[18] Hartney, E. (2011). What is peer pleasure? http:\/\/www.agrange.edu\/responses\/pdf\/citations\/n using\/adolscents%20selfesteem.pdf\r\n[19] Hampden-Thompson, G. (2009). Are two better than one? A comparative study of achievement gaps and family structure. A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 39(4), 513-529.\r\n[20] Hornby, A. S. &amp; Parnwell, J. T. (2010). Oxford advanced learner dictionary of current English. Oxford: University Press.\r\n[21] Izundu, I. T. (2005). Relationship between home environmental factors and academic performance of secondary school students. Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[22] Jones, H. W. (2010). Two-parent, step parent, and single-parent families: Changes in achievement, attitudes, and behaviours during the last two years of high school, Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(2), 327-340.\r\n[23] Kedir, B., Atmowasdoyo, P. &amp; Salija B. (2018). \u201cHome publications and resources: Variations in child development outcomes among children living in lone-parent families. Human Resources and Skills Development, Canada.\r\n[24] Keith, U. (2000). Spatiality and the place of the material in schools. Pedagogy, culture and society, 12(3), 347\u2013372.\r\n[25] Kellie, J. B. (2013). Changing perspectives on children\u2019s adjustment following divorce: A view from the United States. Childhood, 10, 237-254.\r\n[26] Lewis, M. (2000). Where children learn: Facilities conditions and student test performance in Milwaukee public schools. Scottsdale, Ariz.: Council of Educational Facility Planners International. Retrieved 11\/22\/18 fromhttp:\/\/www.cefpi.org\/pdf\/issue12.pdf\r\n[27] Library Research Service. (2000). The effective learning environment. Accessed online from http:\/\/www.en.citizendemand\/wiki\/library_reasearch_service\r\n[28] Magnuson, K., &amp; Berger, L. M. (2009). Family structure states and transitions: Associations with children\u2019s well-being during middle childhood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), 575-591.\r\n[29] Mazi, B.O. (2006). A system approach towards remediation of failure in Nigerian schools. Nigerian journal of educational psychology, 3(1),220 \u2013 226\r\n[30] Megan, L. M. (2002). Examining school climate: Defining factors and education. [PDF document]. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/ education. gsu.edu\/school safety\/down load%20files\/wp%202002 %20school % 20 climate. pdf.\r\n[31] Mullens, A. (2004). The Relationship between Juvenile Delinquency and Family Unit Structure. Retrieved from http:\/\/ www. Marshal. Edu\/etd \/ Mullens- angela-2004. M.A. PDF\r\n[32] Obi, G. O. (2006). Dimensions and issues in adult literacy education. Nsukka: Ephrata publishers.\r\n[33] Obidoa, G. &amp; Ifelunni, F. (2010). Detecting gender based differential item, functioning on a constructed response science test. Applied Measurement in Education, 12(3), 211-235.\r\n[34] Okeke, E.A.C., (2003). Privatization: Implication for Equality of Educational Opportunities in Nigeria. Implication of Privatization for Education in Nigeria. Institute of Education, University of Nigeria.\r\n[35] Owoyele, J. W. &amp; Toyobo, O. M. (2008). Parental will, peer pressure, academic ability and school subjects\u2019 selection by students in senior secondary schools. The Social Sciences 3(8), 583-586.\r\n[36] Singh, H. (2006). Effect of socio-emotional climate of the school on the adjustment of students. Psycho-Lingua, 36(2), 133-143.\r\n[37] Sotinis, R., Mirco J. &amp; Michael D. (2013). Truancy and dropouts, Britain: Rescue Publication.\r\n[38] Stricherz, M. (2000). Bricks and Mortar Boards, Education Week, 20(14): 30-32\r\n[39] Tsavga, J. (2011). The effect of environment on the academic performance of students in Tarka LGA of Benue State. Unpublished PGDE Thesis, Benue State University: Makurdi, Nigeria.\r\n[40] Uche, N. (2010). The influence of peer group on adolescents\u2019 academic performance: A case study of some selected schools in Abia State. Ogun: Ego Booster Publishers.\r\n[41] Uslu, M. (2013). Relationship between degrees of self-esteem and peer pressure in high school adolescents. International Journal of Academic Research. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314524207\r\n[42] Uwaifo, V. O. (2008). The effects of family structure and parenthood on the academic performance of Nigerian University Students. Stud Home CommSci, 2(2), 121-124.\r\n[43] Waldfogel, J., Craigie, T., &amp; Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). Fragile families and child wellbeing. The Future of Children, 20(2), 87-112.\r\n[44] Weinfield, A. (2010). Coping with family transition winners, loser and survivor. Child Development, 60 (1), 1-4.\r\n[45] Wilson, M. (2016). The invisibility of male violence in Canadian child custody and access decision making\u201d, Canadian Journal of Family Law, 14(1), 31-60.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rhoda Tekwi Peter &#8220;Determinants of Academic Performance of In-School Adolescents in Adamawa State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.32-38 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/32-38.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd203\" data-id=\"d2cd203\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd329 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cd329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd3ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cd3ca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd511\" data-id=\"d2cd511\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cd647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd6ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cd6ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd859\" data-id=\"d2cd859\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd968 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cd968\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Therapeutic Efficacy of Family Psycho-Education in Reducing Syndrome Severity among Schizophrenic Patients in Neuro-Psychiatric Specialist Hospital, Ondo State.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ayeni, Bamidele Abiodun, Ayeni, Adebusola Raphael, Abiodun, Oluwaseun O and Ahmed, Ayodeji E- October 2020 Page No.: 39-44<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cda0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cda0d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cdb7f\" data-id=\"d2cdb7f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cdca4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2cdca4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined therapeutic efficacy of family psycho-education in reducing syndrome severity among schizophrenic patients at the Neuro-Psychiatric Specialist Hospital, Akure, Ondo-State, South-Western part of Nigeria. Twenty respondents participated in the study. They were divided into two groups; experimental and control groups using simple random sampling technique. Group A belong to experimental group and; consisted of ten schizophrenic respondents, while Group B consisted of ten schizophrenic respondents and were classified as control group. The experimental group was exposed to family psycho-education (FPE) and drug therapy, while, the control group was exposed to drug therapy only. The study design is field experiment. The instrument used for the collection of data was Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale while, between subject Independent t-test statistics was used for statistical analysis using SPSS version 16.0. Findings revealed a significant difference in syndrome severity between the experimental and control groups after therapeutic intervention t (18) = -2.390, p&lt;.05. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant for the analyses. Based on this findings, it is recommended that drug therapy and Family Psychoeducation should be integrated together to enhance holistic intervention for schizophrenic patients. Stress-vulnerability model was adopted as an explanatory model for the study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 39-44\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayeni, Bamidele Abiodun,<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Natural and Applied Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ayeni, Adebusola Raphael<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Natural and Applied Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Abiodun, Oluwaseun O <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Natural and Applied Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ahmed, Ayodeji E<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Natural and Applied Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adams, C. E., Sampson, S. &amp; Okpokoro, U. (2014). Family intervention for schizophrenia.\r\n[2] Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.\r\n[3] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), American Psychiatric Association, Arlington.\r\n[4] B\u00e4uml, J.,Frob\u00f6se, T.,Kraemer, S., Rentrop, M., &amp; Pitschel-Walz, G. (2006).Psychoeducation:A basic psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with schizophrenia and their families. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32 (suppl.1), 1-9.\r\n[5] B\u00e4uml, J., Pitschel-Walz, G., Volz, A., Engel, R. R., &amp; Kissling, W. (2007). Psychoeducation in schizophrenia: rehospitalisation and hospital days: 7-years follow-up of the Munich Psychosis Information Project Study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, 854\u2013861.\r\n[6] Backer, T. E., &amp; Howard, E. A. (2007).Cognitive impairments and the prevention of homelessness: research and practice review. J Prim Prev.; 28: 375\u2013388.\r\n[7] Barbato, A., &amp; D\u2019Avanzo, B. (2010). Family interventions in schizophrenia: a critical review of clinical trials. Acta Psych Scand; 102:81-97.\r\n[8] Bisbee, &amp; Vickar, G. (2012). A review of psychoeducation for patients with schizophrenia.\r\n[9] Buchanan, R.., Kreyenbuhl, J., &amp; Kelly, D. L. (2010). Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT, psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr. Bull. 36(1):71\u201393.\r\n[10] Cochrane working group of schizophrenia (2011). Reflecting on Schizophrenia.\r\n[11] Cohen, A. N., Glynn, S., Hamilton, A., &amp; Young, A. (2010). Implementation of a family intervention for individuals with schizophrenia. J.Gen. Intern. Med; 25 (supp. l1):32-37.\r\n[12] Dixon, L. B., Dickerson, F., &amp; Bellack, A. S. (2010). Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull. 36 (1):48\u201370.\r\n[13] Dixon, L. B., Perkins, D. O. &amp; Calmes, C. (2009). Guideline Watch: Practice Guideline for the\r\n[14] Falloon, I. R. H., Held, T., Roncone, R., Coverdale, J. H. &amp; Laidlaw, T. M. (2009). Psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia: A review of long-term benefits of international studies. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 3,268-290.\r\n[15] Gleeson J. F., Cotton S. M., Alvarez-Jimenez M., Wade D., Gee D., Crisp K. . . . McGorry P. D. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of relapse prevention therapy for first-episode psychosis patients: Outcome at 30-month follow-up. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(2),\r\n[16] Jahuar, S., McKenna, P. J., and Radua, J. (2014). Cognitive \u2013behavioural therapy for the symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis with examination of potential bias. Br J. Psychiatry; 204:20.\r\n[17] Jones, C., Hacker, D., &amp; Cormac, I. (2012). Cognitive therapy versus other psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database System Rev: CD008712.\r\n[18] Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., &amp; Fiszbein, A. (I986). Validity: significance of positive and negative syndromes in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149:439-448.\r\n[19] Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., &amp; Lindenmayer, J. P. (1988). Reliability and validity of PANSS scale for schizophrenics. PMID: 3363019. Psychiatry Res. (1) 99-110.\r\n[20] Lincoln, T. (2010). Effectiveness of psychoeducation for schizophrenia: Is family inclusion necessary? Schizophr Res; 117(2):120-122.\r\n[21] Lucksted, A., McFarlane, W., Downing, D., &amp; Dixon, L. (2012). Recent developments in psychoeducation as an evidence based practice. J Marital Family Therapy 38(1):101-121.\r\n[22] McFarlane, W. R., Dixon, L., Lukens, E., &amp; Lucksted, A. (2009). Family Psycho-education and schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Journal of Marital &amp; Family Therapy, 29(2), 223- 245.\r\n[23] Mojtabai, R., Nicholson, R. A., &amp; Carpenter, B. (2009). Role of psychosocial treatments in management of schizophrenia: a meta- analysis review of controlled outcome studies. Schizophr Bull, 24: 569-587.\r\n[24] National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003). Schizophrenia. Full National Clinical Guideline on Core Interventions in Primary and Secondary Care. Leicester: Gaskell and the British Psychological Society.\r\n[25] Nicholson, I. R., &amp; Neufeld, R. W. (1992). A dynamic vulnerability perspective on stress and schizophrenia. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 62(1):117\u2013130.\r\n[26] Nuechterlein, K. H., &amp; Dawson, M. E. (1984). A heuristic vulnerability\/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10(2), 300-312.\r\n[27] Onwumere J., Bebbington P. &amp; Kuipers E. (2011). Family interventions in early psychosis: Specificity and effectiveness. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences.\r\n[28] Penn, L. D., &amp; Kim, T. (2010). Research update on the psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 607-617.\r\n[29] Turner D.T., van der Gaag, M, Karyotaki E. &amp; Cuijpers P. (2014). Psychological interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Am. J. Psychiatry.\r\n[30] Zubin, J., &amp; Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability \u2013 a new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(2), 103-126.\r\n[31] Zubin, J. (1980). Chronic schizophrenia from the standpoint of vulnerability. In C. F. Baxter &amp; T. Melnechuck (Eds.), Perspectives in Psychiatric Research 269-294).New York: Raven Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayeni, Bamidele Abiodun, Ayeni, Adebusola Raphael, Abiodun, Oluwaseun O and Ahmed, Ayodeji E &#8220;Therapeutic Efficacy of Family Psycho-Education in Reducing Syndrome Severity among Schizophrenic Patients in Neuro-Psychiatric Specialist Hospital, Ondo State.&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.39-44 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/39-44.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/39-44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/therapeutic-efficacy-of-family-psycho-education-in-reducing-syndrome-severity-among-schizophrenic-patients-in-neuro-psychiatric-specialist-hospital-ondo-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Therapeutic Efficacy of Family Psycho-Education in Reducing Syndrome Severity among Schizophrenic Patients in Neuro-Psychiatric Specialist Hospital, Ondo State.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2da0b3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2da0b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2da81c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2da81c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2da97a\" data-id=\"d2da97a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2daa80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2daa80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2dab19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2dab19\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2dac81\" data-id=\"d2dac81\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dada7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dada7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2db123 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2db123\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2db276\" data-id=\"d2db276\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2db37b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2db37b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2db410 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2db410\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2db57b\" data-id=\"d2db57b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2db684 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2db684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Tax Knowledge and Quality of Fiscus Services on the Awareness of Paying Taxes (Case Study of Individual Tax Payer Registered At Serang District)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rina Nopianti, Prastika Suwandi Tjeng, Yuliah &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 45-52<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2db71a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2db71a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2db878\" data-id=\"d2db878\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2db9ba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2db9ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The government\u2019s efforts to extend and intensify taxation are one of the ways to increase state revenues independently. This is not easy, because it demands an active role for the tax officer, as well as the taxpayer\u2019s awareness and willingness. The lack of public willingness to pay taxes is inseparable from the lack of knowledge about tax regulations and the quality of financial services. This research was conducted to determine the effect of tax knowledge and the quality of tax authorities on awareness of paying taxes. Data collection is done through the distribution of questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability. This research was conducted at KPP Serang Regency. The sample size is 50 individual taxpayers. The research method used is an empirical method with descriptive and verification approaches because there are variables that will be explained and explored how much influence these variables have\u2014statistical data analysis using multiple regression analysis.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 45-52\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rina Nopianti <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAccounting Department, Bina Bangsa University Serang-Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Prastika Suwandi Tjeng <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAccounting Department, Bina Bangsa University Serang-Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Yuliah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAccounting Department, Bina Bangsa University Serang-Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Andriani, P.J.A. (2000). Pajak dan Pembangunan. Jakarta : UI Press.\r\n[2] Arianil, Meiliyah dan Tyas Erasari (2016). \u201cPengaruh Pelayanan Aparat Pajak, Modernisasi Sistem Administrasi Perpajakan, dan Sanksi Pajak Terhadap Motivasi Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi Dalam Membayar Pajak Penghasilan\u201d. Jurnal Tekun, Volume VII, Nomor 01, Maret 2016.\r\n[3] Untuk Bekerja Cerdas dan KreatiMelalui Penghargaan Pegawai\u201d. https:\/\/pajak.go.id diakses pada tanggal 4 November 2017.\r\n[4] Astuti, Nurul Fajri Dwi (2009). Analisis Pengaruh Pemahaman Wajib Pajak Terhadap Undang-Undang dengan Tingkat Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak dalam Memenuhi Kewajiban Perpajakan Pada KPP Pratama Tanah Abang Dua. Skripsi. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatulah.\r\n[5] DJP. (2014). \u201cDJP Memotivasi Pegawai\r\n[6] Carolina, Veronica. (2009). Pengetahuan Pajak. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.\r\n[7] Pancawati Hardiningsih, 2008, Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemauan Membayar Pajak Dinamika Keuangan dan Perbankan, Nopember 2011, Hal: 126 &#8211; 142 Vol. 3, No. 1, ISSN :1979-4878\r\n[8] Rahmawaty, dkk (2012), Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemauan Membayar Pajak (Studi pada Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi yang Memiliki Usaha Warung Kopi di Kota Banda Aceh). Jurnal Telaah &amp; Riset Akuntansi Vol. 4. No. 2. Juli 2011 Hal. 202 \u2013 215\r\n[9] Richard Burton, 2008. Kajian Aktual Perpajakan. Jakarta : Salemba Empat\r\n[10] Rochmat Soemitro, 2003, Pengantar Singkat Hukum Pajak, Bandung : Eresco.\r\n[11] Caroko, Susilo, dan Z.A (2015). Pengaruh Pengetahuan Perpajakan, Kualitas Pelayanan Pajak dan Sanksi Pajak terhadap Motivasi Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi dalam Membayar Pajak .Jurnal Perpajakan (JEJAK) (Vol. 1 No.1). Hlm. 1-10. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.\r\n[12] Sugiyono, 2010, Metodologi Penelitian Administrasi, Penerbit Alfabeta, Bandung. Vanessa Tatiana dan Priyo Hari., 2009, Dampak Program Sunset Policy Terhadap Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemauan Untuk Membayar Pajak\u201d. Proceeding Simposium Nasional XI. Pontianak\r\n[13] Chukwuna, Edwin Maduka, and Okafur,Obiefuna. (2014). Effect of Motivation on Employee Productivity: A Study of Manufacturing Companies in Nnewi. International Journal of Managerial and Research, Vol. 2, Issue 7,137-147.\r\n[14] Daniswara, Fitria (2016). Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan pada Bank Umum Konvensional dan Bank Umum Syariah Periode 2011-2014. Skripsi. Solo: Universitas Sebelas Maret.\r\n[15] Siti Resmi, 2008. Perpajakan: Teori dan Kasus. Edisi kelima. Jakarta : Salemba Empat.\r\n[16] Emzir. (2010). Penelitian Pendidikan: Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.\r\n[17] Fallan, Lars. (1999). Gender, Exposure to TaxKnowladge, and Attitudes Towar Taxation: An Experimental Approach. Jurnal of Business Ethic Issue 2,173-184.\r\n[18] Fidel. (2010). Cara Mudah &amp;Praktis Memahami Masalah-Masalah Perpajakan. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.\r\n[19] Fandy Tjiptono, 2008. Manajemen Jasa. Edisi Ketiga. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.\r\n[20] Ni Luh dan Supadmi, 2009, Meningkatkan Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Melalui KualitasPelayanan.http:\/\/jurnal.pdii.lipi.go.id\/admin\/jurnal\/4209214219.pd f Diunduh pada tanggal 23 Juni 2014.\r\n[21] Veronica Carolina (2009), Tax Culture: Dasar Pelaksanaan Reformasi Perpajakan\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rina Nopianti, Prastika Suwandi Tjeng, Yuliah &#8220;The Effect of Tax Knowledge and Quality of Fiscus Services on the Awareness of Paying Taxes (Case Study of Individual Tax Payer Registered At Serang District)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.45-52 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/45-52.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/45-52.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-tax-knowledge-and-quality-of-fiscus-services-on-the-awareness-of-paying-taxes-case-study-of-individual-tax-payer-registered-at-serang-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Tax Knowledge and Quality of Fiscus Services on the Awareness of Paying Taxes (Case Study of Individual Tax Payer Registered At Serang District)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e626d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2e626d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e636b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e636b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6518\" data-id=\"d2e6518\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e6647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e66e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e66e7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e682f\" data-id=\"d2e682f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6950 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e6950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e69eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e69eb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6b2e\" data-id=\"d2e6b2e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6c35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e6c35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6cde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e6cde\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6e5b\" data-id=\"d2e6e5b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6f87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e6f87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e7038 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e7038\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e719c\" data-id=\"d2e719c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e72a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e72a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e7340 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e7340\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e749a\" data-id=\"d2e749a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e75a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e75a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e763d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e763d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e779f\" data-id=\"d2e779f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e78c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e78c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signal and Interference Filtering for Clinical Diagnostic Support<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gabriel Ayobami Ayeni, Taofik Tola Ajagbe, Adewale W. Yekinni &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 53-56<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e7968 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e7968\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e7ac6\" data-id=\"d2e7ac6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e7bec elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2e7bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Signal processing for electrocardiogram (ECG) records cardiac activity to unveil any abnormality in the heart through electrocardiograph. The pictorial representation comes in graph to indicate electric potential changes occurring between electrodes when patients\u2019 cardiovascular state is being examined. The electrical functioning of the heart is translated into a waveform, being utilized to find the heart condition. An ECG signal tracks heart diseases, such as poor blood flow to the heart and structural abnormalities. Analysis of ECG signal and removal of interference for clinical diagnosis in presented in this paper.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 53-56\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gabriel Ayobami Ayeni <\/strong><\/span>\r\nResearcher, Department of Computer Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Taofik Tola Ajagbe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adewale W. Yekinni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, School of Tech, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Antara, B., Bawane, N.G, Nirkhi, M.S. (2011). \u201cBrain computer interface using ElectroCardioGram (ECG) signals\u201d, IEEE Journal of Computing and Intelligence Diagnosis, 27-35.\r\n[2] Charles, D., Creusere, J.K, Srikanth, R.S, Philip, D., Joe, H. (2012). \u201dAssessment of subjective audio quality from EEG brain responses using time space analysis\u201d, IEEE, 2704.\r\n[3] Esteve, G.J, Mohamed, E., Francois, V, Jordi, S.C, Andrezej, C., \u2026, Justin, D. (2012). \u201dDiagnosis of alzeheimer\u2019s disease from eeg by means of synchrony measures in optimized frequency bands\u201d, IEEE, 4266-4267.\r\n[4] Hari Kiran G, Krishna BT (2014). Noise cancellation of ECG signal using adaptive technique, International Journal of Research in Computing Technology. 3(5), 5-12.\r\n[5] Ida, M.V, Caminiti, F.F, Alessandro, F., Raffaele, M. (2010). \u201dStrategies for brain sources and tissues properties identification from eeg\/meg and eit signals\u201d IEEE, 978.\r\n[6] Kostas, M., Vasiliki, I., Giorgos, A.G, Konstantina, S.N and Michalis, Z. (2011). \u201dCharacterization of evoked and induced activity in eeg and assessment of intertrail variability\u201d, IEEE, 78.\r\n[7] Leif, S. and Pablo, L. (2018). Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signal Processing and Interference Removal for Clinical Extraction. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.scholar.google.com.\r\n[8] Nolan, H., Whelan, R., Reilly, R.B., B\u00fclthoff, Butler, J. (2009). \u201cAcquisition of Human EEG Data during linear Self-Motion on a Stewart Platform\u201d, IEEE research, 23-43.\r\n[9] Padierna, O.A, Sosa, Y., Quijano, M.D, and Chong, J.E( 2011). \u201cDevelopment of an EEG signal processing program based on EEGLAB\u201d, IEEE, 199.\r\n[10] Singh, M. and Priya (2015). MATLAB based ECG Signal Noise Removal and Its Analysis. Proceedings of IEEE conference. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.researchgate.com\r\n[11] Sayadi O, Shamsollahi MB, (2008). ECG denoising and compression using a modified extended structure,IEEE Trans Biomed Eng55:2240.\r\n[12] Zhang W, Ma T, Ge L, (2008). Enhancement of ECG signals by multire solution sub band filte. Second International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 21\u201326.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gabriel Ayobami Ayeni, Taofik Tola Ajagbe, Adewale W. Yekinni &#8220;Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signal and Interference Filtering for Clinical Diagnostic Support&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.53-56 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/53-56.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/53-56.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/electrocardiogram-ecg-signal-and-interference-filtering-for-clinical-diagnostic-support\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signal and Interference Filtering for Clinical Diagnostic Support<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ee85d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2ee85d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ee957 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ee957\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2eeb37\" data-id=\"d2eeb37\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2eec66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2eec66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2eed07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2eed07\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2eee72\" data-id=\"d2eee72\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2eef80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2eef80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef04c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ef04c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef1cd\" data-id=\"d2ef1cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef2df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ef2df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef398 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ef398\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef4eb\" data-id=\"d2ef4eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef60f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ef60f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef6a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ef6a9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef7f3\" data-id=\"d2ef7f3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef902 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ef902\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ef9a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ef9a2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2efae3\" data-id=\"d2efae3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2efbee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2efbee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2efc85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2efc85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2efe02\" data-id=\"d2efe02\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2eff10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2eff10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effects of Service Quality on Value, Satisfaction and Loyalty (Study at Customers of BRI Bank in Kupang City, Indonesia)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Elly Lay and Lukas J.B.B. Hattu &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 57-63<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2effaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2effaa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2f0157\" data-id=\"d2f0157\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f0293 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2f0293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain effects of service quality, on value, satisfaction, and loyalty. Survey method by questionare is used to gain data from100 customers at Local Office of bank BRI in Kupang City, Indonesia. Statistic descriptif and Partials least Square (PLS) was used to analyze data. The results provide that service quality has a significant and positive effect on value and customer satisfaction , but it has an insignificant effect on customer loyalty. Customer value has a significant effect on customer satisfaction and Customer Loyalty. Customer satisfaction has a significant and positive effect on Customer Loyalty. The limitations of this study are using cross sectional data, and the limited number of samples comes only from one bank that is BRI Bank. The results contribute to developing of science, especially in marketing science and practical contribute to the manager of bank service in relation with efforts to promote customer loyalty.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 57-63\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 October 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elly Lay <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Lukas J.B.B. Hattu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Rust R.T. &amp;Anthony J. Zahorik. 1993. Customer Satisfaction, Customer Retention, and Market Share. Journal of Retailing vol. 69.\r\n[2] Gronroos. Ch, 1990. Service Management and Marketing. Lexington Books. Toronto.\r\n[3] Clark. F.A. 1992. Quality and Service : a qey focus for performance in the public sector. Working Paper series. Henley management College.\r\n[4] Oliver. R.L. 1993. A Conceptual model of service quality and service satisfaction, compatible goals, different concept. Service marketing and management vol. 11.\r\n[5] Bolton R.N. and J.H. Drew. 1991. A Multistage model of customers assesments of service quality and value. Journal of consumer Research 17.\r\n[6] Cronin B. and Taylor. 1992. A cross sectional test of the effect and conceptualiation of service value. The journal of service marketing. Vol. 11.\r\n[7] Budz H.E. and L.D. Goodstein. 1996. Measuring customer value: Gaining the Strategic Advantage. Organizational Dynamics vol.24.\r\n[8] Patterson P.G. &amp; R.A. Spreng. 1997. Modeling the Relationship between Perceived Value Satisfaction and Repurchase in a business-to-business servive context. An Empirical examination. International Journal of Service Industry Management 8. 2 \u2013 22.\r\n[9] Ulaga W. and S. Chacour. 2001. Measuring Customer Perceived Value in Business Market. Industrial marketing management 30.\r\n[10] Zeithaml V.A. 1988. Consumer Perception of Price, Quality, and Value. A means-end model and synthesis of Evidence. Journal of Marketing 52.\r\n[11] Flint. D.J. et al. 1997. Customer value Changes in Industrial Marketing Relationship. Industrial marketing Management. 26.\r\n[12] Kotler. P. 2010. Marketing management. New Jersey- Prentice Hall.\r\n[13] Dods W.B. K.B. Moenroe, dan Dh. Grewal. 1991. Effect of Price, Brand, and Store Information on Buyers product Evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research vol 28. No. 3.\r\n[14] Peppers D. and M. Rogers. 2004. Managing customer relationship: A Strategic Framework. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. New Jersey.\r\n[15] Anderson, Eugene W, Fornell, Claes, and Donald R Lehman. 1994. customer Satisfaction, Market Share, and Profitability; Findings from Sweden. Journal of Marketing Vol. 58.\r\n[16] Oliver. R.L. 1999. Whence Cunsumer Loyalty? Journal of Marketing. Vol. 63.\r\n[17] Fornel C. 1992. A national Customer satisfaction barometer: the swedish experience. J-Maqrk. 56.\r\n[18] Bitner and Zeithaml. 2003. Implementing succesfull self service technologies. Academy of Management Executive. Vol 16.\r\n[19] Lovelock.Ch. 2001. Product Plus: How to product + service competitive advantage. Mc Graw-Hill, New York.\r\n[20] Siddiqi, K.O. 2011. Interrelations between service quality attributes, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in the retail banking sector in Bangladesh. International journal of business and management.6 (3): 12 \u2013 36.\r\n[21] Kasim N. and N.A. Abdullah (2010)The Effects of Perceived Service Quality Dimensions on Customer satisfaction, trust and Loyalty in e-comerce settings. Asia pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistic. 22 (3).\r\n[22] Hair, J.F. Jr, W.C. Black, B.J. Babin, R.E. Anderson, and R.L. Tatham, 2006. Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.\r\n[23] Blomer. JMM. 1998.Customer Loyalty in High and Low involvement settings: The moderating impact of positif emotions. Journal of marketing management. 31.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Elly Lay and Lukas J.B.B. Hattu &#8220;The Effects of Service Quality on Value, Satisfaction and Loyalty (Study at Customers of BRI Bank in Kupang City, Indonesia)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.57-63 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/57-63.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/57-63.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effects-of-service-quality-on-value-satisfaction-and-loyalty-study-at-customers-of-bri-bank-in-kupang-city-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effects of Service Quality on Value, Satisfaction and Loyalty (Study at Customers of BRI Bank in Kupang City, Indonesia)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d309334 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d309334\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30941f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30941f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3095cf\" data-id=\"d3095cf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3096f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3096f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d309795 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d309795\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3098e2\" data-id=\"d3098e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d309a5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d309a5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d309b0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d309b0b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d309c67\" data-id=\"d309c67\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d309d81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d309d81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d309e28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d309e28\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d309f6e\" data-id=\"d309f6e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30a071 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30a071\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30a10e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30a10e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30a25d\" data-id=\"d30a25d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30a360 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30a360\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30a3f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30a3f4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30a545\" data-id=\"d30a545\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30a657 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30a657\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30a6ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30a6ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30a855\" data-id=\"d30a855\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30a976 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30a976\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Status of pH, Available Sulphur, Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen on Some Small Holders\u2019 Farms in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ogundele, O. T., Ngwu S., Elachi M.S, Yakubu A. U &#8211; October 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 64-68<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30aa0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30aa0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30ab80\" data-id=\"d30ab80\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30ace6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d30ace6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Surface samples were collected from 6 different local governments across Kano state: Ajingi, Gezawa, Gabassawa, Gwarzo, Kabo, Tofa local government areas. The collected soil samples (0-15cm depth) were analyzed using standard procedures to determine the levels of soil pH, Organic carbon, Total nitrogen and Available sulphur in sorghum and millet based cropping systems in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. Results obtained shows that the soils were generally low in organic carbon (0.22 \u2013 0.51%) while the total nitrogen fell within moderate range from (0.11 \u2013 0.12%).The pH<sub>water <\/sub>ranged between 6.02 \u2013 6.46 and pH<sub>CaCl2 <\/sub>between\u00a05.55 \u2013 6.32. The available sulphur content of different cropping systems under the study were found to be within the moderate range from (8.3 to 21.9%) with the highest mean recorded from Cowpea, Soybean and Sorghum (COS) cropping system and the lowest mean was recorded in Cowpea, Groundnut and Millet (CGS) cropping system. Owing to the low total nitrogen and organic carbon content in the soil under the study area, it is therefore recommended that supplementary nitrogen application and improvement of the drainage conditions of all the soils should be employed to improve the nutrient status of the soils. Also, with the current intensive cropping pattern, sulphur contained fertilizer should be used frequently to prevent depleting the soils which are presently adequate in sulphur within few years.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 64-68\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogundele, O. T. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Soil Science, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ngwu S. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Soil Science, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elachi M.S <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yakubu A. U <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Akinola, A.A., &amp; Alene, A. D., Adeyemo R., (2011). Determinants of adoption of balanced nutrient management systems technologies in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Economics &amp; Rural Development. P. 10, 33.\r\n[2] Balasubramanian, V., V.L. Singh, L.A. Nandi and A.U. Mokwunye, (1984). Fertility status of some upland savanna soils of Nigeria after fallow and cultivation. Samaru 3. Agricultural. Resource., 2:13-23.\r\n[3] Bationo, A. E., Rhodes, E.M., Smaling, A., Visker C., (1996). Technologies for Restoring Soil Fertility. In: Restoring and Maintaining the Productivity of West African Soils: Key to SustainaleDevelopment, Mokwunye,A.U., A. de Jager and M.A. Smaling (Eds.). International Fertilizer Development Center, Africa, Lome, Togo, pp: 61-82.\r\n[4] Esu, I. E, (1991). Detailed survey of NIHORT farm at Bunkure Kano State, Nigeria. IAR, Zaria, Nigeria.\r\n[5] Chude, V.O., (2008). Understanding Nigerian soils and their fertility management for sustainable Agriculture. An Inaugural Lecture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, pp: 33.\r\n[6] Essiet E.U., (2000). Agricultural sustainability under small-holder farmin in Kano, Northern Nigeria 1999-2000. Jornal of arid Environments (2001) 1-6pp.\r\n[7] Ekeleme, F., Jibrin, J.M., Kamara, A.Y., Oluoch, M. I., Tofa, R.S., &amp; Kadafur M., (2013). Level and extent of Striga infestation of maize and cowpea crops in Bauchi and Kano states, Nigeria. Biophysical Baseline Survey, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. 41 pp.\r\n[8] Henao, J., Baanante, C., (1999). Estimating rates of nutrient depletion in soils of agricultural lands of Africa. IFDC Technical Bulletin T48. Muscle Shoals, Alabama, USA, 76 pp.\r\n[9] Landon, J. R., (1991). Booker Tropical soil manual. Longman Scientific and Technical Publishers, UK, pg 134.\r\n[10] Lenis, S., Kuku, O., Ajibola, A., (2011). A Review of Literature on Agricultural Productivity, Social Capital and Food Security in Nigeria, Nigeria Strategy Support Program (NSSP) NSSP Working Paper No. 21\r\n[11] Manyong, V.M., A. Ikpi, J.K. Olayemi, S.A. Yusuf, B.T. Omonona, V. Okoruwa, and F.S Idachaba, (2005). Agriculture in Nigeria: identifying opportunities for increased commercialization and investment. IITA, Ibadan: IITA.\r\n[12] NSPFS (2005). Nigerian soil fertility rating and thematic maps. National special programme for food security, Abuja, Nigeria 4(10):913 921. http:\/\/www.academic journals.org\/AJAR. ISSN 1991-637X \u00a92009 Academic Journals.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogundele, O. T., Ngwu S., Elachi M.S, Yakubu A. U &#8220;Status of pH, Available Sulphur, Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen on Some Small Holders\u2019 Farms in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.64-68 October 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/64-68.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/64-68.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/publication\/status-of-ph-available-sulphur-organic-carbon-and-total-nitrogen-on-some-small-holders-farms-in-the-sudan-savanna-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Status of pH, Available Sulphur, Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen on Some Small Holders\u2019 Farms in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30bc0f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d30bc0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30bcf0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30bcf0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30be8e\" data-id=\"d30be8e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30bfbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30bfbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Coastal Community Perception on the Use of Human Excreta for Biogas Production <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>H.I. Ogan, S.C. Teme, C.L. Eze and S.A. Ngah- October 2020 Page No.: 69-73<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30c061 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30c061\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30c1cb\" data-id=\"d30c1cb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30c2eb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d30c2eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Survey research method was adopted for this study. A total of 300 households, from three (3) zones (Azuabie\/Slaughter, Tourist Beach and Eagle Island Coastal Communities) formed the population of this study. The data collection instrument consisted of structured questionnaire, which contained information on socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the respondents and the acceptance or otherwise of using excreta to generate energy (electricity). The result showed 83% are literate among the Azuabie respondents while those at Tourist Beach and Eagle Island were 90% and 81%, respectively. This probably made them receptive to the idea of generating useful energy from their wastes even though most of them were unaware of the biogas technology. On the issue of converting and using the human excreta, the level of awareness by the respondents was quite low. At Azuabie, 60.4%, at the Tourist Beach 71.7% and at Eagle Island 60.3% have never heard about it. It could be seen from the above that, more than halve of the respondents are unaware of the biogas technology, talk less of considering it as an alternative source of energy. Be that as it may, majority of the respondents welcomed the idea of an innovation that would convert excreta into electricity that they so desperately need. At Azuabie, 79.2% accepted this proposition, while 81.7% and 74.6% equally accepted at the Tourist Beach and the Eagle Island coastal communities respectively. Ironically, request for respondents to provide their excreta for the research was met with skepticism and rejection. At Azuabie, 62.3% were unwilling, while at the Tourist Beach, 81.7% were not ready. However, 44.4% of respondents at the Eagle Island were willing to provide their excreta for the research. Lastly, there is no significant agreement among the residents to accept the use of the energy produced from the conversion of such wastes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 69-73\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> H.I. Ogan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Geosciences and Space Technology; Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> S.C. Teme<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Geosciences and Space Technology; Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> C.L. Eze <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Geosciences and Space Technology; Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> S.A. Ngah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Geosciences and Space Technology; Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] A.H. Igoni. Emergent Issues in Sustainable Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria. Technical Presentation at the General Meeting of the Nigerian Society of Engineers, Port Harcourt Branch, at the Engr. Ishmael A. Banigo Secretariat. (2015).\r\n[2] I.U. Ubong and A. E. Gobo. Fundamentals of environmental chemistry and meteorology. Port Harcourt: Tom and Harry Publications Ltd. (2001).\r\n[3] B. Vinneras. Possibilities for Sustainable Nutrient Recycling by faecal Separation Combined with Urine Diversion. (2002). http:\/\/www.susana.org\/en\/resources\/library\/details\/1685.\r\n[4] C. Niwagaba, M. Nalubega, B. Vinneras. and H. Jonsson Incineration of faecal matter for treatment and sanitation. Wat. Prac. &amp; Tech. 1, 2-10. (2009).\r\n[5] J.E. Umeuduji and A. Aisuebeogun. Relief and Drainage: In Oyegun and Adeyemo. Port\r\nHarcourt Region. (pp. 33-42). Port Harcourt: Paragraphics (1999).\r\n[6] P.N. Ede. Air Pollution. In Oyegun and Adeyemo. Port Harcourt Region. (pp. 229-244). Port\r\nHarcourt: Paragraphics (1999).\r\n[7] National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) National Bureau of Statistics official Gazette (FGP 71\/52007\/2500). National and State Provisional Totals, 2006 Census. (2006).\r\n[8] G.A. Okwandu. Research methods in business and social science. Owerri: Civings Publisher. (2004).\r\n[9] Chi-Square Calculator. https:\/\/www.socscistatistics.com\/tests\/chisquare2\/default2.aspx.\r\n[10] I.A. Abdulkarimm, I.B. Lambu, B.Y. Ahmed and F.M. Sheriff. People\u2019s Awareness and\r\nAttitude on Biogas as an Alternative Domestic Energy in Urban Kano. Aca. Res. Int. 4 (6), 625-635. (2013).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">H.I. Ogan, S.C. Teme, C.L. Eze and S.A. Ngah.&#8221;Coastal Community Perception on the Use of Human Excreta for Biogas Production &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.69-73 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/69-73.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/69-73.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/coastal-community-perception-on-the-use-of-human-excreta-for-biogas-production\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Coastal Community Perception on the Use of Human Excreta for Biogas Production <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30d069 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d30d069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30d14e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30d14e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30d2de\" data-id=\"d30d2de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30d412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30d412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30d51a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30d51a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30d69a\" data-id=\"d30d69a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30d7be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30d7be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30d866 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30d866\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30d9b2\" data-id=\"d30d9b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30dac9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30dac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30db66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30db66\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30dcc9\" data-id=\"d30dcc9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30ddd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30ddd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30de69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30de69\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30dfcb\" data-id=\"d30dfcb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30e0d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30e0d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30e16e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30e16e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30e2ac\" data-id=\"d30e2ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30e3c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30e3c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30e464 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30e464\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30e5c2\" data-id=\"d30e5c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30e6c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30e6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Kalanchoe Tubiflora Leaf Extract &#8211; <i>Synthesis<\/i> of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M Neetha Mehathaj, Gunasekaran S, E Sivasenthil- October 2020 Page No.: 74-76<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30e783 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30e783\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30e8e8\" data-id=\"d30e8e8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30ea20 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d30ea20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Synthesis and characterisation of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles by means of green approach using the bio component of Kalanchoe Tubiflora leaves is discussed in this research paper. The sample was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD confirms the growth of hexagonal ZnO wurtzite structure. The size of nano crystallites calculated using Debye-Scherrer\u2019s formula as 31.6nm. Energy band gap of 3.26eV and absorption at 347nm shows the presence of Zinc Oxide nano structure.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 74-76\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> M Neetha Mehathaj <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gunasekaran S<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> E Sivasenthi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. S. Nalwa. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. American Scientific Publishers. Vol.10, pp. 1-46. 2007.\r\n[2] H. Li et al., Zinc Oxide Film Prepared by Sol-Gel Method. Journal of Cryst. Growth. Vol. 275, pp. 734-743. 2005.\r\n[3] Ho Chang et al. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Having Prism Shape by a Novel Gas Condensation Process. Journal of Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. Vol. 18, pp. 734-743. 2008.\r\n[4] J. M. Cho et al. Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Grown by Laser Ablation of a Zn Target in Neat Water. Journal Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., Vol. 30(7), pp. 1616-1618, 2009.\r\n[5] Doungporn Yiamsawas et al. Preparation of ZnO Nanostructures by Solvothermal Method. Journal of Microscopy Society of Thailand. Vol. 23(1), pp. 75-78. 2009.\r\n[6] Aneesh. N. et al. Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Method. Proc. SPIE 6639, Nanophotonic Materials IV, 66390J. 2007.\r\n[7] J. Shivakumar et al. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Calotropis Gigantean Leaf. African Journal of Basic &amp; Applied Sciences. Vol. 3(6), pp. 265-270. 2011.\r\n[8] Ravindra P. Singh et al. Biological Approach of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles formation and its characterization. Advanced Materials Letters. Vol. 2 (4), pp. 313-317. 2011.\r\n[9] Manish Hudlikar et al. Latex-mediated Synthesis of ZnS Nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. Vol. 14, pp.865. 2012.\r\n[10] Gunalan Sangeetha et al. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Aloe Barbadensis Miller Leaf extract: Structure and Optical Properties. Materials Research Bulletin. Vol. 46 (12), pp. 2560-2566.\r\n[11] Hsieh et al. Anticancer Activity of Kalanchoe Tubiflora against human lung cancer cellsin vitroandin vivo. Environmental Toxicology. Vol. 31(11), 1663-1673. 2015.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M Neetha Mehathaj, Gunasekaran S, E Sivasenthil, &#8220;Kalanchoe Tubiflora Leaf Extract &#8211; <i>Synthesis<\/i> of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.74-76 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/74-76.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/74-76.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/kalanchoe-tubiflora-leaf-extract-synthesis-of-zinc-oxide-nanoparticles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kalanchoe Tubiflora Leaf Extract &#8211; <i>Synthesis<\/i> of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d322c39 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d322c39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-d323807\" data-id=\"d323807\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d323911 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d323911\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3239d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3239d7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d323b37\" data-id=\"d323b37\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d323c49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d323c49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d323ce3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d323ce3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d323e23\" data-id=\"d323e23\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d323f2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d323f2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d323fd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d323fd5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d324142\" data-id=\"d324142\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d32426e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d32426e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Marketing and Public Health: A Day after Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Veronica N. Ndubuisi, Dr. Mustapha Momoh &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 77-81<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d324317 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d324317\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d32448c\" data-id=\"d32448c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3245b7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3245b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Covid-19 previously known as 2019-nCoV was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and soon after more than 100,000 cases were reported in more than 100 countries. Nigeria had its first index case in February 28, 2020 and increasing number of cases everyday and a current case fatality ratio of 0.03 as at 13 April, 2020. Slow rate of spread was achieved under severe constraint until recently. There is urgent need to fix the missing gaps and explore available collective measures and interventions to address the Covid-19 Pandemic.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 77-81\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Veronica N. Ndubuisi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Mustapha Momoh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adepoju, P (2020), Nigeria Responds to Covid-19, First Case Detected in Sub-Saharan Africa,Nature Medicine, Doi:10.1038\/d41591-020-00004-2\r\n[2] Andresen, A.R. (1995), Marketing Social Change: Changing Behavior to promote Health, Social Development and Environment, San Francisco\r\n[3] Coreil, I, Bryant C.A. &amp; Henderson, J.N. (with contributions from M.S. Forthofer and G.P. Quinn), Social and Behavioral Foundations of Public Health, Thusand Oaks, C.A., Sage Publications.\r\n[4] Donovan, RJ, &amp; Healey, N (2003),Social Marketing Principles and Practice, Melborune, IP Commun\r\n[5] Hastings, G. (2003),Competition in Social Marketing, Soc. Mark Q. IX:6-10\r\n[6] Hastings, G &amp; Saren, M (2003), The Critical Contributions of Social Marketing: Theory and Application, Mark. Theory 3:305-22\r\n[7] Kotler, P. &amp; Altman , G. (1971), Social Marketing: An Approach to Planned Social Change, Journal of Marketing 35(3) in Hong Cheng, Philip Kotler &amp; Nancy R. Lee, Social Marketing for Public Health: An Introduction, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LCC (not for sale).\r\n[8] Kotler P, Roberto, N. &amp; Lee N (2002), Social Marketing: Improving the Quality of Life, Thousand Oaks, c Sage\r\n[9] Merson, M.H, Black, R.E. &amp; Mills A.I.(eds.) (2006), International Public Health: Disaes and Programs Systems and Policies (2nd ed), Sudbury,M.A.\r\n[10] Ndubuisi, V.N. &amp; Obi, S. (2019), The Basics of Social Marketing in Prevention and Control of HIV\/AIDS: PEPFAR Agenda, African Journal of Management, Vol. 4,N0. 4, ISSN 1118-6224\r\n[11] Ohia, C., Bakarey, A.S. &amp; Ahmad, T. (2020), Covid-19 and Nigeria: Putting the Realities in Context, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Elsevier.\r\n[12] Olaniru, B.O., Nedolisa, A.C., Song, E.; Alla,O.J.; Oyero,S.., et al (2019), Knowledge and Practice of Hand Hygiene among Patients\u2019 Relatives in Jos University Teaching Hospital, (JUTH) Jos Nigeria, American Journal of Public Health Research 7(6):203-208.\r\n[13] Rosen, G. (1993), A History of Public Health (Expanded Ed), Baltimore,Johns Hopkins University Press\r\n[14] Siegel, M. &amp; Doner L. (1998),Marketing Public Health: Strategies tppromote Social Change, Gathersburg, MD, ASPEN.\r\n[15] Uchejeso, O.M., &amp; Obiora,E.R. (2020),Hand Washing and Personal Hygieneamong Nigerians in the Face of Covid-19 (Coronavirus), American Journal of Biomedical Sciences &amp; Research, ISSN: 2642- 1747\r\n[16] UNICEF (2020), Nigeria: Covid-19 Situation Report #.06\r\n[17] Weinreich N.K.(1999), Hands on Social Marketing, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications\r\n[18] WHO (2020),Coronavarius Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak: Technical Guidance\r\n[19] WHO (2020a), Africa Covid-19, Regional Officefor Africa, June 13.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Veronica N. Ndubuisi, Dr. Mustapha Momoh, &#8220;Social Marketing and Public Health: A Day after Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.77-81 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/77-81.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/77-81.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-marketing-and-public-health-a-day-after-covid-19-pandemic-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Social Marketing and Public Health: A Day after Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3253ba elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3253ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d32549f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d32549f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d325624\" data-id=\"d325624\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d32574e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d32574e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3257eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3257eb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d325939\" data-id=\"d325939\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d325a3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d325a3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d325b91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d325b91\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d325cf1\" data-id=\"d325cf1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d325e05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d325e05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d325eaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d325eaa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d32602c\" data-id=\"d32602c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d326168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d326168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d32620e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d32620e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d326389\" data-id=\"d326389\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d326490 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d326490\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d326526 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d326526\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d32666c\" data-id=\"d32666c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d327e4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d327e4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d327f3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d327f3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3280e0\" data-id=\"d3280e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d32823a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d32823a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Politics and Possibilities of Deep Sea Port in Bangladesh: A Special Focus on Matarbari Port Project <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jannatul Ferdous &amp; Moinul Islam- October 2020 Page No.: 82-89<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3282e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3282e4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d328467\" data-id=\"d328467\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3285a8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3285a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The economy of Bangladesh is booming gradually year after year and the government is also planning for huge infrastructural development to boost up its economic sectors. Infrastructure like Deep Sea Port or Deep water port can bring both economic and military significance for a country. China, India and, the USA were in the race of aiding Bangladesh to construct deep sea port in the Bay of Bengal to gain exclusive access and control over the Bay as well as the Indian Ocean. China was about to start Sonadia Deep Sea Port which was cancelled due to India\u2019s &amp; the USA&#8217;s concern. Bangladesh then strategically sided all those three powers and by changing the location of the port construction, brought comparatively pacifist Japan to build her first-ever deep Sea Port at Matarbari, in Cox\u2019s Bazar district. This paper critically measures the deep politics after doing a content analysis of the events related to the research area. Besides, the importance of the Bay of Bengal and how it could shift the regional politics has also been discussed in the perspective of Bangladesh, India, and China.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 82-89\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Jannatul Ferdous <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of International Relations, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science &amp; Technology, Gopalganj.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Moinul Islam<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Journalism &amp; Mass Communication, Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">. 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(2016, June 16). Deep Politics of Deep Sea Ports. Dhaka Tribune. https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/opinion\/longform\/2016\/06\/16\/deep-politics-deep-sea-ports\r\n[24] Hossain, I. (2019, November 27). Moheshkhali coal power plant deadliest in Southeast Asia: Study. NEWAGE.https:\/\/www.newagebd.net\/article\/91867\/maheshkhali-coal-power-plant-deadliest-in-southeast-asia-study\r\n[25] Islam, M. (2019, November 04). The deeper politics of deep sea ports. The Daily Star.\r\n[26] https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/strategic-issues\/news\/the-deeper-politics-deep-sea-ports-1822594\r\n[27] Matarbari Port design deal goes to Japan\u2019s Nippon. (2020, July 23). NEWAGE. https:\/\/www.newagebd.net\/article\/111879\/matarbari-port-design-deal-goes-to-japans-nippon\r\n[28] Mahmud, A. (2017). Bangladesh-Russia co-operation. The Independent. http:\/\/m.theindependentbd.com\/home\/printnews\/129845\r\n[29] Nahreen, A. (2017, April 20). The growing strategic importance of Bangladesh to China. The Daily Star. https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/op-ed\/the-growing-strategic-importance-bangladesh-china-1393957\r\n[30] Parvez, S. (2017, August 03). Mongla not fit to take off Ctg port. The Daily Star. https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/business\/mongla-not-fit-take-heat-ctg-port-1442713\r\n[31] Pfeiffer, C. (2016, July 6). These are the \u201c10 emerging markets of the future\u201d &#8211; Business Insider. Business Insider; Business Insider. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/the-10-emerging-markets-of-the-future-2016-7\r\n[32] Ramchandran, S. (2016, June 21). China\u2019s Sinking Port Plans in Bangladesh. The Jamestown Foundation. https:\/\/jamestown.org\/program\/chinas-sinking-port-plans-in-bangladesh\/\r\n[33] Roa, I., Yessica, Pe\u00f1a, Y., Amante, B., &amp; Goretti, M. (2013). Ports: Defintion and study of types, sizes and business models. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 6(4), 1055-1064. https:\/\/www.jiem.org\/index.php\/jiem\/article\/view\/770\/523?fbclid=IwAR0m0RieTvi4n1HsORc1on8xrFGC1IFOSscCKrTYkWCLmTssuqL_KLuXiq0\r\n[34] Shafiquallah, M.K. A. (2013, 20). Deep sea port in Sonadia: A unique opportunity for Bangladesh. The Daily Star. https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/news\/deep-sea-port-in-sonadia-a-unique-opportunity-for-bangladesh\r\n[35] Shawon, A. A. (2020, January 23) Deep sea port project in Matarbari gains pace, Sonadia dropped. Dhaka Tribune. https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/bangladesh\/government-affairs\/2020\/01\/23\/\r\n[36] Shepared, W. (2016, June 07). Bangladesh\u2019s Deep Sea Port Problem. The Diplomat. https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2016\/06\/bangladeshs-deep-sea-port-problem\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jannatul Ferdous &amp; Moinul Islam,&#8221;Politics and Possibilities of Deep Sea Port in Bangladesh: A Special Focus on Matarbari Port Project &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.82-89 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/82-89.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/politics-and-possibilities-of-deep-sea-port-in-bangladesh-a-special-focus-on-matarbari-port-project\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Politics and Possibilities of Deep Sea Port in Bangladesh: A Special Focus on Matarbari Port Project <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3329bf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33384f\" data-id=\"d33384f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d333957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d333957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3339f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3339f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d333b36\" data-id=\"d333b36\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d333c3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d333c3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d333cd1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d333cd1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d333e48\" data-id=\"d333e48\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33a88f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33a88f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Racial Integration in American Higher Education (AHE): Exploring Literature on African American Subcultures <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Mbogo Wairungu &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 90-92<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d33aacd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d33aacd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33ad7c\" data-id=\"d33ad7c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33af3f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d33af3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">African Americans value education as their vehicle for a bright future. However, racial segregation continues to hurt equity, diversity, and inclusion in Higher Education in America (AHE). I opine that studying and understanding the post-racial African American subculture could be an integral move in realizing racial integration in AHE. This paper explored literature on African American culture to identify the characteristics that shape their behavior at AHE. It emerged that African Americans continue to be racially segregated in AHE since they could not be assimilated into American culture due to their hair and skin color, their internal culture that influenced how they think and differed from other immigrants, black scholars resistance to use western literary theories in analyzing African American literature due to their uniqueness. Further, Africa Americans continue to view Caucasians with mistrust for distorting their history undervaluing them and providing them with inadequate facilities. I argue that the knowledge that African American&#8217;s are unique from other communities and that they have their feelings, and that they are affected by racial segregation can be a first step towards realizing access and equity in AHE.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 90-92\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Mbogo Wairungu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCurriculum and Instruction, Texas Tech University, Texas\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Brown A.K (2013). Black Culture. International Journal of Education &amp; Literacy Studies. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7575\/aiac.ijels.v.1n.1p.108\r\n[2] Chang, M. J., Astin, A. W, &amp; Kim, D. (2004). Cross-racial interaction among undergraduates: Some consequences, causes, and partners. Research in Higher education 45 (5), 529-553.\r\n[3] Harper, S.R., &amp; Quaye, S.J. (Eds). (2009). Student engagement in higher education: Theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations. Routledge.\r\n[4] Kennedy B. M. et al. (2007). Cultural characteristics of African Americans: Implications for the design of trials that target behavior and health promotion programs. Ethnicity &amp; disease \u2022 https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/5860250\r\n[5] Orfield, G, &amp; Lee, C. (2004). Brown at 50: King&#8217;s dream or Plessy&#8217;s nightmare? www.civilrightsproiecaun\r\n[6] Tatum, B.D. (2003). Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? And other conversations about race. Basic Books.\r\n[7] Spier, I. (2017).The Calvinist Roots of American Social Order: Calvin, Witherspoon, and Madison. Public Discourse: The Journal of Witherspoon Institute. https:\/\/www.thepublicdiscourse.com\/\r\n[8] Studelberg, L.M. &amp; Weinberg, S.L. (Eds). (2011). Diversity in American higher education. Routledge.\r\n[9] Weaver, G. R. (1999). American Cultural Values. Kokusai Bunka Kenshu (Intercultural Training), Special Edition, pp. 9-15.\r\n[10] Wellman, D.T. (1993). Portraits of white racism (2nd ed.).Cambridge University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Mbogo Wairungu &#8220;Racial Integration in American Higher Education (AHE): Exploring Literature on African American Subcultures &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.90-92 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/90-92.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/90-92.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/racial-integration-in-american-higher-education-ahe-exploring-literature-on-african-american-subcultures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Racial Integration in American Higher Education (AHE): Exploring Literature on African American Subcultures <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33f462 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d33f462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d33f56a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d33f56a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33f70a\" data-id=\"d33f70a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33f82f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33f82f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d33f8e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d33f8e9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33fa46\" data-id=\"d33fa46\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33fb4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33fb4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d33fbf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d33fbf9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33fd80\" data-id=\"d33fd80\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33fe8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33fe8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d33ff26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d33ff26\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d340092\" data-id=\"d340092\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3401ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3401ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d340247 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d340247\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3403c2\" data-id=\"d3403c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3404e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3404e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34057d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34057d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3406c4\" data-id=\"d3406c4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3407c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3407c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d340873 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d340873\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3409ea\" data-id=\"d3409ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d340af9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d340af9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Influence of Strategic Orientation, Knowledge Management and Innovation on Firm Performance FMCG Industries<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jonathan, Prof.Dr.Hj. Farida Jasfar, ME, Ph. D &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 93-107<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d340b98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d340b98\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d340d45\" data-id=\"d340d45\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d340e98 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d340e98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this research is to analyze and identify the influence of a strategic orientation which is divided into market orientation, technology orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and knowledge management on firm performance with innovation as an intervening variable. This research was conducted at 58 FMCG listed companies (Bursa Efek Indonesia) with the data collection method in the form of a questionnaire. The sample in the study amounted to 58 respondents consisting of leaders in FMCG companies listed on the IDX. The data analysis method used in this study is Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS Version 3 program. Data analysis was carried out by evaluating the measurement model (outer model) and structural model (inner model). The results showed that FMCG companies that prioritize innovation and have a good entrepreneurial orientation will increase firm performance, besides that FMCG companies are able to carry out market orientation so that they find what market needs are accompanied by innovation which will increase firm performance. The results also show that technology orientation and knowledge management do not play a role in creating innovation and have no effect in increasing firm performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 93-107\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jonathan, <\/strong><\/span>\r\nManagement, Universitas Internasional Batam\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof.Dr.Hj. Farida Jasfar, ME, Ph. D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nManagement, Trisakti University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abiodun, T., &amp; Kida, M. (2016). Impact of Strategic Orientations on Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises\u202f: the Roles of Entrepreneurial Orientation in Promoting Economic Development. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, IV(4), 206\u2013219.\r\n[2] Al-ansari, Y., Altalib, M., &amp; Sardoh, M. (2012). Technology Orientation , Innovation and Business Performance\u202f: A Study of Dubai SMEs. 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An Empirical Study on Entrepreneurial Orientation , Absorptive Capacity , and SMEs \u2019 Innovation Performance\u202f: A Sustainable Perspective. Sustainability, 10(314). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10020314\r\n[87] Zhou, K. Z., Yim, C. K., &amp; Tse, D. K. (2005). on Technology- and Market-Based, 69(April), 42\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jmkg.69.2.42.60756\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jonathan, Prof.Dr.Hj. Farida Jasfar, ME, Ph. D &#8220;The Influence of Strategic Orientation, Knowledge Management and Innovation on Firm Performance FMCG Industries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.93-107 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/93-107.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/93-107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-influence-of-strategic-orientation-knowledge-management-and-innovation-on-firm-performance-fmcg-industries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Influence of Strategic Orientation, Knowledge Management and Innovation on Firm Performance FMCG Industries<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d341cef elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d341cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d342960\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3429f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3429f3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d342b30\" data-id=\"d342b30\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d342c3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d342c3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d342cd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d342cd7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d342e1a\" data-id=\"d342e1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d342f1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d342f1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d342fc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d342fc2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d343120\" data-id=\"d343120\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d343228 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d343228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Teachers\u2019 Qualifications on the Provision of Quality Early Grade Education to Children with Learning Disabilities in Nairobi City County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kariuki N. Grace, Dr. Rachael W. Kamau Kang\u2019ethe, Dr. Juliet W. Mugo &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 108-112<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3432c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3432c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d343615\" data-id=\"d343615\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34378c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d34378c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The main aim of this study was to establish the influence of teachers\u2019 qualifications on the provision of quality early childhood education to learners with Learning Disability (LD) in Nairobi City County. The theory of social constructivism by Vygotsky (1978) was adopted. Descriptive survey design guided the study using mixed methods. The target population comprised of 25 head teachers and 55 classroom teachers. Simple random sampling technique was used to purposively select 8 (32%) early grade schools, 16 (29%) teachers and 8 (32%) head teachers. The research instruments included interviews for the head teachers, questionnaires for teachers and learning task for PP2 pupils. Four schools were utilised for piloting the research instruments in order to validate the study content based on the study objectives while test- retest reliability technique at coefficient of 0.7 was used to determine their soundness. Quantitative data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means and percentages while qualitative data was summarised and analysed according to specific study themes. The study findings revealed that academic and professional qualifications significantly influenced the quality of ECE delivered to learners with disabilities. It was found that majority of the teachers had education level of up to Form IV, which limit the ability of these teachers to deliver quality and specialized contents to special learners in their schools. Moreover, majority of the respondent including the head teachers admitted that low academic and professional qualifications of teachers was significantly responsible for the challenges experienced by learners with disabilities in ECDE centers. The study concluded that lack of teachers trained in special needs education to handle students with LD negatively affected the performance of learners with LD. The study recommended the government to provide special training for all those teachers in all preprimary schools to be able to handle learners with LD. Also the ministry of education should organize for both in-service and pre service training courses for all teachers who handle learners with learning disabilities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 108-112\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kariuki N. Grace<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasters student, School of Education, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Rachael W. Kamau Kang\u2019ethe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Juliet W. Mugo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adeyemi, B. (2010). Teachers Related Factors as Correlates of Pupils Achievements in Social Studies in South West Nigeria. Electonic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 8(1):313-332.\r\n[2] Angrist, J. D., &amp;Lavvy. (2001). Does Teacher Training Affected pupil Learning? Evidence from Comparisons in Jerusalem Public Schools. Journal of Labour Economics 19(2), pp. 343-369\r\n[3] Chadha, A. (2001). A guide to educating children with learning disabilities. New Delhi Vikas publishing house.\r\n[4] Duhaney, D. C., &amp; Duhaney, L.M.G. (2000). Assistive technology: Meeting the needs of learners with disabilities. International Journal of Instructional Media, 27,393-401\r\n[5] Fallon, M.A., Zhang.J. &amp;Kim, E.J. (2011). Using course assessment to train teachers in functional behaviours assessment and behavioral intervention plan techniques. The Journal of International Association of Special Education, 12(1), 50-58\r\n[6] Jerome, R. (2007). Helping children overcome learning difficulties: A step-by \u2013step guide for parents and teachers. Journal Oxford, England: Walker.23 (3), PP 321 Nairobi: Oxford University Press.\r\n[7] Ndurumo. M. (2001). Rights of persons with disabilities. A paper presented to the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission at the Beach hotel. Retrieved November 23.2004. From http:\/\/www.kenyaconstitution.org\/docs\/09ed002.htm.\r\n[8] Orina, K. B. (2005). Role of the principals\u2019 leadership behaviour on students\u2019 academic performance in secondary schools, Manga division, Nyamira district Nyanza province, Kenya (Unpublished) Master\u2019s Thesis Kenyatta University Nairobi.\r\n[9] Orodho, A. J. (2009). Elements of Educational research in and Social Sciences. Kanezja\r\n[10] Pearson, H. (1988). The Teaching of Language Skills: Listening, Reading, and Writing. Publication.\r\n[11] UNICEF (2003). Inclusive Education Initiative for Children with Disabilities: Lessons from the East Asia and Pacific Region. Bangkok: Asia and Pacific Region Office.\r\n[12] Uwezo (2017). Are our children reading? Uwezo Kenya 6th assessment report.\r\n[13] Vygostsky, L.S (1978).Mind in society. The development of higher psychological process Cambridge M.A Harvard University press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kariuki N. Grace, Dr. Rachael W. Kamau Kang\u2019ethe, Dr. Juliet W. Mugo &#8220;Influence of Teachers\u2019 Qualifications on the Provision of Quality Early Grade Education to Children with Learning Disabilities in Nairobi City County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.108-112 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/108-112.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/108-112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-teachers-qualifications-on-the-provision-of-quality-early-grade-education-to-children-with-learning-disabilities-in-nairobi-city-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Teachers\u2019 Qualifications on the Provision of Quality Early Grade Education to Children with Learning Disabilities in Nairobi City County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d344534 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d344534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d344614 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d344614\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3447aa\" data-id=\"d3447aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3448c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3448c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d344958 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d344958\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d344aac\" data-id=\"d344aac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d344bc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d344bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d344c8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d344c8c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d344dec\" data-id=\"d344dec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d344f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d344f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d344fad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d344fad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3450f1\" data-id=\"d3450f1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3451f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3451f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3452ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3452ad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34542f\" data-id=\"d34542f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d345547 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d345547\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3455e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3455e2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34573b\" data-id=\"d34573b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d345849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d345849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3458e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3458e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d345a4d\" data-id=\"d345a4d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d345b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d345b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Kenyan Sign Language on Academic Performance of Learners with Hearing Impairment; A Case Of Kedowa Special School, Kericho County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Kiprotich Kalya, Dr. Bunyasi Beatrice Awori, Prof. Geoffrey Karugu &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 113-119<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d345bff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d345bff\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d345d79\" data-id=\"d345d79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d345ed9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d345ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of Kenyan Sign Language (KSL) on academic performance of learners with hearing impairment in Kedowa Special School, Kericho County, Kenya. The government has done all it could to make KSL an acceptable mode of communication to the deaf and the hearing. This includes its recognition in the new Constitution and its inclusion as an examinable subject in the National examinations. Despite all these efforts, it has been noted that learners with hearing impairments continue to lag behind their hearing peers in the national examinations like Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (K.C.P.E) and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E). The study employed a case study as its research design and used interviews, archival records, questionnaires and observation as its instruments. The reliability of the instruments was determined using the test-re-test method while its validity was determined by the help of KSL experts and the researcher\u2019s lecturers and supervisors. A purposive sampling technique was used to arrive at the sample size of 181 respondents. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 21 by first categorizing the responses from the different respondents, editing them and then computing them in respect to the objectives and research questions of the study. The findings of the study, showed that KSL was not used in the schools due to lack of teaching materials and resources like books hence the Ministry of Education should provide adequate teaching and learning resources for special schools for the deaf for successful implementation of KSL.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 113-119\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Kiprotich Kalya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasters student, School of Education, Department of Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Bunyasi Beatrice Awori <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Prof. Geoffrey Karugu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adoyo P. 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Curriculum factors influencing performance of deaf students in mathematics. Educational Research (ISSN: 2141-5161) Vol. 2(3) pp. 956-964 March 2011. Available online@ http:\/\/www.interesjournals.org\/ER\r\n[12] Hanushek, E.A. (1995). Interpreting resent research on schooling in Developing Countries. The World Bank Research Observers, ID (2) 227-246.\r\n[13] Helmer, R.M; (2nded.).The Psychology of Deafness; Sensory Deprivation , Learning and Adjustment. North Western University. New York.\r\n[14] Kalabula D.M (1993), Special Needs Education in Zambia: In: R.J. Mitchell &amp; G. Upton (Eds). The view fonder:Expanding bounderies and perspectives in special Education, Vol.2.Reston VA: Council for exception children.\r\n[15] Kamonya, K. (2008). Factors hindering effective teaching and learning activities for hearing impaired students at Karen Technical Training Institute of the deaf. 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(1980) Semantic and pragmatic language disorders: assessment and Remediation Rockville, MD: Aspen System.\r\n[24] Lumumba, O. (2009).Factors contributing to Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction among teachers in Special Schools in Rift Valley Province, Kenya.(Unpublished Master thesis)Kenyatta University: Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[25] Makumi, E.C.N.(1995). A study of special education programs in Kenya with special emphasis on education of HI, and causes of their semi- illiteracy. Unpublished Thesis. Kenyatta University.\r\n[26] Marshack, M. (1993).Psychological Development of deaf children. New York; Oxford.\r\n[27] Mbewe M.S (1991).Is sign language superior to speech language? In : partnership between deaf people and professionals (q.v.)`122.6\r\n[28] Mbewe M.S.&amp; Serpell R.(Eds) (1983).Basic Education for the Deaf in Zambia.Report of the National conference, 17-20th August 1982 .LSK:IAS,UNZA.iii +100pp.\r\n[29] MOEST,(2012). 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Kenyatta University\r\n[41] Piaget, J.(1960).The child\u2019s conception of the world. Routledge.\r\n[42] Republic of Kenya (2009). The National Special Needs Education Policy Framework. Nairobi: Government printer.\r\n[43] Richard, M.G. (2009). Special Education in Contemporary Society; an Introduction to Exceptionality. Birmingham U.K.\r\n[44] Schmaling, C. (2000). Maganar Hannu, Language of the Hands. A descriptive analysis of Hausa Sign Language, Hamburg, signum\r\n[45] Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behaviour Englewood Cliffs, N. Prentice Hall\r\n[46] Stevenson, E.(1994). A study of the educational achievement of deaf children of deaf parents. California News. 80;143.\r\n[47] Stephens, R. (1980). Education in Schools for the Deaf; In; Baker, C. and Battison, R.(eds). Essays in honour of William Stokoe, NAD (34); 177-191.\r\n[48] Task Force Report, (GoK2003).Task Force Report on Special Needs Education in Kenya Appraisal Exercise.Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta Foundations.\r\n[49] The New Kenya Constitution, (2010).Government Printers. Nairobi.\r\n[50] The Kenya Gazette Supplement Act, (2012).The County Government Act , (2012), Article 18.\r\n[51] UNESCO,(2005). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005. Education For All, The Quality Imperative, (Paris, UNESCO).\r\n[52] UNESCO, (2005).Challenges of Implementing Free Primary Education in Kenya. Nairobi. MOEST.\r\n[53] Wangechi, L. N. (2007). Pedagogical constraints in the learning of upper primary children with Emotional Behavioural Disorders in Central Province Rehabilitation Schools, Kenya (Unpublished Master thesis)Kenyatta University: Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[54] Wilbur, R.(1979). American Sign Language and sign systems. Baltimore; University Park.\r\n[55] Yego, E. (1992). Activities of Kenya Institute of Special Education towards the Development of Deaf Education in Kenya. Workshop paper presented at the East Africa Sign Language Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya 23rd to 28th August 1992.\r\n[56] Yego, E.(1991). Teachers\u2019 perception of factors that influence the implementation of 8-4-4 curriculum in for the HI in Nairobi province and its environs. unpublished M.ED Thesis . Kenyatta University.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Kiprotich Kalya, Dr. Bunyasi Beatrice Awori, Prof. Geoffrey Karugu &#8220;Effect of Kenyan Sign Language on Academic Performance of Learners with Hearing Impairment; A Case Of Kedowa Special School, Kericho County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.113-119 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/113-119.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-kenyan-sign-language-on-academic-performance-of-learners-with-hearing-impairment-a-case-of-kedowa-special-school-kericho-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Kenyan Sign Language on Academic Performance of Learners with Hearing Impairment; A Case Of Kedowa Special School, Kericho County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d347c94 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d347d8b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d347f18\" data-id=\"d347f18\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d348032 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d348032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3480ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3480ca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34822e\" data-id=\"d34822e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d348338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d348338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3483d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3483d0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d348521\" data-id=\"d348521\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34863b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34863b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3486d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3486d6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34881f\" data-id=\"d34881f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3489d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3489d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d348a92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d348a92\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d348bea\" data-id=\"d348bea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d348d0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d348d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d348db4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d348db4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d348ef5\" data-id=\"d348ef5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d348ff5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d348ff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d349088 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d349088\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3491f9\" data-id=\"d3491f9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34932f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34932f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Attitude of Rural Women towards Entrepreneurial Skill Acquisition in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ayoade, A. R., Ilori, T. A. and Adewole, W. A. &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 120-123<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3493cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3493cf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34954b\" data-id=\"d34954b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34966d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d34966d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study, evaluated attitude of rural women towards entrepreneurial skill acquisition in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 90 respondents for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The mean age of the respondents was 40.1years. The distribution of respondents by level of education revealed that 25.6% of the respondents had no formal education, 35.6% of the respondents had primary school education, 24.4% of the respondents had secondary school education. 60.0% identified food processing and packaging, 72.2% identified trading while 71.1% of the respondents identified Sales and marketing of various commodities. Also, 28.9% identified restaurant, 10.0% identified bakery, 38.9% identified hair dressing and makeover. Most of the respondents reported that entrepreneurial training makes them to be self-employed and also become employer of labour and was ranked first with WMS of 4.4. It is concluded that, Sales and marketing of various commodity was the skill that respondents were mostly involved in. Therefore, Government and stakeholders in entrepreneurship should make business environment conducive in order for selling and marketing activities of the respondents to thrive.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 120-123\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayoade, A. R.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ilori, T. A. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBusiness Plus Services Nigeria Limited, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adewole, W. A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Allen I.E, Langowtz, N. and Minitti, M. (2007) \u201c General Entrepreneurship Monitor Report GEM 2006 on Women and Entrepreneurship\u201d Centre for Women Leadership. Babson College and London School of Economics.\r\n[2] Hisrich, R.D. (2005), Entrepreneurship.7th Edition, Boston: McGraw Hill. Retrieved on 15\u20135\u201310 from http:\/\/www.csb.uncw.edu\/people\/rowej\/classes\/mba533old\/MBA533 001 Class 6 Student.pdf.\r\n[3] ILO .(2008).Women Entrepreneurs in Kenya. Factors affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Micro and Small Enterprises in Kenya. Geneva. International labor organization.\r\n[4] National Population Census (2006): Nigeria population census. Official Federal Government Gazette, National Population Census (NPC), 2006.\r\n[5] Mueller, R. A. E. (2001). E-Commerce and Entrepreneurship in Agricultural Markets. American. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83(5), 1243-1249.\r\n[6] OECD (2007), Entrepreneurship and SMEs in Transitional Economies, the Visegrad Conference, OECD Proceedings, Paris.\r\n[7] OECD (2002). The Keys for Successful Women Entrepreneurs. The OECD Bologna Process, December 2002.\r\n[8] UNECE, (2004). \u201cWomen\u2019s Self Employment and Entrepreneurship in the ECE region\u201d, background paper prepared by the secretariat for the Regional Symposium on Mainstreaming Gender into Economic Policies, Geneva, 28-30 http:\/\/www.unece.org\/indust\/sme\/ece-sme.htm.pdf .\r\n[9] World Bank (2007). Doing Business: How to Reform. Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayoade, A. R., Ilori, T. A. and Adewole, W. A. &#8220;Attitude of Rural Women towards Entrepreneurial Skill Acquisition in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.120-123 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/120-123.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/120-123.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/attitude-of-rural-women-towards-entrepreneurial-skill-acquisition-in-ogbomoso-south-local-government-area\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Attitude of Rural Women towards Entrepreneurial Skill Acquisition in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34a3de elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d34a3de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34a4cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34a4cc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34a65a\" data-id=\"d34a65a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34a775 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34a775\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34a812 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34a812\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34a96d\" data-id=\"d34a96d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34aa78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34aa78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34ab0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34ab0f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34ac5a\" data-id=\"d34ac5a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34ad6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34ad6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34ae04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34ae04\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34af42\" data-id=\"d34af42\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34b04d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34b04d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34b0ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34b0ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34b22d\" data-id=\"d34b22d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34b32d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34b32d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34b3c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34b3c0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34b526\" data-id=\"d34b526\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34b630 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34b630\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34b6c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34b6c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34b837\" data-id=\"d34b837\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34b94f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34b94f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Accruals Anomaly and Cash Flows Anomaly: Evidence in France<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Fatma JADLAOUI, Slaheddine HALLARA &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 124-131<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34b9e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34b9e7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34bb4c\" data-id=\"d34bb4c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34bc82 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d34bc82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The accruals anomaly and cash flows anomaly appear as an irregularity in financial markets. The results of previous empirical studies challenge the paradigm of financial market efficiency (Sloan 1996; Shi and Zhang 2011; Houge and Loughran 2000). The anomaly seems to be derived from users&#8217; inability to recognise effect of accruals and cash flows on stock income. Prior literature revue, supports that the abnormal accruals and cash flows that are strong and solid in different context (Lafond 2005; Pincus et al. 2007). To address this issue, we conducted a study on a sample of 185 French firms over the period from 1998 to 2008. The results show that there is no evidence of the cash flow anomaly in France. But, we detect the existence of the accruals anomaly.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 124-131\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Fatma JADLAOUI <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitut sup\u00e9rieur d\u2019administration des entreprises Gafsa TUNISIE\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Slaheddine HALLARA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitut sup\u00e9rieur de gestion de TUNIS Bardo, TUNISIE\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ball, R., Kothari, S., P., Robin. A. (2000). The effect of institutional factors on properties of accounting earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 29 (1): 1-51.\r\n[2] Ball,R., Brown,P. (1968). An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. Journal of Accounting Research. 6: 159-177.\r\n[3] Bradshaw, M., Richardson, S., Sloan, R. (1999). Earnings quality and \ufb01nancial reporting credibility: an empirical investigation. Working paper. University of Michigan.\r\n[4] Burgstahler, D., Dichev, I. (1997). Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics. 24(1): 99-126.\r\n[5] Chan,K., Chan, L.,K.,C., Jedadeesh, N., Lakonoshok, J. (2006). Earning quality and stock returns: the evidence from accruals. Journal of Business, (79) 4.\r\n[6] Collins ,D.,W., Hribar, P. (2000). Earning based and accruals based market anomalies: one effect or two? . Journal of Accounting and Economics. 29: 101-123.\r\n[7] Cormier, D., Magnan, M., Z\u00e9ghal, D.M. (2000). Le contenu informationnel et la capacit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive des mesures de performance financi\u00e8re: une comparaison France, Etats-Unis et Suisse. Comptabilit\u00e9-contr\u00f4le-audit 6 (1): 77-105.\r\n[8] Dechow, P., Kothari, S.,P., Watts, R. (1998). The relation between earnings and cash-flows . Journal of Accounting and Economics. 25 (2):133-168.\r\n[9] Dechow, P.,M., Dichev, I.,D. (2002). The quality of accruals and earnings: the role of accrual estimation errors . The Accounting Review.77. (Supplement):35-59.\r\n[10] Defond,M.,L., Park, C.,W., (2001) The reversal of abnormal accruals and market valuation of earnings surprises . The Accounting Review. 76. (July): 337-355.\r\n[11] Degeorge, F., Patel, J., Zechhauser, R., (1999). Earnings management to exceed thresholds. Journal of Business. 72 ( 1): 1-33.\r\n[12] Desai, H., Rajgopal, S., Venkatachalam, M., (2004). Value-Glamour and Accruals Mispricing: One Anomaly or Two? The Accounting Review. 79(2): 355\u2013385.\r\n[13] Houge,T., Loughran,T., (2004). (2000). Cash flow is king: cognitive error by investor . Journal of Psychology and Financial Market. 1(3 and 4):161-175.\r\n[14] Hribar, P., Collins, D. (2002). Errors in estimating accruals: Implications for empirical research. Journal of Accounting Research .40: 105-134.\r\n[15] Koerniadi, H., Tourani-Rad, A. (2007). Accrual or Cash Flow Anomaly? Evidence from New Zealand. Accounting Research Journal. 20 ( 1): 21 \u2013 36\r\n[16] Kraft, A., Leone, A.,J., Wasley, C. (2007). Regression-based tests of the market pricing of accounting numbers: The Mishkin test and ordinary least squares. Journal of Accounting Research; 45: 1081-1114.\r\n[17] La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R. (1998). Law et \ufb01nance . Journal d&#8217;\u00e9conomie politique. 106:1113\u20131155.\r\n[18] Leippold, M., Lohre, H. (2008). Data snooping and the global accrual anomaly. Document de travail. document de travail. Imperial College London.\r\n[19] Maines, L., A., Hand, J., R., M. (1996). Perceptions et perceptions erron\u00e9es des individus concernant les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des s\u00e9ries chronologiques des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices trimestriels . The Accounting Review 71(3) : 317-336.\r\n[20] Melendrez, K. D., Schwartz, Jr., W.,C.,Trombley,M.,A.(2008). Cash flow and accrual surprises : Persistance et implications en termes de rendement. Journal of Accounting, Auditing &amp; Finance 23 (4) : 573-592.\r\n[21] Mishkin,F., A.(1983). Rational expectations approach to macroeconometrics : testing policy effectiveness and efficient &#8211; markets models Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.\r\n[22] Pincus, M., Rajgopal, S., Venkatachalam ,M. (2007). The accrual anomaly : international evidence . Accounting Review 82 : 169-203.\r\n[23] Richardson, S., Sloan, R., Soliman, M., Tuna, I. (2005). Accrual Reliability, Earnings Persistence and Stock Prices. Journal of Accounting &amp; Economics 39 : 437-485.\r\n[24] Roychowdhury, S. (2006). Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics 42 : 335-370.\r\n[25] Shi, L., Zhang, H. (2011). L&#8217;hypoth\u00e8se de la fixation des salaires peut-elle expliquer l&#8217;anomalie de la comptabilit\u00e9 d&#8217;exercice ? The Review of Accounting Studies (\u00e0 para\u00eetre). Disponible sur le site du SSRN : http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=965601\r\n[26] Sloan, R., G.(1996). Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings , The Accounting review 71 : 289-315.\r\n[27] Soares, N.,Stark, A. W. (2011). Y a-t-il une anomalie dans les comptes de r\u00e9gularisation ou de flux de tr\u00e9sorerie dans les rendements boursiers au Royaume-Uni ? (janvier). Disponible sur le site du SSRN : http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1734507 ou http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.1734507. 38P.\r\n[28] Subramanyam ,K.,R. (1996). La tarification des provisions discr\u00e9tionnaires . Journals of Accounting and Economics 22(August &#8211; December) : 249-281.\r\n[29] Xie,H. (2001). The mispricing of abnormal accruals. The accounting Review 76 (juillet) : 357-373.\r\n[30] Zach,T., (2003). \u00c0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur de l&#8217;anomalie de la comptabilit\u00e9 d&#8217;exercice . Document de travail. Olin School of Business. (juin). 45p.\r\n[31] Zhang, R. (2006). Gestion des flux de tr\u00e9sorerie, incitations et prix du march\u00e9. Disponible sur le site du SSRN : http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=817324 ouhttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.817324\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fatma JADLAOUI, Slaheddine HALLARA &#8220;Accruals Anomaly and Cash Flows Anomaly: Evidence in France&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.124-131 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/124-131.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/124-131.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/accruals-anomaly-and-cash-flows-anomaly-evidence-in-france\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Accruals Anomaly and Cash Flows Anomaly: Evidence in France<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34ca22 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d34ca22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34cb01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34cb01\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34cc89\" data-id=\"d34cc89\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34cd9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34cd9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34ce7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34ce7f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34d01e\" data-id=\"d34d01e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34d13a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34d13a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34d1d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34d1d7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34d322\" data-id=\"d34d322\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34d43e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34d43e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34d4d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34d4d8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34d619\" data-id=\"d34d619\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34d723 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34d723\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34d7c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34d7c5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34d906\" data-id=\"d34d906\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34da31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34da31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34dad8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34dad8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34dca6\" data-id=\"d34dca6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34ddf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34ddf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34dea8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34dea8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34e06c\" data-id=\"d34e06c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34e19c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34e19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Massive Open Online Course (MOOCS) For Life-Long Learning: Implication for Higher Education<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abraham, Uwem Paul, Akpan Kufre Paul &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 132-136<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34e243 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34e243\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34e401\" data-id=\"d34e401\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34e546 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d34e546\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was carried out on Massive Open Online Course (MOOCs) for life-long learning: implication for higher education. Three objectives of the study, three research questions and three null hypotheses were used for the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of the entire postgraduate diploma in Education (PGDE) students in University of Port Harcourt for 2018\/2019 academic session which is seventy-four students (74) while the sample of the study was 74 students using census sampling technique. Mean scores, Standard deviation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were the statistical tools used in the study. It was found that PGDE students are aware of the MOOCs as an online learning tool for life-long learning. Furthermore, the study also revealed that PGDE students have positive attitude on the use of MOOCs as an online learning tool. In terms of constraints, respondents generally agreed that there is enough constraint on the use of MOOCs for life-long learning. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the use of MOOCs should be adopted as a learning platform for faculty of education students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 132-136\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abraham, Uwem Paul <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Statistics, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Akpan Kufre Paul <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anderson, N (2005). Equity and Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Education- Google Books Result. Retrieved on 16-09-2019 from http:\/\/books.google.com.ng\/books? Isbn=0820452432\r\n[2] Delor (1996). Life-long learning defined. Retrieved from www.google.com\r\n[3] European Commission (2001) Annual Report.\r\n[4] Fleming, J (2018). Why media and corporations should allow content to be embeddable. Retrieved on 02-11-2019 from http:\/\/www.web-strategist.com\/&#8230;\/2008\/&#8230;\/why-&#8230;\r\n[5] George, S. (2005). A learning theory for the digital age. Retrieved on September, 4, 2019from http:\/\/www.elearnspace.org\/articles\/connectivism.htm\r\n[6] Kop, L &amp; Hobart (2001) Facebook in higher education promotes social but not academic engagement. In changing demands, changing directions. Retrieved on 02-11-2019\r\n[7] Rodriguez, B. (2012). Education and life-long learning: students\u2019 perspective. Presco press New York.\r\n[8] Santovec, M (2016). Using Online networking to engage and retain students. Recruitment and Retention in Higher Education, 20(30), 1-5.\r\n[9] Shneiderman, B. &amp; Kearsley, G. (1999). Engagement theory: A framework to technology-base teaching and learning. Retrieved 17th September, 2019 from http:\/\/c3.ort.il\/apps\/public\/getfile.aspx?\r\n[10] Skolverket, N. (2015) . Students\u2019 attitudes towards computers in sixteen to nineteen Educations. Education and Information Technologies, 4(2), 129-141\r\n[11] Tasir., Z, Harun, J., &amp; Noor, N., (2012). Student\u2019s perception towards the use of social networking as an e-learning platform. Retrievedon02-11-2019 fromhttp:\/\/www.academia.edu\/&#8230;\/Students_perceptio&#8230;\r\n[12] UNESCO (1998). Teachers and teaching in a changing world- Unesco.Retrieved on 30-09-2019from www.unesco.org\/&#8230;\/wholewer98.P&#8230;\r\n[13] Waard, N &amp; Wilson, L. (2001) Massive Open Online Course (MOOCs) Using technology to teach literary criticism. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from http:\/\/www.edrs.com\/Webstore\/Download2.cfm?ID=680123&amp;PleaseWait=OK\r\n[14] Watson, V. (2003). Massive Open Online Course (MOOCs) as a 21st century learning platform. Journal of Innovation and Technology 4(7) 12-16.\r\n[15] Zamsky, N. (2014) Massive Open Online Course (MOOCs): Using social media in education, part1: opportunity, risk, and policy. Retrieved on 12-09-2019 from http:\/\/www.ibm.com\/&#8230;\/ind-educ-social-media1\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abraham, Uwem Paul, Akpan Kufre Paul &#8220;Massive Open Online Course (MOOCS) For Life-Long Learning: Implication for Higher Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.132-136 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/132-136.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/132-136.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/massive-open-online-course-moocs-for-life-long-learning-implication-for-higher-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Massive Open Online Course (MOOCS) For Life-Long Learning: Implication for Higher Education<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34f40c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d34f40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34f4f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34f4f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34f69a\" data-id=\"d34f69a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34f7ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34f7ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34f865 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34f865\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34f9dd\" data-id=\"d34f9dd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34fb13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34fb13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34fbb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34fbb0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34fcfa\" data-id=\"d34fcfa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34fe1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34fe1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34fed3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34fed3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d350022\" data-id=\"d350022\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3501c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3501c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d350326\" data-id=\"d350326\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35042f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35042f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3504c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3504c4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35060f\" data-id=\"d35060f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35071d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35071d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3507b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3507b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35090c\" data-id=\"d35090c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d350a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d350a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Decision Support System for SMEs Selection using MOORA Method for Corporate Vendor\u2019s Requirement<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Asrul Sani, Tri Hartati, Harsih Rianto, JF Andry &#8211; October 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 137-141<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d350afa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d350afa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d350c6b\" data-id=\"d350c6b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d350d8c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d350d8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Decision Support Systems (DSS) are part of computer-based information systems which include knowledge-based systems used to support decision making in a system. DSS provide a semi-structured decision, where no one knows exactly how decisions should be made. This study applies the Multi-Objective Optimization On The Basic Of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) Method as a method to be applied in a decision support system. A mathematical approach that is used as a solution to solve the selection of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for the needs of the company&#8217;s vendors. This study aims to determine how the MOORA system works through a mathematical approach to provide decisions on the selection of SMEs for the needs of vendors in the company. The research was conducted using a quantitative where each criterion has been determined in advance the value of its existence. Criteria data are determined based on the previous work process skills of the SMEs that will be made into vendors.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 137-141\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asrul Sani<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Management and Computer Science &#8211; Widuri, Jakarta Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tri Hartati<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBina Sarana Informatika University, Jakarta Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harsih Rianto<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBina Sarana Informatika University, Jakarta Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>JF Andry<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBunda Mulia University, Jakarta Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1] Allen, W., Cruz, J., &amp; Warburton, B. (2017). How Decision Support Systems Can Benefit from a Theory of Change Approach. Environmental Management, 59(6), 956-965. doi:10.1007\/s00267-017-0839-y\r\n[2] Arabsheybani, A., Paydar, M. M., &amp; Safaei, A. S. (2018). An integrated fuzzy MOORA method\r\n[3] and FMEA technique for sustainable supplier selection considering quantity discounts and supplier&#8217;s risk. Journal of cleaner production, 190, 577-591. doi:10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.167\r\n[4] Brauers, W. K., &amp; Zavadskas, E. K. (2006). The MOORA method and its application to privatization in a transition economy. Control and cybernetics, 35, 445-469.\r\n[5] Brauers, W. K. M., Ginevi\u010dius, R., &amp; Podvezko, V. (2010). Regional development in Lithuania cAsonsidering multiple objectives by the MOORA method. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 16(4), 613-640. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3846\/tede.2010.38\r\n[6] Chakraborty, S. (2011). Applications of the MOORA method for decision making in manufacturing environment. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 54(9-12), 1155-1166. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-010-2972-0\r\n[7] Chand, M., Bhatia, N., &amp; Singh, R. K. (2018). ANP-MOORA-based approach for the analysis of selected issues of green supply chain management. Benchmarking: An International Journal.\r\n[8] Dhillon, G., Syed, R., &amp; de S\u00e1-Soares, F. (2017). Information security concerns in IT outsourcing: Identifying (in) congruence between clients and vendors. Information &amp; Management, 54(4), 452-464. doi:10.1016\/j.im.2016.10.002\r\n[9] Ghoushchi, S. J., Yousefi, S., &amp; Khazaeili, M. (2019). An extended FMEA approach based on the Z-MOORA and fuzzy BWM for prioritization of failures. Applied Soft Computing, 81, 105505.\r\n[10] G\u00fcrb\u00fcz, F., &amp; Erdin\u00e7, G. (2018). Selecting The Best Hotel Using The Fuzzy-Moora Method With a New Combined Weight Approach. Paper presented at the 2018 2nd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT).\r\n[11] Hindardjo;, A., Handoyo;, S. E., Doddy;, M., Adrial;, Sani;, A., &amp; Ummah, N. (2020). Zakat Behavior Factors with Approach Theory of Planned Behavior of Purbalingga District. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, VII(IX), 167-174.\r\n[12] Husain, T. (2019). An Analysis of Modeling Audit Quality Measurement Based on Decision Support Systems (DSS). measurement, 275, 326. doi:https:\/\/www.syniutajournals.com\/index.php\/EJSE\/article\/view\/128\/118\r\n[13] Karande, P., &amp; Chakraborty, S. (2012). Application of multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) method for materials selection. Materials &amp; Design, 37, 317-324. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.01.013\r\n[14] Khan, A., &amp; Maity, K. (2016). Parametric optimization of some non-conventional machining processes using MOORA method. Paper presented at the International journal of engineering research in Africa.\r\n[15] Liu, J. Y.-C., &amp; Yuliani, A. R. (2016). Differences between clients\u2019 and vendors\u2019 perceptions of IT outsourcing risks: Project partnering as the mitigation approach. Project Management Journal, 47(1), 45-58. doi:10.1002\/pmj.21559\r\n[16] Patnaik, P. K., Swain, P. T. R., Mishra, S. K., Purohit, A., &amp; Biswas, S. (2020). Composite material selection for structural applications based on AHP-MOORA approach. Materials Today: Proceedings.\r\n[17] Sahu, A. K., Datta, S., &amp; Mahapatra, S. S. (2014). Supply chain performance benchmarking using grey-MOORA approach. Grey Systems: Theory and Application.\r\n[18] Zaelani, A. U., Husain, T., &amp; Budiyantara, A. (2020). Analisis Simulasi Sistem Penunjang Keputusan: Model Matematis Dengan Pendekatan Goodness-of Fit Berbasis Structural Equation Model. SMARTICS Journal, 6(1), 10-16.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asrul Sani, Tri Hartati, Harsih Rianto, JF Andry &#8220;Decision Support System for SMEs Selection using MOORA Method for Corporate Vendor\u2019s Requirement&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.137-141 October 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/137-141.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/137-141.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/decision-support-system-for-smes-selection-using-moora-method-for-corporate-vendors-requirement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Decision Support System for SMEs Selection using MOORA Method for Corporate Vendor\u2019s Requirement<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d351b5a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d351b5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d351c2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d351c2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d351dbe\" data-id=\"d351dbe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d351eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d351eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Task Instructional Sheets on Foundry Students\u2019 Retention in Polytechnics in North Central Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Abdullahi, S. M &#8211; October 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 142-147<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d351f8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d351f8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3520fe\" data-id=\"d3520fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d352240 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d352240\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was designed to determine the effect of task instruction sheets on foundry students\u2019 retention in polytechnics of North Central, Nigeria. This study adopted a quasi-experimental research design. Specifically, the pre-test post-test non-equivalent control group design which involved groups of students in their intact classes assigned to experimental and control group. The sample size for this study was 271 and comprised 236 males and 35 female students in all the intact classes in the participating schools. The experimental group had a population of 138 subjects made up of 116 male and 22 female students while control group had a population of 133 subjects comprising 120 male and 13 female students. Two research questions were formulated and three null hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance. The instruments used for data collection for this study was Metal Casting Technology Retention Test (MCTRT). To ensure content validity of the MCTRT. The MCTRT was trial-tested to determine the suitability and reliability coefficient which was found to be 0.87 for MCTRT using Kuder-Richardson formular 20 (KR-20) approach. To collect data, students in both groups were subjected to pre-test before experiment, posttest after the experiment as well as administering of MCTRT. Mean was used to answer the research questions while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses that guided the study at .05 level of significant. The study found out that there was a positive effect of gender on students\u2019 retention in sand casting favoring boys. The study also found out that there was significant interaction effects of treatments and gender on Foundry students\u2019 retention in sand casting. It was therefore, recommended among others that Foundry lecturers\/ teachers should adopt the use of task instruction sheet in teaching sand casting, The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) should support instructional effectiveness by training teachers on the use of task instruction sheet as well as in design of task instruction sheet lesson plans for use in polytechnics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 142-147\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullahi, S. M <\/strong><\/span>\r\nScientific Equipment Development Institute, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adetokunbo, K. (2009). Bridging the Skills Gap in Nigeria. Paper presented at the 24th conference of the Association of Vice Chancellors of Nigerian Universities at University of Ilorin. Ilorin, June, 2009.\r\n[2] Anene, G. U. (2015). Home economics and the academic performance of a child. Journals of Home Economics Research, 6(1), 99-103.\r\n[3] Beeley, P.R. (2011). Foundry Technology. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.\r\n[4] Boyle, E.A; Duffy, T &amp; Dunleavy, K. (2013). Learning styles and academic outcome: The validity and utility of Vermunt\u2019s inventory of learning styles in a British higher education setting. British journal of Educational Psychology, 73(2), 267-290.\r\n[5] Dabbagh, N. &amp; Bannan-Ritland, B. (2015). Online learning: Concepts, strategies and application. Upper Saddle River. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.\r\n[6] Devries, B. &amp; Zan, B. (2008). When children make rules. Educational Leadership, 61(1), 64\u20137.\r\n[7] Diraso, D.K., Manabete, S.S., Amalo, K., Mbudai, Y.D., Arabi, A.S. &amp; Jaoji, A.A. (2013). Evaluation of Students\u2019 Performance in Technical and Engineering Drawing Towards an Effective Career Choice in Engineering and Technical and Vocational Education. International Journal of Educational Research and. Development, 2(4), 089-097.\r\n[8] Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) (2013). National Policy on Education (6th edition). Lagos: National Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) Press.\r\n[9] Gregory, S.G. (2011). Metallurgy. Boston: Breton publishers.\r\n[10] Jain, P. L. (2014). Principles of Foundry Technology. Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education.\r\n[11] Jain, R. K. (2010). Production technology (17th edition). New Delhi: Khanna Publishers.\r\n[12] Kumar, B. (2011). Introduction to manufacturing technology. New Delhi: Goswami publishers.\r\n[13] Kundu, C.L. and Totoo, D.N. (2007). Educational psychology. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited.\r\n[14] Momoh-Olle, J.Y. (2007). Effects of cognitive performance and advance verbal organizers on the retention of an O\u2019level physics textual materials. The Nigerian Teacher Today, 5, 182, 28-38.\r\n[15] Owodunni, A.S. (2009).Gender inequality in Technical and Vocational Education: A challenge to female education in Nigeria, Aso Journal of Educational Studies, 1(2), 1-10.\r\n[16] Ozofor, N.M. (2010). Development and validation of a task instruction sheet to facilitate student\u2019s performances in science and technology education. Journal of Technology Education, 7(2), 77 -83.\r\n[17] Raymond, E. (2013). Comparative effect of cognitive and traditional task analysis-based instructional guides on technical college students\u2019 achievement and interest in electronics works in north central Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Vocational Teacher Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[18] Rosenbaumm, J.A; Sterm, D; Agnes, M; Hamilton, S.F; Berryman, S. &amp; Kazis, R. (2012). Youth apprenticeship in America: guidelines for building on effective system. Journal of Vocational Teacher Education. 36(1),12-17.\r\n[19] Roy, A. E. (2010). The Influence of Task-centered Pedagogy on the Achievement of Students in Elementary Schools. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Education, North central University, Arizona.\r\n[20] Srinivasan, N.K. (2010). Foundry technology. New Delhi: Khanna publishers.\r\n[21] Yakubu, B. (2014). The Need for Competency in Metal Work Technology in Nigerian Technical Colleges. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 5 (8), 153-154.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdullahi, S. M &#8220;Effect of Task Instructional Sheets on Foundry Students\u2019 Retention in Polytechnics in North Central Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.142-147 October 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/142-147.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/142-147.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-task-instructional-sheets-on-foundry-students-retention-in-polytechnics-in-north-central-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Task Instructional Sheets on Foundry Students\u2019 Retention in Polytechnics in North Central Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35368f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d35368f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35376a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35376a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d353917\" data-id=\"d353917\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d353a47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d353a47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinant Factors to Decision to Adopt Pro-Vitamin a Cassava Varieties by Farmers in Abia State of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Onunka, B N, Ume, S I, Okoroafor, I B and Edeh, O N\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 148-155<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d353ae9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d353ae9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d353c56\" data-id=\"d353c56\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d353d9a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d353d9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"> Determinant factors to decision to adopt pro-vitamin A cassava varieties by farmers in Abia State of Nigeria was studied. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select one hundred and twenty respondents for the study. A structured questionnaire and oral interview were used to elicit data for the study. Percentage responses and Probit model analysis were used to address the objectives of the study. The result of the probit analytical model showed that farmers\u2019 educational level, membership of organization, farming experience, farm size, off-farm income and extension services were the determinants factors to the decision to adopt improved pro vitamin A cassava varieties There is need to enhance farmers\u2019 access to educational programmes, credit facility, off-farm employment and extension services.\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 148-155\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onunka, B N, <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of extension and Management (AEM).Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ivo LGA, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Ume, S I  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Extension and Management (AEM).Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ivo LGA, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Okoroafor, I B  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Statistics. Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ivo LGA, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Edeh, O N <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike. Igbariam Sub-station. Anambra State, Nigeria.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tDiiro, G.(2013) Impact of off-farm income on technology adoption intensity and productivity: Evidence from rural maize farmers in Uganda. International Food Policy Research Institute,  Working Paper 11\r\n[2]\tEgesi,C and Eke-Okoro, (2013).Addressing Vitamin \u201eA\u201f Deficiency Syndrome (VADS) in Nigeria. Roots: Quarterly Newsletter of NRCRI, Umudike.Umuahia. Abia State, Nigeria. Jan \u2013 March, 1(1):15 &#8211; 16.\r\n[3]\tEkwe, K. C. (2013). \u201cPro-vitamin A\u201d Cassava: Hope Rise for Nigerian Children. Roots: Quarterly Newsletter of National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike. January to March, 1(1): 26 &#8211; 33.\r\n[4]\tF.A.O. (2013), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation. An Assessment on the productivity of cassava in Africa vol. 11, Pg.17.\r\n[5]\tFAO, (2015), FAO statistical data htt\/\/www\/fao.org.\r\n[6]\tGeta E, Bogale A, Kassa B and Elias E (2013). Determinants of farmers\u2019 decision on soil fertility management options for maize production in Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 3(1), 226-239, 2013 \r\n[7]\tGhimire R, Wen-chi H and Shrestha RB (2015). Factors affecting adoption of improved rice varieties among rural farm households in Central Nepal. Rice Science, 22(1), 35-43. \r\n[8]\tHagos H, Ndemo E and Yosuf J (2018). Factors affecting adoption of upland rice in Tselemti district, northern Ethiopia. Agriculture &#038; Food Security, 7(1), 59 &#8211; 76. \r\n[9]\tKhojely DM, Ibrahim SE, Sapey E Mmbando FE and  Baiyegunhi LJ (2016).Socio-economicand institutional factors influencing the adoption of improved maize varieties in Hai District, Tanzania. Journal of Human Ecology, 53(1), 49-56.\r\n[10]\tMcDowell I and  Oduro K.A.(2006) Investigation of the beta-carotene content of yellow varieties of cassava. J. Plant Food. ;5:169\u2013171. \r\n[11]\tMwangi, M and Kariuki, S (2015); Factors Determining adoption of new agricultural Technology by smallholder farmers in developing Countries. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development .6, (5), 201 &#8211; 215\r\n[12]\tNational Population Commission (NPC).(2006). The Population Census of theFederal Republic of Nigeria AnalyticalReport, Abuja. N.R.C.R.I. (2014). National Root Crops Research Institute, Annual Report, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. 14(11): 36 -38.\r\n[13]\tNkematu J.A, Obinabo C.N and  Uzoka, I.G(2003) Anambra State Agricultural Development programme extension report for the 1st  Annual South East Zonal Research Extension farmers Input Linkage. System (REFILS) Workshop held at National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Umudike 19-23 November, 2003.\r\n[14]\tOdoemenem IU, Obinne CPO (2010). Assessing the factors influencing the utilization of improved cereal crop production technologies by small-scale farmers in Nigeria. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2), 180-183. \r\n[15]\tOgada MJ, Mwabu G and Muchai D (2014). Farm technology adoption in Kenya: A simultaneous estimation of inorganic fertilizer and improved maize variety adoption decisions. Agricultural and food economics, 2(1), 12. \r\n[16]\tOjo SO and Ogunyemi A I (2014). Analysis of factors influencing the adoption of improved cassava production technology in Ekiti State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 1(3), 40-44. \r\n[17]\tOmodamiro R.M., Oti E., Etudaiye H.A., Egesi C., Olasanmi B., Ukpabi U.J, (2012). Production of Fufu from yellow cassava roots using the odourless flour technique and the traditional method: Evaluation of carotenoids retention in the fufu. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. 2012;3:2566\u20132572\r\n[18]\tOnadipe-Phorbee O., Olayiwola I., Sanni S. (2013); Bioavailability of Beta Carotene in traditional fermented, roasted granules,gari from bio-fortified cassava roots. Food Nutr. Sci. 2013;4:1247\u20131254. \r\n[19]\tOnyeneke RU (2017). Determinants of adoption of improved technologies in rice production in Imo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 12(11), 888-896. \r\n[20]\t[20] Onunka, B N, Ume, S I, Ekwe, P,K and Silo, B J, (2017); Attitude of farmers towards \u201cpro-vitamin a\u201d cassava production technologies in Abia state, Nigeria. Life Science Archives (LSA)  3; (3); 1050 \u2013 1059.\r\n[21]\tSaliu JO, Ibrahim MK and Eniojukan FO (2016). Socio-economic determinants of improved rice technologies\u2019 adoption among small scale farmers in Kogi state, Nigeria. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, 217-232. \r\n[22]\tUme, S I,  Ezeano, C I,  Onunka, B N  and T. C. Nwaneri (2016)Socio-economic determinant factors to the adoption of cocoyam production technologies by smallholder farmers in South East Nigeria. Indo &#8211; Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR) 2; (5);760 \u2013 769. Available online at www.jpsscientificpublications.com\r\n[23]\tUme S.I., Uloh, EV, Onyeke, AC and Nwose, D I (2020) Technical inefficiency of pro vitamin A cassava varieties farmers in South East, Nigeria (using normalized trans-log production frontier function model); bridging agriculture and nutritional divide in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa.International Journal of Science &#038; Healthcare Research. 2020; 5(3): 529-540.\r\n[24]\tUme, S I, Okoye, F U, Onwujiariri, U.J and Achebe, U(2020) Analysis of Intensity of Adoption of odourless fufu processing technology by Pro vitamin A cassava variety processors in Anambra State of Nigeria; An Implication to Health and Nutritional Food Security  International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research; 5; Issue: 3; July-Sept. 2020 Website: ijshr.com \r\n[25]\tWHO (World Health Organization) (2018) Micronutrient Deficiencies. [(accessed on 15 January 2018)]; Available online:www.who.int\/nutrition\/topics\/vad\/en\/\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onunka, B N, Ume, S I, Okoroafor, I B and Edeh, O N\t&#8220;Determinant Factors to Decision to Adopt Pro-Vitamin a Cassava Varieties by Farmers in Abia State of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.148-155 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/148-155.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/148-155.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinant-factors-to-decision-to-adopt-pro-vitamin-a-cassava-varieties-by-farmers-in-abia-state-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Determinant Factors to Decision to Adopt Pro-Vitamin a Cassava Varieties by Farmers in Abia State of Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d354b16 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d354b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d355351 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d355351\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3554d0\" data-id=\"d3554d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3555de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3555de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d355c5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d355c5e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d355dac\" data-id=\"d355dac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d355eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d355eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d355f44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d355f44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3560af\" data-id=\"d3560af\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3561b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3561b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural-Based Land Management on the Slope of Lawu Mountain in Indonesia <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nindiya Anisa Rachman, Yasin Yusup, Rita Noviani \t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 156-163<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35624e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35624e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3563aa\" data-id=\"d3563aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3564e5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3564e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"> Sustainable agricultural land is a field of agricultural land designated to be protected and developed consistently in order to produce staple food for national food self-sufficiency, security and sovereignty. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in sustainable agriculture based on the slope in the western slopes of Mount Lawu. This research uses quantitative research methods and is described descriptively with the data sources in this study, namely farmers, environmental coordinators, heads of farmer groups and related agencies (BPS, DLH, DISPERTAN). The data collection methods used were questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentation. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling, which was to classify the population according to certain geographic features in this study, namely the slope on the West Slope of Lawu Mountain. This research is a quantitative study with data analysis using the Sustainable Agriculture Index. The results showed sustainable agriculture index was on slopes 0-2% (110), slopes 2-6% (80.5), slopes 6-13% (96.7), slopes 13-25% (85.1), slopes 25-55% (71.8) , and slopes > 55% (104.3). The conclusion of this research is that the implementation of sustainable land management based on the results is in the high to very high category. This research can be used as a  reference to consider in making policies related to sustainable agriculture.\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 156-163\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nindiya Anisa Rachman <\/strong><\/span> \r\nMaster Program of Geography Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Yasin Yusup <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Rita Noviani <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAnne Charina, et al. 2018. Factors Farmers in Applying Standard Opertional Procedure (SOP) of Organc Farming System in Bandung Barat Regency. Journal of Counseling. Vol 14(1), page 68-78.\r\n[2]\tArsyad, Sinatala.2010. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. Bogor: IPB Press.\r\n[3]\tBudiyono. 2016. Statistika Untuk Penelitian. Surakarta: UNS Press.\r\n[4]\tBPS. 2019. Kabupaten Karanganyar dalam Angka. Karanganyar:BPS.\r\n[5]\tBPS. 2020. Kabupaten Karanganyar dalam Angka. Karanganyar:BPS\r\n[6]\tBPS. 2013. Sensus Pertanian Tahun 2013. Karanganyar:BPS.\r\n[7]\tDwi P., Kuswaji. 2020. Risk Analysis Of Landslide Impacts On Settlements In Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. International Journal. Vol 19 (73), page 100-107.\r\n[8]\tEmerton L, Katherine A Snyder. 2018. Rethinking sustainable land management planning: Understanding the social and economic drivers of farmer decision-making in Africa. Journal of Land Use Policy. Vol 79. Page 684-694.  \r\n[9]\tFajar, Muhammad. 2019. Framework of Agricultural Sustainability Indicators. Jurnal Artikel, hal 1-8\r\n[10]\tG\u00f3mez Lim\u00f3n JA, Sanchez-Fernandez G (2010) Empirical evaluation of agricultural sustainability using composite indicators. Ecol Econ 69(5):1062\u20131075\r\n[11]\tIka Juliantina.,dkk. 2018. Identification of Slope Stability Analysis. Journal Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology. Vol 8(3), 671-677.\r\n[12]\tNguyen V Song., dkk. 2020. The determinants of sustainable land management adoption under risks in upland area of Vietnam. Journal of Sustainable Future. pages 1-7.\r\n[13]\tRoy R, Chan N W (2012) An assessment of agricultural sustainability indicators in Bangladesh: review and\r\nsynthesis. Enviro 32 (1):99\u2013110.\r\n[14]\tRusan, I Wayan. 2008. Characteristic Agroecosystem Zone and Land Suitability On the Southern Slopes of Mount Batukaru, Tabanan Regency. Journal Of Environmental. Vol 8 (1). \r\n[15]\tS.R, Rudi. 2011. Concept and Implementation of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Indonesia. Articles \r\n[16]\tSugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&#038;D. Bandung: CV Alfabeta.\r\n[17]\tXaviera A, Freitas M D B C et al (2018) A regional composite indicator for analysing agricultural sustainability in Portugal: A goal programming approach Ecol Indi 89: 84 \u2013 100.\r\n[18]\tZuidam, R.V. 1986. Aerial photo-interpretation in terrain analysis and geomorphologic mapping. Journal Article.\r\n[19]\thttps:\/\/www.solopos.com\/pertanian-karanganyar-10-tahun-jumlah-petani-susut-47-429-orang-630675\r\n[20]\thttps:\/\/www.karanganyarkab.go.id\/20200128\/dinas-pertanian-dan-pangan\/\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nindiya Anisa Rachman, Yasin Yusup, Rita Noviani \t&#8220;Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural-Based Land Management on the Slope of Lawu Mountain in Indonesia &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.156-163 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/156-163.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/156-163.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-sustainable-agricultural-based-land-management-on-the-slope-of-lawu-mountain-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural-Based Land Management on the Slope of Lawu Mountain in Indonesia <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35727a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d35727a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3579b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3579b7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d357af7\" data-id=\"d357af7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d357c1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d357c1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d357cba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d357cba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d357dff\" data-id=\"d357dff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d357f08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d357f08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d357fc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d357fc9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d358110\" data-id=\"d358110\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d358218 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d358218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3582af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3582af\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35840a\" data-id=\"d35840a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d358510 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d358510\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3585a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3585a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d358708\" data-id=\"d358708\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d358818 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d358818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Inventory Fraud and Financial Reporting: A Review of Literature<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abiloro, T. O. M.Sc., ACA, Adejuwon, A. M. M.Sc., FCA, Folorunso, B. E. FCA\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 164-170<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3588af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3588af\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d358a42\" data-id=\"d358a42\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d358ba3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d358ba3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper investigates the effect of inventory fraud on financial reporting by taking into consideration some key elements inventory fraud such as double counting, capitalizing cost, cut-off problems, over estimating, bill and hold sales, and consigned inventory. This study carried out this conceptual work by considering and reviewing prior literatures from different continents extant literatures. The findings showed that once a closing inventory is misstated in the current year, it will be carried forward to the next year in which it will have a negative effect on the coming year profit. Therefore, the managers tends to continuously giving wrong value of inventory in order to meet up with the shareholders and potential investors expectations and thereby presenting a financial reporting that is bias because it\u2019s not showing the true position of the company\u2019s affairs. This will in turn having a negative effect on the company as a whole. The study recommends a constant rotation of employees handling inventory, a strong system of internal control, constant physical stock taking, installation of electronic surveillance and a good inventory fraud management system\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 164-170\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Abiloro, T. O. M.Sc., ACA  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Accountancy Department, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo Ondo state, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Adejuwon, A. M. M.Sc., FCA  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBursar, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo Ondo state, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Folorunso, B. E. FCA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChief Accountant , Bursary Department, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo Ondo state, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAburime, T. U. 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Consequences of financial reporting quality on corporate performance: evidence at the international level. Estudious De Economia, 41(1), 49-88. \r\n[20]\tJensen, M.C. (2002). Value maximization, stakeholder theory and the corporate objective function. Business Ethics Quarterly 12(2), 235-256\r\n[21]\tJonas, G. J., &#038; Blanchet, J. (2000). Assessing quality of financial reporting. Accounting Horizons, 14(3), 353-363. \r\n[22]\tKelly, P., &#038; Hartley, C. A. (2010). Casino gambling and workplace fraud: A cautionary tale for managers. Management Research Review, 33(3), 224-239. \r\n[23]\tKristoffer, R. J., Daniel, V. H., &#038; Dave, R. W. (2010). Fraud Isn\u2019t Just For Big Business: Understanding the Drivers, Consequences, and Prevention of Fraud in Small Business. The Journal of International Management Studies, 5(1), 160-164. \r\n[24]\tKwok, K. B. (2005). Forensic Accountancy in Hong Kong: Trends in a decade. Articles Published by Institute of Chartered Accountant in England and Wales.  \r\n[25]\tLiou, F. M., &#038; Yang, C. H. (2008). Predicting business failure under the existence of fraudulent financial reporting. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 16 (1), 74-86.\r\n[26]\tNaliaka, V. W., &#038; Namusonge, G. S. (2015). Role of inventory management on competitive advantage among manufacturing firms in Kenya: A case study of Unga Group Limited. International Journal of Academics Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(5), 87-104.\r\n[27]\tNational Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting (1987). Report of the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. \r\n[28]\tOdunayo, B. A. (2014). Fraudulent financial reporting: The Nigerian experience. The Clute Institute International Conference; San Antonio Texas, USA 18-30 \r\n[29]\tOkoye, A. F. (2014). Detecting falsified financial statements: application of data mining techniques. Phd Seminar Paper. \r\n[30]\tOkoye, E. I.,  &#038; Alao, B. B. (2008). The ethics of creative accounting in financial reporting: the challenges of regulatory agencies in Nigeria. A Quarterly Journal of Association of National Accountants of Nigeria.  16(1). \r\n[31]\tOkoye, E; Okafor, T; &#038; Ijeoma, N. (2009). Impact of the fraud triangle on audit process, the Nigerian Accountants\u2019 View. The University Advanced Research Journal. 1119 \u2013 8125.\r\n[32]\tOlorunsegun, S. (2010) The Impact of electronic banking in Nigeria banking System. MBA Research Project Submitted to the Department of Management Science, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State Nigeria. 23-29. Unpublished Retrieved online on 14\/01\/2019.   \r\n[33]\tOnibudo, A. T. (2007). Bank frauds problems and solutions. Unpublished B.Sc. Research Project, University of Benin, Nigeria.\r\n[34]\tPong, C. K. M., &#038; Mitchell, F. (2012). Inventory investment and continuous control: How have UK companies being doing? The British Accounting Review, 44(1), 173-188.\r\n[35]\tPower, M. K. (2003). Auditing and the production of legitimacy. Accounting, Organisation and Society Journal, 28(1), 379-394.\r\n[36]\tRamos, M. (2003). Auditor\u2019s responsibility for fraud detection. Journal of Accountancy, 195(1), 28-35.\r\n[37]\tRezaee, Z. (2005). Causes, consequences and deterrence of financial statement fraud. 16(1), 227-298.\r\n[38]\tWanke, P. (2011). A conceptual framework on inventory management: Focusing on low consumption items. Production and Inventory Management Journal, 49(1), 1-6.\r\n[39]\tWilliams, I. (2005) corrupt practices; Implications for economic growth and development of Nigeria. The Nigerian Accountants, 38 (4), 44 \u2013 50 \r\n[40]\tWuerges, A., &#038; Borba, J. (2010). Accounting Fraud detection: is it possible to quantity undiscovered cases? Social Science Research Network, http:\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1718652\r\n[41]\tZipkin, P. (2000). Foundation of inventory management. New York: Irwin\/McGrawhill.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abiloro, T. O. M.Sc., ACA, Adejuwon, A. M. M.Sc., FCA, Folorunso, B. E. FCA\t&#8220;Inventory Fraud and Financial Reporting: A Review of Literature&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.164-170 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/164-170.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/164-170.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/inventory-fraud-and-financial-reporting-a-review-of-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inventory Fraud and Financial Reporting: A Review of Literature<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3599fe elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3599fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35a75e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35a75e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35a8a0\" data-id=\"d35a8a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35a9a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35a9a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35aa55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35aa55\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35aba4\" data-id=\"d35aba4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35aca8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35aca8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35ad3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35ad3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35aeaf\" data-id=\"d35aeaf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35afb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35afb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Diagnostic Assessment on availability and Utilisation of water Resources: A case study of Kisumu County and 20km adjacent area<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Michael Omondi Owen\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 171-185<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35b04e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35b04e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35b1ab\" data-id=\"d35b1ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35b2e6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d35b2e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Water crisis keeps looming because of the intense pressure on water sources. The purpose of this research is diagnosis of available water resources in Kisumu County and to make sure that the area drinking water needs at all time. Without indigenous practices, knowledge is limited. It is important to recognise that the planning of water supply resources cannot be done in isolation of other water demands in the various existing and potential source areas. The domestic water supply demand has been estimated specifically for the present situation. The objective of the diagnostic assessment is to provide the information necessary for the development of sustainable water resources plans for the County and its environs.\r\nWater production is not really the main issue since most times the tanks are full but distribution. The demand exists but the distribution infrastructure is not able to satisfy it. Through exploiting the available water resources continually to meet the increasing water demands experienced in the city both during dry and wet seasons would result in a steady supply of water thereby helping the city in the implementation of sustainable development goal no 6. The biggest gap is under-investment in water storage and water infrastructure which is not in line with the population as well as the development of the area. There are opportunities for the development of water resources that could provide a source of water for Kisumu County.\r\n\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 171-185\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Michael Omondi Owen <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Civil and Construction Engineering, University of Nairobi- Nairobi Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tCounty government of Kisumu, (2017). \u201cCounty Urban Institutional Development Strategy (CUIDS) &#8211; Kisumu City\u201d Pages 1-21. https:\/\/www.kisumu.go.ke\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Kisumu-County-Urban-Institutional-Development-Strategy-CUIDS-2018-2019-final.pdf \r\n[2]\tGoK, (Government of Kenya), (2002). \u201cWater Act, 2002. Vol. Act 8 of 2002\u201d. http:\/\/www.kenyalaw.org\/kl\/fileadmin\/pdfdownloads\/Acts\/WaterActNo8of2002.pdf   \r\n[3]\tGoK, (Government of Kenya), (2005). \u201cPractice Manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya\u201d. Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The Republic of Kenya. Kenya-Belgium Study and Consultancy Fund. http:\/\/cae.uonbi.ac.ke\/sites\/default\/files\/cae\/cae\/Water%20Design_Manual_2005.pdf  \r\n[4]\tGoK, (Government of Kenya), (2010). \u201cConstitution of Kenya, 2010.\u201d http:\/\/www.kenyalaw.org:8181\/exist\/rest\/\/db\/kenyalex\/Kenya\/The%20Constitution%20of%20Kenya\/docs\/ConstitutionofKenya%202010.pdf   \r\n[5]\tGoK, (Government of Kenya), (2013a). \u201cThe Project on the Development of the National Water Master Plan 2030.\u201d Final Report: Volume-II Main Report (1\/2) &#8211; Part C Lake Victoria South Catchment Area\u2019. GED-JR-13-202. The Republic of Kenya. Water Resources Management Authority. Elaborated by JICA. \r\n[6]\tGoK, (Government of Kenya) 2013b. \u2018The Project on the Development of the National Water Master Plan 2030. Final Report: Volume-VII Data Book\u2019. GED-JR-13-202. The Republic of Kenya. Water Resources Management Authority. Elaborated by JICA. \r\n[7]\tGoK, (Government of Kenya) 2013c. \u2018The Project on the Development of the National Water Master Plan 2030. Final Report: Volume-VII Data Book\u2019. GED-JR-13-202. The Republic of Kenya. Water Resources Management Authority.\r\n[8]\tGoK, (Government of Kenya), (2017a). \u201cThe Water Act, 2016. Vol. Act 43 of 2016.\u201d http:\/\/kenyalaw.org\/kl\/fileadmin\/pdfdownloads\/Acts\/WaterAct_No43of2016.pdf. \r\n[9]\tGoK, (Government of Kenya), (2017b). \u201cThe Water Act, 2016. Vol. Act 43 of 2016.\u201d http:\/\/kenyalaw.org\/kl\/fileadmin\/pdfdownloads\/Acts\/WaterAct_No43of2016.pdf. \r\n[10]\tJICA, (Japan International Cooperation Agency), (1985). \u201cSondu River Multipurpose Development Project. Volume III &#8211; Pre-Feasibility Report on Kano Plains Irrigation Project\u201d. 12471. LBDA (Lake Basin Development Authority). http:\/\/open_jicareport.jica.go.jp\/pdf\/10294981_01.pdf.  \r\n[11]\tJICA, (Japan International Cooperation Agency), (1998). \u201cThe study on Kisumu water supply and sewerage system in the Republic of Kenya &#8211; Final report, Volume 2 &#8211; Master Plan\u201d. (JICA1998)\r\n[12]\tLBDA, (Lake Basin Development Authority), (1987). \u201cThe study of integrated regional development master plan for the Lake Basin Development Area\u201d The Republic of Kenya &#8211; JICA. \r\n[13]\tLBDA, (Lake Basin Development Authority), (2015). \u2018Concept Paper on LBDA Projects\u2019. Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Authorities. The Republic of Kenya. https:\/\/www.uschamber.com\/sites\/default\/files\/investment_opportunities.pdf  \r\n[14]\tKIWASCO, (Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company Ltd), (2017). \u201cANNUAL REPORT &#038; FINANCIAL STATEMENTS JUNE 2017\u201d) https:\/\/www.kiwasco.co.ke\/downloads\/ \r\n[15]\tMaidment, Ross I., David Grimes, Emily Black, Elena Tarnavsky, Matthew Young, Helen Greatrex, Richard P. Allan, et al., (2017). \u2018A New, Long-Term Daily Satellite-Based Rainfall Dataset for Operational Monitoring in Africa\u2019. Scientific Data 4 (May): 170063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sdata.2017.63  \r\n[16]\tMcGhee J. T. (1991) \u201cWater Supply and Sewerage\u201d Page 2, 6-15; 24-91. 6TH Edition McGraw Hill Publishers United States of America. ISBN 978-007-100823-5 or MHID 007-100823-3\r\n[17]\tMinistry of Water Development, (1992). \u201cThe study on the national water master plan\u201d Republic of Kenya, Ministry of water development \u2013 JICA\r\n[18]\t[18]\tMinistry of Local Authorities. (1998). \u201cThe study on Kisumu water supply and sewerage system in the Republic of Kenya\u201d (1998) Kisumu Municipal Council. The Republic of Kenya \u2013 JICA.\r\n[19]\tOndimu, Kennedy, Mercy Chemoiwo, Joseph Kemboi, and Samuel Njaaga, (2018). \u201cBlue Economy Bankable Projects (Kenya)\u201d. In Sustainable Blue Economy Conference, 76. Nairobi, Kenya. http:\/\/www.blueeconomyconference.go.ke\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2018\/11\/SBEC-Booklet201920.11.2018compressed.pdf.  \r\n[20]\tWagah G. G., Onyango M. G., and Jacob K. Kibwage (2010). \u201cAccessibility of water services in Kisumu municipality, Kenya\u201d Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. 3(4), pp. 114-125, May 2010. http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/JGRP ISSN 2070-1845 \u00a9 2010 Academic Journals.\r\n[21]\tWRA, (Water Resources Authority). 2013 \u201cThe project on the development of the national water master plan 2030. The Republic of Kenya, Water Resources Management Authority. JICA.\r\n[22]\tWRA, (Water Resources Authority). 2016a. \u2018WRUA &#8211; Water Resources Users Association Brochure\u2019. https:\/\/www.wra.go.ke\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/WRUA-Brochure-.pdf\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Michael Omondi Owen\t&#8220;Diagnostic Assessment on availability and Utilisation of water Resources: A case study of Kisumu County and 20km adjacent area&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.171-185 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/171-185.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/171-185.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/diagnostic-assessment-on-availability-and-utilisation-of-water-resources-a-case-study-of-kisumu-county-and-20km-adjacent-area\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Diagnostic Assessment on availability and Utilisation of water Resources: A case study of Kisumu County and 20km adjacent area<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35c076 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d35c076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35c151 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35c151\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35c2cd\" data-id=\"d35c2cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35c3ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35c3ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35ca8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35ca8c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35cbcf\" data-id=\"d35cbcf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35cccf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35cccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35cd6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35cd6e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35cec2\" data-id=\"d35cec2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35cfc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35cfc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35d059 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35d059\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35d1d0\" data-id=\"d35d1d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35d2da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35d2da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35d3a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35d3a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35d540\" data-id=\"d35d540\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35d65b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35d65b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dystopia in Contemporary British Fiction<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bello Usman, Barde Musa Bate\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 186-191<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35d6f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35d6f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35d84b\" data-id=\"d35d84b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35d976 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d35d976\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"> An attempt will be made in this essay to look at the effects of major changes in the environment on human \u2013 nature relationships. The essay would also highlight how human beings respond to an abnormal situation. The Carhullan Army by Sarah Hall, The Machine by James Smythe, and Watchman by Ian Rankin presented a world setting in which society was confronted with catastrophic phenomena. The change from the normal to the abnormal has not been smooth. The study is significant because the British society which these novels are portraying has undergone fundamental changes within the twentieth century right into the first decade of the twenty-first century. The Second World War saw the collapse of the British Empire and the concomitant effects of that socio-political and cultural upheaval. It is therefore an urgent matter for literary artists to draw critical attention to the effects of rapid modernisation on man and the environment. Issues such as global warming, insecurity, and techno science need to be properly confronted if our world would be protected. Although there have been studies done on these novels especially, The Carhullan Army, the approach has been Eco dystopia and Feminism. This study would use dystopian theory to underline the evolution in the different settings presented in these novels. The thesis is that a dystopic society usually evolves when the dream of a utopian setting is taken to an unmanageable level. In a constructed ideal setting the extremes of a few will tip the balance and then, dystopia and the ensuing chaos will ensue. \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 186-191\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bello Usman <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer,Department of General Studies.The Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Barde Musa Bate  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer I, Department of General Studies, The Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tClaeys, Gregory. \u201cThe Origins of Dystopia: Wells, Huxley and Orwell.\u201d The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. Claeys, Gregory. Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 107-134. Print.\r\n[2]\tDundar, Hayri. Dystopia as a Vital Peek into the Future: The importance of dispatching antiquated morals and establishing new ethics. Diss. Hogs School, Gavle, 2013. 5-6. Print.\r\n[3]\tHall, Sarah. The Carhullan Army. London: Faber and Faber Ltd, 2007. Print.\r\n[4]\tJohan, Kisro. Finding Dystopia in Utopia: Gender, Power and Politics in The Carhullan Army. Diss. Stockholm University, 2014. 1-2. Print.\r\n[5]\tMarks, Peter. \u201cImagining Surveillance: Utopian Visions and Surveillance Studies. Surveillance and Society. 3.2\/3: (2005): 222-239. Print\r\n[6]\tRankin, Ian. Watchman. London: Orion Books Ltd, 1988. Print.\r\n[7]\tSmythe, James. The Machine. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2013. Print.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bello Usman, Barde Musa Bate\t&#8220;Dystopia in Contemporary British Fiction&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.186-191 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/186-191.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/186-191.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/dystopia-in-contemporary-british-fiction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dystopia in Contemporary British Fiction<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35e6d1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d35e6d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35e7b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35e7b3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35e932\" data-id=\"d35e932\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35ea4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35ea4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35eaed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35eaed\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35ec6c\" data-id=\"d35ec6c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35ed99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35ed99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35ee34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35ee34\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35ef78\" data-id=\"d35ef78\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35f081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35f081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35f121 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35f121\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35f262\" data-id=\"d35f262\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35f362 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35f362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35f3f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35f3f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35f545\" data-id=\"d35f545\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35f646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35f646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35f6d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35f6d8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35f814\" data-id=\"d35f814\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35f923 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35f923\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35f9b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35f9b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35fb0b\" data-id=\"d35fb0b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35fc10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35fc10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Demystifying the Pedagogy of Teaching Controversial Issues in Civic Education in selected Zambian Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ivy Sihubwa  Rachael Simwatachela, Viola Hamainza, Francis Simui &#038; Gistered Muleya\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 192-196<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35fcc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35fcc2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35fe32\" data-id=\"d35fe32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35ff61 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d35ff61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study explored controversial issues in the teaching of  Civic Education in selected Zambian school. The study applied qualitative methodology with a narrative design to generate evidence. Unstructured interviews were used as instruments for data production. Schools and participants  were purposively selected from the five zones in Lusaka District. Findings of the study revealed the following as some of the perceived controversial issues noted in the teaching of  Civic Education in  selected Zambian school among others: being critical to the government, discussing of political oriented issues, discussions bordering on current affairs, discussions on abuse of human rights by the government, discussions on fundamental freedoms. The study recommended that teacher education programmes should be training teachers on how best to teach controversial issues. The public should be sensitised on the role of Civic Education in a democratic society like Zambia and also there is need to undertake further research on the best techniques of teaching controversial issues in schools.\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 192-196\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ivy Sihubwa  Rachael Simwatachela <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Zambia\r\n\r\n  <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Viola Hamainza   <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Francis Simui   <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Gistered Muleya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbu-Hamdan, T and Khader, F., (2014).Social Studies Teachers Perception on Teaching Contemporary Controversial Issues. American International of Contemporary Center for Promoting Ideas, USA,4, (10).\r\n[2]\tBergersen, A. and Muleya, G. (2019). Zambian Civic Education Teacher Students in Norway for a Year- How Do They Describe Their Transformative Learning?\u201f Sustainability 2019, 11 (24), 7143; doi: 10.3390\/su11247143, pp 1-17 www.mdpi.com\/journal\/sustainability\r\n[3]\tBoyer, E. L., (1990).Civic Education for Responsible Citizens. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, November (1990).\r\n[4]\tByford, J., Lennon, S., Russell, W.S., (2009). Teaching Controversial Issues in the Social Studies: A Research Study of High School Teachers. Clearing House, 82(4) pp, 165-170.\r\n[5]\tCotton, D. R.E., (2006). Teaching Controversial Environmental Issues: Neutrality and Balance in the Reality of the Classroom. Journal of Educational Research, 48(2), pp 223-241.\r\n[6]\tEmerson, L., Gannon, M., Harrison, C., Lewis, V., Poynor, A. M., (2012).Tackling Controversial Issues in the Citizenship Classroom: A Resource for Citizenship Education. CDVEC Curriculum Development Unity.\r\n[7]\tEvans, W.R., Avery, P.G., Pederson, V.P., (2000). Taboo: Cultural Constraints on Teaching Social Issues. The Clearing House, 73, No. 5, pp. 295-302.\r\n[8]\tEzzedeen, R.S., (2008) Facilitating Class Discussions around Current and Controversial Issues: Ten Recommendations for Teachers. College Teaching 56(4), pp, 230-236.Taylor and Francis.\r\n[9]\tGeuss, R., (1981) the Idea of a Critical Theory. Harbermas and the Frankfurt School.New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[10]\tHarney, B., (2014). Critical Theory. Encyclopaedia of Management.Dublin City University, Business School: Wiley Blackwell.\r\n[11]\tHess, D., (2004). Controversies about Controversial issues in Democratic Education.Political Science and Politics, 69 (Jan\/Feb) 47-48.\r\n[12]\tKelly, J.M., (1999). Free to Teach, Free to learn: A Model of Collaborative Professional Development that empowers Teachers to Teach Diversy Students Population: The journal of Negro Education, Vol.68, No.3 Recruiting, preparing and Retaining Qualified Teacher to Educate all of Americas Children in the 21st century, pp. 426-432.\r\n[13]\tKing, T.J., (2009). Teaching and Learning about Controversial issues: Lessons from Northern Ireland. Theory and Research in Social Education, 37(2), 215-246.\r\n[14]\tMachila,N, Sompa, M, Muleya, G and Pitsoe, V.J (2018). \u201eTeachers\u201f Understanding and Attitudes Towards Inductive and Deductive Approaches to Teaching Social Sciences,\u201d Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education, (2), 120-137. 2018\r\n[15]\tMagasu, O., Muleya, G. &#038; Mweemba, L. 2020. Pedagogical Challenges in Teaching Civic Education in Secondary Schools in Zambia. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). 9 (3), 1483-1488. DOI: 10:21274\/SR 20327121153.\r\n[16]\tMetko, L., (2018). Back to the Future: The Role, Challenges and Agency of History Teachers in Northern Ireland. Thesis-University of Amsterdam.\r\n[17]\tMhlauli, M.B. (PhD) (2011) Teaching Controversial Issues in Primary Schools in Botswana: Reality or Illusion? British Journal of Arts and Social Science, Vol,2.\r\n[18]\tMinistry of Education., (1996).Educating Our Future: National Policy.Zambia, Educational Publishing House: Lusaka\r\n[19]\tMuleya, G.  (2015). The Teaching of Civic Education in Zambia: An Examination of Trends in the Teaching of Civic Education in Schools: Thesis \u2013University of South Africa.\r\n[20]\tMuleya, G. (2019). Curriculum Policy and Practice of Civic Education in Zambia: A Reflective Perspective, In A. Petersen et al. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Citizenship and Education. https:\/\/doi\/10.007\/978-3-319-67905-153-1\r\n[21]\tMuleya, G. (2017a). The Conceptual Challenges in the Conceptualization of Civic Education.\u201f In Journal of Lexicography and Terminology. Vol 1, Issue 1, pp 59-81\r\n[22]\tMuleya, G. (2017b). Civic education and Civics: Where do we  draw the line?\u201f In Journal of Lexicography and Terminology. Vol 1, Issue 2, pp 125-148.\r\n[23]\tMuleya,G.(2018b).CivicEducation Versus Citizenship Education? Where is the point of Convergence?\u201f Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, Vol 2, Issue No. 1, pp 109- 130.\r\n[24]\tMuleya, G.,(2018c). \u201eRe-examining the Concept of CivicEducation\u201f Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, Vol 2,Issue No. 2, pp 25- 42\r\n[25]\tMuleya, G. (2018a). Civic education in Zambia before and beyond the Golden Jubilee. In G. Masaiti (Ed.), Education at fifty years of Independence and beyond. Lusaka: Unza Press.\r\n[26]\tMupeta, S., Muleya, G., Kanyamuna, V., &#038; Simui, F. (2020).Imperial Districts Civic Entrepreneurship: The Implementation of Civic Innovations in the Governance of the University of Zambia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. 7(7) 674-685.\r\n[27]\tMuleya, G. (2016). \u2018 Managing and Leading Through Ubuntu\u2019 In Letseka, M. (ed.). (2016). Education in a Competitive and Globalising World: Open Distance Learning (ODL) through the Philosophy of Ubuntu. New York: Nova Science Publishers. \r\n[28]\tOulton, C., Day., Marcus. G., (2004).Controversial Issues: Teachers Attitudes and Practices in the Context of Citizenship of Education: Oxford Review of Education, 30(4), pp. 489-507.\r\n[29]\tPeterson, A., (2011). Civic Republicanism and Civic Education: The Education of Citizens. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.\r\n[30]\tPhilpott, S., Clabough, J., McConkey, L., &#038; Turner. T.N., (2011).To teach or not to teach? That is the question. Georgia Council for Social Studies: The Georgia Social Studies Journal, 1(1). Pp, 32-42.\r\n[31]\tRoberta, J., (2013).Tackling Climate Change in the Science Classroom: Education Horizons, 91(4) pp. 12-15. Phi Delta Kapp International \r\n[32]\tSimui, F., Namangala, B., Tambulukani, G., &#038; Ndhlovu, D. (2018). Demystifying the process of ODL policy development in a dual-mode context: lessons from Zambia, Journal of Distance Education, Routledge, DOI: 10.1080\/01587919.2018.1457946. \r\n[33]\tSimui, F., Mwewa, G., Chota, A., Kakana, F., Mundende, K., Thompson, L.,  Mwanza, P., Ndhlovu, D., &#038; Namangala, B., (2018). \u201cWhatsApp\u201d as a Learner Support tool for distance education: Implications for Policy and Practice at University of Zambia. Zambia ICT Journal, 2, (2), 36-44, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33260\/zictjournal.v2i2.55.\r\n[34]\tSimui, F., Nyaruwata, L.T. and Kasonde-Ngandu, S. (2017). ICT as an Enabler to Academic Success of Students with Visually Impaired at Sim University: Hermeneutics Approach. Zambia ICT Journal Vol. 1. Issue 1. pp 5 &#8211; 9. http:\/\/ictjournal.icict.org.zm\/index.php\/zictjournal\/article\/view\/9\r\n[35]\tStradling, R., (1984). The Teaching of Controversial Issues; An Evaluation, Educational Review, 36(2), 121-129.\r\n[36]\tWaliaula, A.J., (2011) Thesis: Teaching Local and Global Controversial Issues in the Social Studies Education: A comparative study of Kenyan and US High Schools. The Ohio State University.\r\n[37]\tWalsh, S. D., (2013) Thesis: Civic Education in the 21stCentuary: The Improvement of Civic Engagement, Civic Knowledge and the best Practices for the Secondary Classroom. University of Colorado Denver College of Liberal Arts and Science.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ivy Sihubwa  Rachael Simwatachela, Viola Hamainza, Francis Simui &#038; Gistered Muleya\t&#8220;Demystifying the Pedagogy of Teaching Controversial Issues in Civic Education in selected Zambian Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.192-196 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/192-196.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/192-196.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/demystifying-the-pedagogy-of-teaching-controversial-issues-in-civic-education-in-selected-zambian-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Demystifying the Pedagogy of Teaching Controversial Issues in Civic Education in selected Zambian Schools<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d360d56 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d360d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d360e3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d360e3a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d360fae\" data-id=\"d360fae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3610e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3610e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d361184 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d361184\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3612db\" data-id=\"d3612db\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3613f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3613f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d361492 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d361492\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3615d7\" data-id=\"d3615d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3616e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3616e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36177f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36177f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3618c6\" data-id=\"d3618c6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3619c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3619c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d361a5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d361a5a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d361ba1\" data-id=\"d361ba1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d361cb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d361cb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d361d46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d361d46\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d361e83\" data-id=\"d361e83\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d361f8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d361f8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d362029 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d362029\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36217d\" data-id=\"d36217d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d362287 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d362287\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Sociological study about revolutionary adaptations in the lives of pastoral communities due to tourism industry with reference to river \u2018Madu\u2019 <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>W. T. D. Wijethunga, S.D.Y. Jayarathne\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 197-206<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36231b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36231b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d362485\" data-id=\"d362485\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3625a4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3625a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"> This thesis study to the Madu River tourism industry and changes in the lives of balapitiya rural community.  Most of people worked in the tourism industry. Tourism is a social cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business\/ professional purposes. This is creating a most of job opportunity there are boat supply, boat rider, food supply and etc&#8230; Maduganga has 15 islands of various sizes surrounded by water all round year, 15 islands including two main islands providing shelter to 215 families. Starting the boat ride 1st island is DIK DOOWA Island. There is no human exist in this island. Cinnamon cultivation happens here. We could find mangroves covering the whole island. Next Island is KOTHDUWA. This is where the kothduwa rajamaha viharaya is located. That island holds historical value. This temple was billed by maha kappila walawwa. Next Island is MADHUWA. Maduwa Island is the biggest island found in the Madu River. The entire area of this island in 38.8 hectare. There are around 215 to 220 families\u2019 lives in this island. This island is connected to the main land via bridge. GALMANDUWA is land has a separate fish farm for the purpose of fish therapy. SATHAPAHE DUWA is a small island. Cinnamon Island mostly the cinnamon cultivation is done in this island. According to this island we can see most of job category. This tourism industry can be change the human life. Balapitiya human cultural attitude is a very different. According to this research can be introduce new suggestion. There is Promoting Rural Tourism, Creating Sustainable tourism, Preservation of cultural heritage, providing relief to those who are employed in small business. \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 197-206\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>W. T. D. Wijethunga<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Department of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  S.D.Y. Jayarathne<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Department of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkkus, C., &#038;akkus, G. (2018). Selected a rural tourism and development. \r\n[2]\tCamilleri, M. (2017). The tourism industry an overview retrieved from http:\/\/ www.researchgate.net \/publication\/319085432. \r\n[3]\tDilrukshi,D.G.T.(2016).Potentials and problems of ecotourism in Madugaga,Sri Lanka.[online]Available at: http;\/\/repository.kln.ac.lk\/handle\/123456789\/14777 \r\n[4]\tDunn, H,&#038; dunn, L.(2002). people and tourism. \r\n[5]\tDushper, K. (2014). Rural tourism and international perspective. \r\n[6]\tEdgell,D.L, &#038; swanson , J.R. (n.d)tourism planning and policy. \r\n[7]\tGanewatta, S.N.tourism and realization of industry objectives. Tourism in sri lanka ; the way forward. \r\n[8]\tHaldar, P. (2018). Rural tourism challenges and opportunities. Conference: int conf.on marketing. \r\n[9]\tJayasankha,M.W.D.(2016).Impact of Tourists\u201f Satisfaction on Revisit Intention of International Tourists with Reference to Boat safari in Madu River, Balapitiya,Sri Lsnka.[online]Available at: http:\/\/erepo.lib.UWU.ac.lk\/bitstream\/handle\/12345678\/1239\/UWULD%20HTE%2012%200023-08042019101719.pdf?sequence=1&#038;isAllowed=y.\r\n[10]\tPearce, P.L.(2005).tourism behaviour. \r\n[11]\tRobinson, P.(2009). Operation management in the travel industry. \r\n[12]\tSenarathna, D.S.(2005). MICE tourism industry in Sri Lanka and its development. Retrieved from  https:\/\/www.researchgate.net \/publication\/290609662. \r\n[13]\tSilva, D.A.C.S.Economics.of tourism and sustainable tourism development in Sri Lanka. Tourism in Sri Lanka; the way forward. \r\n[14]\tSLTDA. (2011). Overview tourism-early years. Sri Lankas tourism development authority. Retrieved from  http:\/\/www.sltda.lk\/node\/200 .\r\n[15]\tSri Lanka tourist board (2003). Annual report.Sri Lanka tourist board, Colombo.Sri Lanka. \r\n[16]\tTooman, L.A. (1997) \u201etourism and development\u201f journal of travel research,vol 35:33-40. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">W. T. D. Wijethunga, S.D.Y. Jayarathne\t&#8220;A Sociological study about revolutionary adaptations in the lives of pastoral communities due to tourism industry with reference to river \u2018Madu\u2019 &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.197-206 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/197-206.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/197-206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-sociological-study-about-revolutionary-adaptations-in-the-lives-of-pastoral-communities-due-to-tourism-industry-with-reference-to-river-madu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Sociological study about revolutionary adaptations in the lives of pastoral communities due to tourism industry with reference to river \u2018Madu\u2019 <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d363329 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d363329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36340e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36340e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36357e\" data-id=\"d36357e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36399e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36399e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d363a35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d363a35\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d363b8c\" data-id=\"d363b8c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d363c91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d363c91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d363d26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d363d26\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d363e64\" data-id=\"d363e64\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d363f74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d363f74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d364009 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d364009\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d364149\" data-id=\"d364149\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d364247 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d364247\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3642f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3642f5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d364475\" data-id=\"d364475\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d364583 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d364583\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36461b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36461b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d364794\" data-id=\"d364794\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36489b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36489b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) on the Public Budget Statement<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Zivanai Mazhambe\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 207-209<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d364930 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d364930\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d364a8f\" data-id=\"d364a8f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d364bb3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d364bb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"> The IPSAS budget statement prescribed by the scope and conceptual framework discloses financial information useful for stakeholder decision making. This scientific study purpose is to assess the impact of IPSAS on the public budget statement in Africa. The study methodology adopted is mixed research methodology, through researcher administered questionnaires and interviews on PAFA accountants in public sector practice across Africa. The findings revealed that an IPSAS compliant publicly approved budget, after consultation with the public is objective and useful for user decision making, enhancing transparency and accountability for the benefit of users, including added stakeholder\u2019s trust and confidence thereby making an overall impact contribution to the Gross Domestic Product. The findings also identified implementation challenges of the IPSAS compliant budget as technical complex and beyond the comprehension of the average user, lack of political will, and resistance to change in the Finance Ministries and among legislatures\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 207-209\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zivanai Mazhambe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPost Doctoral Research Department, Bright Africa Consultancy Training\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBiraud, G. (2012), Preparedness of United Nations SystemOrganization for the IPSAS\r\n[2]\tIPSAS 1 (2018): Presentation of financial statements\r\n[3]\tIPSAS 24(2018): Presentation of the budget information in financial statements\r\n[4]\tIPSAS 35 (2018): Consolidation of financial statements\r\n[5]\tIPSASB (2018): IPSAS Pronouncements 2018\r\n[6]\tIPSASB (2013): International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board. 2013\r\n[7]\tMazhambe, Z (2014): Book \u2013 The compromise of IASB\u2019s Conceptual Framework and IFRSs, Lambert Academic Publishing, ISBN: 978-3-659-57452-8\r\n[8]\tMazhambe, Z (2014b): Book -Doctoral (PhD) Proposal Writing, CompletelyNovel, ISBN- 13: 978-1849145909, ISBN-10: 1849145903\r\n[9]\tSturesson J,   McIntyre S,  Jones CJ (2015): State-Owned Enterprises Catalysts for public value creation?\r\n[10]\tZivanai Mazhambe. (2020). EVALUATING THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (IPSASs) CASH AND ACCRUAL BASED ACCOUNTING APPLICATION TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES IN AFRICA. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3747544\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zivanai Mazhambe\t&#8220;The Impact of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) on the Public Budget Statement&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.207-209 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/207-209.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/207-209.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-international-public-sector-accounting-standards-ipsass-on-the-public-budget-statement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) on the Public Budget Statement<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36596c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d36596c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d365a5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d365a5a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d365bce\" data-id=\"d365bce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d365ce4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d365ce4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d365d7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d365d7f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d365ee4\" data-id=\"d365ee4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d365fed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d365fed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d366084 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d366084\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3661cf\" data-id=\"d3661cf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3662da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3662da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d366370 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d366370\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3664f9\" data-id=\"d3664f9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36662c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36662c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3666c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3666c9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36680e\" data-id=\"d36680e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d366967 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d366967\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d366a2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d366a2a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d366ba4\" data-id=\"d366ba4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d366cb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d366cb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d366d91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d366d91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d366f20\" data-id=\"d366f20\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d367032 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d367032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact Assessment of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) on Commercial Public Sector Entities in Africa <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Zivanai Mazhambe\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 210-212<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3670d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3670d6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d367250\" data-id=\"d367250\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d367376 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d367376\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"> IPSASs are generally applied to not-for-profit making public entities whose primary objective is accountability and effectiveness in the provision of public goods and services. The incorporation of elements of profits and return on investment as part of objectives of commercial public sector entities makes the application of IPSASs technically complex. The study therefore seeks evaluate how impactful are IPSASs on commercial public sector entities. The methodology adopted for this study was mixed research methodology through questionnaires and interviews of PAFA professional in Africa public sector. The findings revealed that commercial public sector entities are greater defined extent profit driven in their objectives, using International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRSs) as their accounting standards. The findings further revealed that the hybrid adoption of IPSASs with IFRSs applied to commercial public sector entities especially in consolidated financial reporting is technically challenging and compromising the objectivity of IPSASs which require full adoption and application. The study concluded that IPSASs are therefore less impactful and relevant to commercial public sector entities. \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 210-212\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zivanai Mazhambe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPost Doctoral Research Department, Bright Africa Consultancy Training\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAccounting Standards Board (ASB, 2018): Conceptual framework\r\n[2]\tChristiansen, H. (2013), \u201cBalancing Commercial and NonCommercial Priorities of State-Owned Enterprises\u201d, OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers, No. 6, OECD Publishing\r\n[3]\tIPSAS 1 (2018): Presentation of general purpose financial statements\r\n[4]\tIPSASB (2013): International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board. 2013\r\n[5]\tMazhambe, Z (2014): Book \u2013 The compromise of IASB\u2019s Conceptual Framework and IFRSs, Lambert Academic Publishing, ISBN: 978-3-659-57452-8\r\n[6]\tMazhambe, Z (2014b): Book -Doctoral (PhD) Proposal Writing, CompletelyNovel, ISBN- 13: 978-1849145909, ISBN-10: 1849145903\r\n[7]\tSturesson J,   McIntyre S,  Jones CJ (2015): State-Owned Enterprises Catalysts for public value creation?\r\n[8]\tZivanai Mazhambe. (2020). EVALUATING THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (IPSASs) CASH AND ACCRUAL BASED ACCOUNTING APPLICATION TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES IN AFRICA. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3747544\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zivanai Mazhambe\t&#8220;Impact Assessment of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) on Commercial Public Sector Entities in Africa &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.210-212 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/210-212.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/210-212.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-assessment-of-international-public-sector-accounting-standards-ipsass-on-commercial-public-sector-entities-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact Assessment of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) on Commercial Public Sector Entities in Africa <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3681ef elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3681ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3682d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3682d7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d368449\" data-id=\"d368449\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36857c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36857c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d368618 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d368618\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d368763\" data-id=\"d368763\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36886a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36886a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d368908 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d368908\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d368a56\" data-id=\"d368a56\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d368b5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d368b5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d368bf5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d368bf5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d368d4b\" data-id=\"d368d4b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d368e58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d368e58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d368ef2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d368ef2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d369033\" data-id=\"d369033\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d369146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d369146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3691de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3691de\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36931f\" data-id=\"d36931f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36941e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36941e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3694bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3694bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36961a\" data-id=\"d36961a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36971e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36971e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact Assessment of International Public Accounting Standards (IPSASs) On Public Financial Management (PFM) In Africa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Zivanai Mazhambe\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 213-215<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3697b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3697b2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36991c\" data-id=\"d36991c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d369a3a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d369a3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Public financial management exhibits an integrated system of laws, conventions, concepts, principles and practices by sovereign governments through various stakeholders in the attainment of public sector objectives, with accounting playing a pivotal role. The study thereby seeks to assess the impact of International Public Sector Accounting Standards on the public financial management in Africa. The methodology adopted for this study was mixed research methodology, through questionnaires and interviews of randomly selected PAFA accountants across Africa. The majority of respondents concurred that IPSASs are central and pivotal in the attainment of objectives for sound and successful Public Financial Management. Respondents further reiterated that IPSASs are key in accounting for taxation revenue, non-tax revenue and donor funds through transparency and disclosure, which are essential for strategic policy interventions and public expenditure through the budgetary framework\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 213-215\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Zivanai Mazhambe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPost Doctoral Research Department,Bright Africa Consultancy Training     \r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBiraud, G. (2012), Preparedness of United Nations SystemOrganization for the IPSAS\r\n[2]\tConfederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA, 2014): Improving Financial Management In The Public Sector\r\n[3]\tIPSAS 1 (2018): Presentation of financial statements\r\n[4]\tIPSAS 24(2018): Presentation of the budget information in financial statements\r\n[5]\tIPSASB (2018): IPSAS Pronouncements 2018\r\n[6]\tIPSASB (2013): International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board. 2013\r\n[7]\tLawson A (2015): Public Financial Management. GSDRC\r\n[8]\tMazhambe, Z (2014): Book \u2013 The compromise of IASB\u2019s Conceptual Framework and IFRSs, Lambert Academic Publishing, ISBN: 978-3-659-57452-8\r\n[9]\tMazhambe, Z (2014b): Book -Doctoral (PhD) Proposal Writing, CompletelyNovel, ISBN- 13: 978-1849145909, ISBN-10: 1849145903\r\n[10]\tSturesson J,   McIntyre S,  Jones CJ (2015): State-Owned Enterprises Catalysts for public value creation?\r\n[11]\tShaikh A and Naeem N (2019) : Introduction to Public Financial Management \u2013 ACCA\r\n[12]\tZivanai Mazhambe. (2020). EVALUATING THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (IPSASs) CASH AND ACCRUAL BASED ACCOUNTING APPLICATION TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES IN AFRICA. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3747544\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zivanai Mazhambe\t&#8220;Impact Assessment of International Public Accounting Standards (IPSASs) On Public Financial Management (PFM) In Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.213-215 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/213-215.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/213-215.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-assessment-of-international-public-accounting-standards-ipsass-on-public-financial-management-pfm-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact Assessment of International Public Accounting Standards (IPSASs) On Public Financial Management (PFM) In Africa<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36a78b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d36a78b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36a880 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36a880\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36a9ef\" data-id=\"d36a9ef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36ab09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36ab09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36aba5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36aba5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36ad17\" data-id=\"d36ad17\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36ae22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36ae22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36aebb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36aebb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36b006\" data-id=\"d36b006\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36b114 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36b114\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36b1ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36b1ab\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36b2e9\" data-id=\"d36b2e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36b3f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36b3f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36b490 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36b490\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36b5cb\" data-id=\"d36b5cb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36b6ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36b6ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36b75c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36b75c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36b8b0\" data-id=\"d36b8b0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36b9af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36b9af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36ba45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36ba45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36bba0\" data-id=\"d36bba0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36bcb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36bcb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Micro Silica Modified Engineered Cementitious Material for Concrete<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Akash Solanki, Er. R.S. Shekhawat- October 2020 Page No.: 216-220<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36bd48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36bd48\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36be9c\" data-id=\"d36be9c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36bfba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d36bfba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Extensively researched work for quite a long time additionally in progress all through the globe in concrete technology innovation in discovering alternative materials which can partially replace ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) and which can likewise meet the necessities of strength and durability execution of modern industrial by-products like Micro-silica (M-S), ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, metakaolin, rice husk and so forth presently named as complimentary cementitious materials (CCM) encouraging. The Present experimental test is completed in the enhancement of a Ternary Blended Cementitious system dependent on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)\/GGBS\/M-S for the improvement of Ternary Blended Concrete. In this current investigation study strength properties Compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of M50 grades of cement concrete with the utilization of micro-silica (0%, 2%,4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) as partial replacement of cement concrete was studied.\r\n\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 216-220\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akash Solanki <\/strong><\/span>\r\nM.Tech student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Er. R.S. Shekhawat <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of  Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBagherzadeh, A. Jamshidi, M., and Monemian, F. 2020. Investigating mechanical and bonding properties of micro\/nano filler containing epoxy adhesives for anchoring steel bar in concrete. Construction and Building Materials 240: 979-989. \r\n[2]\tEsfandiari, j. and Loghmani, P. 2019.Effect of perlite powder and silica fume on the compressive strength and microstructural characterization of self-compacting concrete with lime-cement binder. Measurement 147: 846-855.\r\n[3]\tLi., L.G.  Zheng, J.Y.  Zhu, J.  and Kwan, A.K.H. 2018. Combined usage of micro-silica and nano-silica in concrete: SP demand, cementing efficiencies, and synergistic effect. Construction and Building Materials 168: 622\u2013632.\r\n[4]\tMassana, Jordi Reyes, Encarnaci\u00f3n Bernal, Jesus Leon, Nestor and Sanchez-Espinosa, Elvira 2018. Influence of nano- and micro-silica additions on the durability of a high-performance self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials 165:93\u2013103.\r\n[5]\tMohammadi, Masih Moghtadaei, Reza Mir, and Samani, Nasibe Ashraf 2014. Influence of silica fume and metakaolin with two different types of interfacial adhesives on the bond strength of repaired concrete. Construction and Building Material 51:141\u2013150.\r\n[6]\tReddy, Vijaya Bhaskar, and Rao, P. Srinivasa 2016. Experimental studies on compressive strength of ternary blended concrete at different levels of micro silica and ggbs. Materials Today: Proceedings 3: 3752\u20133760.\r\n[7]\tShen, Linghua Li, Qinghua Ge, Wei  and Xu, Shilang 2020. The mechanical property and frost resistance of roller-compacted concrete by mixing silica fume and limestone powder: Experimental study.  Construction and Building Materials 239: 882-892.\r\n[8]\tSharkawi, Aladdin M. Abd-Elaty, Metwally, and Khalifa, Omar H. 2018. Synergistic influence of micro-nano silica mixture on durability performance of cementitious materials. Construction and Building Materials 164: 579\u2013588.\r\n[9]\tSobhani, Jafar, and Najimi, Meysam 2013. Electrochemical impedance behavior and transport properties of silica fume contained concrete. Construction and Building Materials 47: 910\u2013918.\r\n[10]\tZareei, Seyed Alireza Ameri, Farshad Shoaei, Parham and Bahrami, Nasrollah 2019. Recycled ceramic waste high strength concrete containing wollastnite particles and micro-silica: A comprehensive experimental study. Construction and Building Materials 201: 11\u201332.\r\n[11]\tHussain, S. Tanveer, and Sastry, K.V.S. Gopala Krishna 2014. Study of Strength Properties of Concrete by Using Micro Silica and Nano Silica: IJRET 2319:  103-108.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akash Solanki, Er. R.S. Shekhawat&#8221;Micro Silica Modified Engineered Cementitious Material for Concrete&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.216-220 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/216-220.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/216-220.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/micro-silica-modified-engineered-cementitious-material-for-concrete\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Micro Silica Modified Engineered Cementitious Material for Concrete<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36cd20 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d36cd20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36d138 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36d138\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36d285\" data-id=\"d36d285\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36d3ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36d3ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36d449 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36d449\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36d58f\" data-id=\"d36d58f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36d695 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36d695\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36da2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36da2e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36db79\" data-id=\"d36db79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36dc7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36dc7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36dd10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36dd10\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36de4c\" data-id=\"d36de4c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36df63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36df63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36e00a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36e00a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36e164\" data-id=\"d36e164\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36e26e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36e26e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cost and Returns Analysis of Okra Marketing in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Oyewo, I. O, Shaib-Rahim, H. O, Robert, A.E, Oyewole, O.O, Adedipe, J.O, Aduloju, A. R, Agboola, F.O- October 2020 Page No.: 221-226<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36e317 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36e317\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36e478\" data-id=\"d36e478\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36e59d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d36e59d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The studies examined the cost and returns analysis of okra marketing in Ijebu North Local Government Ogun State Nigeria. The socio economic characteristics of the respondents, cost and returns of okra marketing, the profitability of okra marketing and the problems affecting okra marketing in the study area were examined. Well-structured questionnaires were administered for primary data collection to seventy marketers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics while profitability of the enterprise was analysed using Gross Margin analysis (GM). Results showed that all (100%) of the respondents were female, (34.4%) of the respondents were within the age of 30-40 years while 1.4% were within the age of 60 and above. Majority (85.7%) of the farmers had first school leaving certificate and 68.6% were married, 78.6% had household size of 1-5 people, 52.9% of them had been in the business of okra marketing for 1-5 years (71.4%). The total revenue was \u20a6813,000 and total variable cost was \u20a6688, 866. 66k while the gross margin was \u20a6124,133.33 and benefit cost ratio was 1.18. It is therefore, concluded that okra marketing was a profitable agricultural business in the study area. Major constraints in okra marketing were lack of finance and transportation. In the light of the above findings of the this study, it was recommended that government should renovate the roads to the various farms where the marketers source for their stock and provide credit facilities to the marketers to enable them improve their profits.\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 221-226\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oyewo, I. O  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, P.M.B. 5087 Jericho, Ibadan Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Shaib-Rahim<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, P.M.B. 5087 Jericho, Ibadan Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> H. O, Robert <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, P.M.B. 5087 Jericho, Ibadan Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Oyewole, O.O  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adedipe, J.O  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, P.M.B. 5087 Jericho, Ibadan Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Aduloju, A. R <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, P.M.B. 5087 Jericho, Ibadan Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Agboola, F.O  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Forestry Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdeboye, O.C and Oputa, C.O. (1996): Effects of Galex on growth and fruits nutrient composition of okra (Abelnurschusesculentus). Ife Journal of agriculture. 18 (1&#038;2), 1-9.\r\n[2]\tAVRDC, (2004a). AVRDC Medium-term plan: 2004-2006. Highlights. AVRDC \u2013 The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan.\r\n[3]\tBabatunde, R.O., Omotesho, O.A. and Sholotan, O.S. (2007): Socio-economic Characteristics and Food security status of farming household in Kwara State, North \u2013 Central Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition Vol. 6, No. 1, p.16.\r\n[4]\t Bakhru, H.K. (2003): Foods that heal. The Natural way to good health. Orient paperbacks, Delhi, pp82 \u2013 90.\r\n[5]\t Bamire, A.S. and Oke, J.T. (2003): Profitability of vegetable farming under rainy and dry season production in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Vegetable Crop Prod., 9: 11-18.\r\n[6]\tBurkil, H.M. (1997). The useful plant of West Tropical Africa.2nd Edition.Vol 4, families M-R, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. United Kingdom. 969 pp.\r\n[7]\tCentral Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (2004): Annual Report and Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 12, December 2004.\r\n[8]\tCentral Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (1996): Annual Report and Statement of Account, Nigeria.\r\n[9]\tChristo, E.I. and Onuh, M.O. (2005): Influence of plant spacing on the growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschusesculentus L) Moench. Proceedings of the 39th conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN) held at Benin, 9th \u2013 13th October, PP 51 \u2013 53.\r\n[10]\tEke, K.A., Essien, B.A. and Ogbu, J.U. (2008): Determination of Optimum Planting Time of Okra (Abelmoschusesculantus) cultivars in the derived Savannah. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN).October 19th to 23rd at Ebonyi State University.Pp 242-245.\r\n[11]\tFarinde, A.J., Owolarafe, O.K. and Ogungbemi, O.I. (2001): An Overview of Production, processing, marketing, and utilization of Okra in Egbedore\t\t\t\r\n[12]\tKatung, M.D. and Kashina, B.D. (2005): Time of partial Defoliation and Gas Effect on Growth Indices and yield of Okra (Abelmoschusesculantus(L) Moench). Proceeding  of the 39th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN) held at Benin, 9th  &#8211; 13th October, PP 210 \u2013 213.\r\n[13]\tMarkose, B.L. and Peter, K.V. (1990): Okra, review of research on vegetable and tuber crops. Technical Bulletin, 16. Kerala Agricultural University Press, Mannuthy Kerala, pp.109\r\n[14]\tNorman, J. C. (1992). Tropical Vegetable Crops. Arthur H. Stockwell Ltd. Great Britain.\t187pp.\t\t\r\n[15]\tNational Research Council (NRC) (2006): Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 11: Vegetable, National Academic Press\r\n[16]\tOladejo, J. A. (2016) Profitability Analysis of Cassava Tuber morality in Oyo state, Nigeria; implication for sustainable development goals. Scientia Agriculturea. 16 (2):67-73.\r\n[17]\t Schippers, R.R. (2000): Africa Indigenous Vegetables, an overview of the Cultivated Species. Natl. Res.   Inst. Tech. Center Agric. Rural Cooperation, Chathan UK., pp.89 \u2013 98.\r\n[18]\tSiemonsma, J.S (1982). The cultivation of okra (Abelmoschus spp.), tropical fruit]- vegetable (with special reference to the Ivory coast).D.H.O, thesis Wageningen Agricultural Wageningen, the Netherland.297 pp.\r\n[19]\tUdoh, D.J., Ndon, B.A., Asuquo, P.E and Ndaeyo, N.U. (2005): Crop production techniques for the tropics. Concept publisher, Lagos, Nigeria. PP.223\u2013247\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Oyewo, I. O, Shaib-Rahim, H. O, Robert, A.E, Oyewole, O.O, Adedipe, J.O, Aduloju, A. R, Agboola, F.O, &#8220;Cost and Returns Analysis of Okra Marketing in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.221-226 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/221-226.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/221-226.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cost-and-returns-analysis-of-okra-marketing-in-ijebu-north-local-government-area-of-ogun-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cost and Returns Analysis of Okra Marketing in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36f323 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d36f323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36f406 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36f406\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d36f569\" data-id=\"d36f569\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36f688 elementor-widget 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d36ff60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36fff6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36fff6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d370131\" data-id=\"d370131\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d370254 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d370254\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3702ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3702ef\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37042c\" data-id=\"d37042c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37052d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37052d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3705c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3705c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d370725\" data-id=\"d370725\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d370832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d370832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Schiff Base and its Metal (II) Complexes Derived From 3-Aminophenol and Benzaldehyde<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nasiru Pindiga Yahaya, Muhammad Sani Mukhtar\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 227-231<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3708c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3708c5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d370a33\" data-id=\"d370a33\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d370b4d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d370b4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">New Schiff base ligand was synthesis via a condensation of the ligands in methanol.  The Schiff base were synthesize in 1:2 molar ratio reactions.The complexes have been characterized on the basis of FTIR, electronic spectra, melting points, solubility and molar conductance. The invitro antibacterial activity of the complexes were tested using four bacteria strain; gram negative (Escherichia coli, salmonella typhi) and gram positive (staphylococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus). The complexes were formed in good yield and they have various shades of colors and sharp melting points. The IR results for the HL1 synthesized schiff base revealed bands at 1621cm-1 which shifted to higher frequencies in the metal complexes 1622, 1626 and 1621 cm-1,. The band at 690, 666, 696 cm-1and 593, 549,579 cm-1(HL1), were assigned to (M-N) and (M-O) bands in the spectra of the complexes supporting coordination of Schiff base\/ligands to respective metals.The electronic spectral data of the complexes suggest an Octahedral and tetrahedral geometry for all the complexes. The molar conductivity indicates that the synthesized complexes are all non-electrolytes and soluble in protic solvent such as methanol and ethanol. The invitro antibacterial screening of schiff base and its metal complexes showed that they are potential antibacterial agents against the tested microorganisms\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 227-231\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nasiru Pindiga Yahaya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry Gombe State University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Sani Mukhtar <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry Gombe State University\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tFugu, M. B., Ndahi,  N. P.,  Paul, B. B. and  Mustapha, A. N., (2013). Synthesis,   characterization, and antimicrobial studies of some vanillin Schiff base metal (II) complexes Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research,  5(4):22-28\r\n[2]\tKiran Singh, Yogender Kumar, ParveshPuri, Chetan Sharma, Kamal RaiAneja (2017). Antimicrobial, spectral and thermal studies of divalent cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc complexes with triazole Schiff bases. Arabian Journal of Chemistry www.ksu.edu.sa \r\n[3]\tMukhtar,H. U. Sani, M. H. Shagal and J. I. Joseph (2018). Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies of Schiff base Derived from Salicyldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine and its Metal (II) Complexes. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)e-ISSN: 2278-5736.11(9):49-53 \r\n[4]\tNasiru, P.Y Ndahi, N.P., Bako, L., Mohamad, L.M, Abdullahi,.Z. and Yusuf, M. (2018). Synthesis and partial characterization of two schiff base ligands with (2 and 4-nitroaniline)  and their transition metal (II) (Co and Cu) complexes. Dutsejournal of pure and applied science, 1(2):584-591.\r\n[5]\tNdahi, N.P. and Nasiru, Y.P. (2012). Complexes of Cobalt(ii), Nickel(ii) and Zinc(ii) with schiff bases derived from 4-anisaldehyde. International Journal of Science and Applied Research ,3(12): 278-283.\r\n[6]\tTaghreedHashim Al-Noor, ManhelReemon Aziz, Ahmed.T.AL- Jeboori (2014). synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of[Fe(ii), Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii) ,and Zn(ii)}mixed ligand complexes schiff base derived from ampicillin drug and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde with nicotinamide. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN:2320-8163, www.ijtra.com 2(4): 187-192\r\n[7]\tWalaa H. Mahmoud, Gehad G. Mohamed, Maher M.I. El-Dessouky (2014). Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro Biological Activity of Mixed Transition Metal Complexes of Lornoxicam with 1,10phenanthrolineInt. J. Electrochem. Sci., (9) 1415 \u2013 1438.\r\n[8]\tYaseer hussam sanbah (2017). Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of penicilin derivative complexes with some metal ions. Republic of irag ministry of higher education and scientific research al-Nahrain university college of science department of chemistry.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nasiru Pindiga Yahaya, Muhammad Sani Mukhtar\t&#8220;Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Schiff Base and its Metal (II) Complexes Derived From 3-Aminophenol and Benzaldehyde&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.227-231 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/227-231.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/227-231.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/synthesis-characterization-and-antibacterial-activity-of-schiff-base-and-its-metal-ii-complexes-derived-from-3-aminophenol-and-benzaldehyde\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Schiff Base and its Metal (II) Complexes Derived From 3-Aminophenol and Benzaldehyde<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d371893 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d371893\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d371976 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d371976\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d371ae6\" data-id=\"d371ae6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d371c00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d371c00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d371c9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d371c9c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d371dfe\" data-id=\"d371dfe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d371f14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d371f14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d371fb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d371fb1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3720f6\" data-id=\"d3720f6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37220f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37220f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3722a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3722a8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3723e9\" data-id=\"d3723e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3724ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3724ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d372596 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d372596\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3726d7\" data-id=\"d3726d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3727d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3727d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37286e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37286e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3729c7\" data-id=\"d3729c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d372acc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d372acc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d372b61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d372b61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d372cde\" data-id=\"d372cde\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d372df3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d372df3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Seasonal Measurement of Water Quality In River Amba, Nasarawa State, North Central, Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday, Emgba, Samuel Kafu, Atara, Joseph Galadima\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 232-234<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d372e8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d372e8c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d372fef\" data-id=\"d372fef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37311b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d37311b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"> This study is aimed at seasonal measurement of trace metals and physicochemical parameters of River Amba, Nasarawa State, North Central, Nigeria. The water data were collected during 2019 to 2020 from 3 sampling points distributed along the river. The physicochemical parameters analysed are pH, alkalinity, temperature, BOD, COD, conductivity and TDS. While, the trace metals in Mg\/L are Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cr. Trace metals during dry season ranges from 0.55 to 0.64, 0.41 to 0.45, 2.00 to 2.02, 0.20 to 0.22, 0.48 to 0.50 and 0.17 to 0.19 respectively. While during wet season, it ranges from 0.65 to 0.72, 0.55 to 0.65, 2.03 to 2.05, 0.22 to 0.25, 0.50 to 0.57 and 0.30 to 0.33 in that order. the result revealed that the mean concentrations of trace metals were above the permissive WHO\/EU standards except for Mn and Zn in all the water samples irrespective of the season. Consequently, the physicochemical parameters analysed during wet and dry season are within the WHO recommended standard with exception of COD and BOD. The results indicate that seasonal change did not bring significant alteration in the parameters analyzed.  In order to reduce the trace metals, laws should be enacted by the Governments to regulate the activities that take place in the river. \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 232-234\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment Of Science Laboratory Technology, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, Pmb 109 Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>, Emgba,  Samuel Kafu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment Of Science Laboratory Technology, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, Pmb 109 Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Atara, Joseph Galadima.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment Of Science Laboratory Technology, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, Pmb 109 Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tMgbemena, N. M. (2016). Physiochemical and bacteriological analysis of borehole waters in Owerri north L.G.A. Imo State, Nigeria. J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, 41(1), 99 \u2013 104. \r\n[2]\tAremu M.O, Gav B.L, Opaluwa O.D, Atolaiye B.O, Madu P.C &#038; Sangari D.U (2011). Assessment of physicochemical contaminants in waters and fishes from selected rivers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1 (4): 6-17. \r\n[3]\tJarup L., (2003). Hazards of Heavy Metal Contamination. Br. Med. Bull., 68: 167-182 \r\n[4]\tAmaoah, P. (2008). Waste Water Irrigated Vegetable Production: Contamination Pathway for Health Risk Reduction in Accra, Kumasi and Temale-Ghana. Ph.D. Thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, 74-75. \r\n[5]\tRajaganapathy, V., Xavier, F., Sreekumar, D., &#038; Mandal, P. (2011). Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil, Water and Fodder and their Presence in Livestock and Products: A Review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 4, 234-249. \r\n[6]\tDara, S. S. (2004). Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd, India \r\n[7]\tLeung, A., Caiz, W., &#038; Wong, M., (2006) Environmental Contamination from Electronic Waste Recycling at Guiyu, Southeast China J. Mater Cycles Waste Menag, 8, 21-25. \r\n[8]\tShayley, H.Mc Bride,, M., &#038; Harrison, E. (2009). Sources and Impacts of Contaminants in Soils. Cornell Waste management Institute. 1-6 \r\n[9]\tWei, B., &#038; Yang, L. (2010). A Review of Heavy Metal Contamination in urban Soils, Urban Road Dust and Agricultural Soils from China Micro chemical Journal, 94-99-107\r\n[10]\t Li. X, Huang. T, Ma .W, Sun .X, and Zhang .H, (2015). Effects of rainfall patterns on water quality in a stratified reservoir subject to eutrophication: Implications for management, Science of the Total Environment.,   521-522, pp. 27\u201336. \r\n[11]\tVarol. M, G\u00f6kot. B, Bekleyen. A, and \u015een. B, (2012). Spatial and temporal variations in surface water quality of the dam reservoirs in the Tigris River basin, Turkey, Catena., 92, pp. 11\u201321. \r\n[12]\tZhang. Y, Wu. Z, Liu.M et al., 2015. Dissolved oxygen stratification and response to thermal structure and long-term climate change in a large and deep subtropical reservoir (Lake Qiandaohu, China). Water Research., 75, pp. 249\u2013258.\r\n[13]\tFEPA (1984). List of maximum Levels Recommended for Contaminants by the Joint FAO\/WHO Codex Alimentanus Commission 3:18 \r\n[14]\tLenntech B. V. (1998- 2009). Water Treatment and Purification. Rotterdamseweg 402M, 2629 HH Delft. The Netherland. \r\n[15]\t Aremu M.O, Andrew C, Oko .O.J and Shenge G.A. (2017). Seasonal analysis of Water quality in two Settlements of Wukari Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria. FTST Journal, Vol. 2, No1B, pp 613-617 \r\n[16]\tKabir E.S, Kabir M, Islam S.M, Mia C,M, Begum N, Chowdhury D.A, Sultana S.M, Rahman S.M (2002). \u201cAssessment of effluent quality of Dhaka export processing zone with special emphasis to the textile and dying industries\u201d. Jahangirnagar Uni. J. Sci,. pp. 137-138 \r\n[17]\tUsman, A., Itodo, A. U. and Audu, S. S (2020). Trace Metals Analysis of River Amba in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. IJWSRR; vol. 1 pp. 1-3. \r\n[18]\tAnzene, S. (2005). Trace Metal Analysis in Plateau State Polytechnic Water Supply System at the Main Campus. Solid Journal, 1,1, 57,62\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday, Emgba, Samuel Kafu, Atara, Joseph Galadima.\t&#8220;Seasonal Measurement of Water Quality In River Amba, Nasarawa State, North Central, Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.232-234 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/232-234.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/232-234.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/seasonal-measurement-of-water-quality-in-river-amba-nasarawa-state-north-central-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seasonal Measurement of Water Quality In River Amba, Nasarawa State, North Central, Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d373ebc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d373ebc\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d374118\" data-id=\"d374118\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37422e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37422e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3742c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3742c6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d374411\" data-id=\"d374411\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d374528 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d374528\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3745bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3745bd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3746fe\" data-id=\"d3746fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d374800 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d374800\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3748a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3748a7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3749eb\" data-id=\"d3749eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d374af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d374af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d374b89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d374b89\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d374cd7\" data-id=\"d374cd7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d374dda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d374dda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d374e6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d374e6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d374fac\" data-id=\"d374fac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3750bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3750bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d375155 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d375155\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3752ac\" data-id=\"d3752ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3753b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3753b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Proximate Analysis of Fermented and Unfermented African Locust Beans (<i>Parkia Biglobosa<\/i>), Found in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday, Atara, Joseph Galadima, Emgba, Kafu Samuel- October 2020 Page No.: 235-236<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37546f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37546f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3755cc\" data-id=\"d3755cc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3756e3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3756e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The work is aimed at comparing nutritional content of unfermented (boiled) and fermented African Locust Beans (Daddawa). The African locust beans (Parkia Biglobosa) were purchased from Alhamis Market, Tudun Gwandara, Lafia, Nasarawa State and were transported to the Hospitality Department of Nasarawa State Polytechnic, Lafia for proximate analysis. The sample was divided into two equal parts (boiled and fermented African Locust beans). The following parameters were analysed: moisture content, ash content, crude fiber content, protein content, lipid (fat) content and carbohydrate content. Unfermented (boiled) African locust beans showed higher carbohydrate, crude fiber and ash content (36.4% &#8211; 21.9%, 4.50% &#8211; 3.50%, and 2.5% &#8211; 2.00%) respectively. While the fermented African locust beans (Daddawa) showed higher protein, fat and moisture content (36.50% &#8211; 30.00%, 10.50% &#8211; 8.50% and 26.1% &#8211; 18.1%) respectively. The significant differences noticed in all the samples (boiled and fermented African locust beans) could be due to the processing activities and subsequent fermentation process to produce Daddawa. Both samples are good sources of nutrient for human consumption. Local condiment should be encouraged because is natural.\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 235-236\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology. P.M.B 109, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n  <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Atara, Joseph Galadima,<\/strong><\/span>\r\n  Department of Science Laboratory Technology. P.M.B 109, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Emgba, Kafu Samuel<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology. P.M.B 109, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkande, F.B., Adejumo O.A., Adamade, C.A and Bodunde J. (2010). Processing of locust bean fruits: challenges and prospects. African journals of Agricultural Research. Vol. 5 (17): 2268 \u2013 2271. http:\/\/www.academicjournal.org\/AJAR\r\n[2]\tAOAC. (2005) Official Method of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemistry Washington DC pp 205-610.\r\n[3]\tCampbell \u2013 Platt, G. (1988) African Locust Bean (Parkia Species) and its West African Fermented Food Product, Dawadawa. Ecology of food and Nutrition 9: 123-132.\r\n[4]\tDike, E.N. and Odunfa, S.A 2003. Microbiological and Biological Evaluation of a fermented seed soybean product. Soya dawadawa. J. food SciTech. 40: 606 \u2013 610.\r\n[5]\tEka, O.U (1984). Review of studies on changes in nutrient composition during fermentation of foods. Nigeria journal of nutritional science 5(1): 9-13.\r\n[6]\tHopkins, H.C and White, F. 1984. The Ecology and Chronology of Parkia bioglobosa in African Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique National plantetuin Belgique, 54: 225-226.\r\n[7]\tIhekoronye, A.I and Ngoddy, P.O (1985). Integrated food science and Technology for the tropics. Macmillan publishers Ltd. Pp 65-193, 283-294.\r\n[8]\tOje, K. (1993). Locust beans pods and seed: some physical properties of relevance to dehulhing and seed processing. J. food ScienTechnol. Vol. 30 No. 4:253-255.\r\n[9]\tOmafurbe, B.O., Shuhukan, C.O &#038; Aboise, S.H. (2000). Microbiological and biochemical changes in the traditional fermentation of soybean for soy-daddawa, Nigeria food condiment. Food microbiology 17:469-474.\r\n[10]\tOuouba, L.I.I; Rechinger, K.B., Barkholt, V., Diauarva B., Traore, A.S., &#038; Jackson, M. (2003), Degradation of proteins during the fermentation of African locust bean (Parkia bigbobosa) by strains of bacillus sub-stills and bacillus pumilus for production of soumba. African journal of applied microbiology 94:396-402.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday, Atara, Joseph Galadima, Emgba, Kafu Samuel,\t&#8220;Proximate Analysis of Fermented and Unfermented African Locust Beans (<i>Parkia Biglobosa<\/i>), Found in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.235-236 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/235-236.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/235-236.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/proximate-analysis-of-fermented-and-unfermented-african-locust-beans-parkia-biglobosa-found-in-lafia-nasarawa-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proximate Analysis of Fermented and Unfermented African Locust Beans (<i>Parkia Biglobosa<\/i>), Found in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37646c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d37646c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37654d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37654d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3766c4\" data-id=\"d3766c4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3767f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3767f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d376896 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d376896\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3769e4\" data-id=\"d3769e4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d376aed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d376aed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d376b92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d376b92\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d376cea\" data-id=\"d376cea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d376def elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d376def\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d376e85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d376e85\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d376fe6\" data-id=\"d376fe6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3770ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3770ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d377185 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d377185\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3772c7\" data-id=\"d3772c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3773de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3773de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d377475 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d377475\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3775b8\" data-id=\"d3775b8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3776bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3776bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d377759 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d377759\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3778bf\" data-id=\"d3778bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3779c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3779c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Measurement of Vehicular Emission in Karu Metropolis, North Central Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday, Maikasuwa, Gaius, Atara, Joseph Galadima- October 2020 Page No.: 237-249<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d377a5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d377a5d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d377bc9\" data-id=\"d377bc9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d377e87 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d377e87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The level of gaseous emissions (CO, NO2, SO2, H2S, and PM) was measured at four selected locations (Masaka, Ado, Aso and Mararaba Sharp-Corner) in Karu metropolitan area of Nasarawa State using handheld croncon gasman gas meter\/detector and particulate monitor from morning to evening for 30minutes and readings were recorded for time zero (0) and then after each 2 minutes interval at each location for a period of three days. The level of emission recorded at the major road junctions are within the range of 20-30PPM, 5-6PPM, 0.1-0.3PP, 0.0-0.1PPM for PM, CO, NO2, SO2 and H2S in that order. This showed a concentration pattern for all the four sampling sites. The result established that the emissions levels of CO and PM in the metropolis especially morning and evening at Masaka and Mararaba sharp-Corner were higher than the permissive Nigeria air quality standard of 10ppm for atmospheric CO, 006ppm for NO2, 0.1 for SO2, 0.1 for H2S and 006ugm-3 for PM. These will have adverse health effect and may contribute to climatic change in the long term if unmitigated. To this effect, it is recommended that vehicle owners should stop using poor quality petrol and more roads should be constructed within the metropolis\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 237-249\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, PMB 109, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Maikasuwa, Gaius<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, PMB 109, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atara, Joseph Galadima<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, PMB 109, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBarker, J.R &#038; Hanna, R. (1995). A brief introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry,\r\n[2]\tWorld Scientist. Washington DC. Federal Office of Statistics, FOS (2016). Annual Abstract of Statistics\r\n[3]\tGarba, A.G &#038; Garba, P.K (2016):MarketFailure Air Pollution in Nigeria: A\r\n[4]\ttheoreticalInvestigation of two cases selected papers, Annual Conference Nigeria Economic Society, held at port-Harcourt.\r\n[5]\tJack Faucet Associates (1992). Selected Economic Incentives to Reduce Emission \r\n[6]\tfrom mobile sources, Report submitted to Regulatory Innovation Staff, Office of policy, Planning and Evaluation, USEnvironmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Bethesda MD.\r\n[7]\tManaham, S. E. (2000) \u2018Front Matter\u2019 Environmental Chemistry, Bocan Raton: CRCpress LLL.\r\n[8]\tOrubu, C.O, Fajingbesi, A. &#038; Magbabeola, O.(2001).Enviromental\r\n[9]\tRegulation of Suitable Development. Research Report, Ibadan,\r\n[10]\tNCEMA\/ACBF Collaborative programme.\r\n[11]\tRao, M.N &#038; Rao, H.V.(2001). Air Pollution Tata. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.\r\n[12]\tSeneca, Rd, Pope, S. &#038; Brook, JR. (2010) \u2018Particulate Matter Air Pollution and \r\n[13]\tCardiovascular Disease: An update to the Scientific Statement from the AmericalHert Association\u2019 Circulation.\r\n[14]\tSeveyny, L. (1998). Atmospheric Greenhouse gas levels Hot Record, New York times.\r\n[15]\tUgwanyi, C.O, A. Fajingbese A., Odusola A. &#038; Magbageola, O. (2003). Environmental Regulation for Sustainable Development. Research Report, Ibadan, NCEMA\/ACBF  Collaboration Programme.\r\n[16]\tWorld Bank. (1995). Defining an Environmental Development Strategy for the Niger Delta, vol.II, Industry and Energy Operations Division (West Central Africa Department), Washington DC.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ajegena, Yakubu Sunday* , Maikasuwa, Gaius      And       Atara, Joseph Galadima&#8221;Measurement of Vehicular Emission in Karu Metropolis, North Central Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.237-249 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/237-249.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/237-249.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/measurement-of-vehicular-emission-in-karu-metropolis-north-central-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Measurement of Vehicular Emission in Karu Metropolis, North Central Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d378f1b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d378f1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d379007 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d379007\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37931f\" data-id=\"d37931f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3795ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3795ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d379677 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d379677\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3798f5\" data-id=\"d3798f5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d379afd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d379afd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d379bae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d379bae\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d379d15\" data-id=\"d379d15\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d379e38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d379e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d379edc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d379edc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37a02a\" data-id=\"d37a02a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37a132 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37a132\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37a1cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37a1cb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37a31e\" data-id=\"d37a31e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37a424 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37a424\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37a4ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37a4ba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37a60b\" data-id=\"d37a60b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37a71a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37a71a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37a7af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37a7af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37a914\" data-id=\"d37a914\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37ab04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37ab04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Kidney, Liver and Muscle of Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Guyuk Metropolis, Adamawa state, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Buba, Z.M., Abbas, E.A.,  Ahmed, U\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 250-255<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37abd0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37abd0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37ad73\" data-id=\"d37ad73\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37aeef elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d37aeef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A research conducted on domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) was carried out to determine heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni and Cd) levels in the pork meat (kidney liver and muscle) of domestic pig (S. scrofa domesticus) in Guyuk Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Samples of the Sus scrofa domesticus Kidney, Liver, and Muscle (pork meat) were requested and bought from ten (10) different S. scrofa domesticus commercial sellers in Guyuk Metropolis, Adamawa State of Nigeria. The fresh samples were collected and stored in a sample bottle and were transported to Animal Production Laboratory Adamawa State University Mubi for digestion and determination of heavy metals concentration (chemical analysis). Determination of heavy metals was done using Buck Scientific 230 model, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result reveals that, all the heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni and Cd) studied have the highest mean concentration in the Liver, 0.095\u00b10.001mg\/g, 0.086\u00b10.001mg\/g, 8.165\u00b10.001mg\/g, 0.022\u00b10.001mg\/g and 0.042\u00b10.001mg\/g respectively, followed by muscle 0.085\u00b10.000mg\/g, 0.538\u00b10.001mg\/g, 3.778\u00b10.001mg\/g, 0.011\u00b10.000mg\/g and 0.34\u00b10.001mg\/g respectively. The least mean concentration of these heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni and Cd) was found in the Kidney with 0.076\u00b10.001mg\/g, 0.255\u00b10.001mg\/g 0.943\u00b10.001mg\/g, 0.010\u00b10.000mg\/g and 0.022\u00b10.001mg\/g respectively and there was no significant difference of the mean concentrations of Fe, Ni and Cd at (P>0.05) in the organs of the S. scrofa domesticus studied. But there are significant differences of the mean concentration Pb and Cu at (P>0.05) in the organs of the S. scrofa domesticus studied. Female S. scrofa domesticus has higher mean concentration of all the heavy metals than the male S. scrofa domesticus sampled. All the studied heavy metals concentrations were just slightly above the permissible limit set by FAO\/WHO. Therefore consumption of pork meat should be minimized to avoid bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these heavy metals. Furthermore, domestic pigs (S. scrofa domesticus) should not be on free range to avoid unnecessary feeding on feeds that contained high amount of heavy metals. \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 250-255\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Buba, Z.M.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Zoology, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Abbas, E.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Zoology, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Ahmed, U <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Biological Sciences Laboratory Technology (SLT), Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbou-arab AAK, 2001. 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Methodology for Assessing Exposure to metals: Speciation Bioavailability of metals and Ecological Host Factors, Ecotoxicological and Environmental Safety, 56 (1): 110-121.\r\n[40]\tPierzynski GM, Sims JT and Vancen GF. 2006. Soils and Environmental Quality, CRC Press. London UK, 2nd Edition. 23-25.\r\n[41]\tRadostitis OM, Blood DC, Gay CC and Hinchcliff HE. 2000.Veterinary Medicine: A Text Book of Disease of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses , WB Saunders, London, UK.\r\n[42]\tReif JS. 2011. Animal sentinels for environmental and public health. Public Health Rep. (126): 50-57.\r\n[43]\tSager M. 2007. Trace and Nutrient Elements in Manure, Dung and Compost Samples in Austria. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39 (6): 1383-1390.\r\n[44]\tSalwa AA and Shuhaimi- Othman M. 2013. Metals Concentrations in Eggs of Domestic Avian and Estimation of Health Risk from Eggs Consumptin. Journal of Biological Sciences, (1): 448-453.\r\n[45]\tToor GS, Haggard BE and  Donoghue AM. 2007. Water ex- tractable trace elements in poultry litters and granulated products. Journal of Applied Poultry Residues, 16 (3): 351-360.\r\n[46]\tTorres J, Foronda P, Eira C, Miquel J and Feliu C. 2010. Trace Element Concentrations in Railietina micracantha in Comparison to its Definitive Host, The Feral Pigeon Columba livia in Santa Crus de Tenerife (Cnary Archipelago, Spain). Archived Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, (58): 176-182.\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Buba, Z.M., Abbas, E.A.,  Ahmed, U, \t&#8220;Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Kidney, Liver and Muscle of Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Guyuk Metropolis, Adamawa state, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.250-255 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/250-255.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/250-255.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" 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Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37bcd1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d37bcd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37c0f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37c0f9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37c25b\" data-id=\"d37c25b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37c364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37c364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37c3fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37c3fa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37c546\" data-id=\"d37c546\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37c654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37c654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37c9d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37c9d4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37cb12\" data-id=\"d37cb12\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37cc11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37cc11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37cca6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37cca6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37cdf3\" data-id=\"d37cdf3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37cef4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37cef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37cf87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37cf87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37d0e8\" data-id=\"d37d0e8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37d1f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37d1f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessing the Effect of Demographic Variables of Age, Education and Years of Engagement on Employee Satisfaction with Retention Strategies in County Assembly of Kilifi<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ngala Lilian Gabriel, Corazon Tangonan Banaga, Ochieng\u2019 Chris Shimba, Omondi Richard Mc\u2019Otieno\t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 256-265<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37d28c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37d28c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37d40f\" data-id=\"d37d40f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37d56f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d37d56f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Employee retention strategies refers to systematic programs, practices and policies created to address the diverse employee needs by an organization that are targeted at developing employee loyalty. Effective human resource management is key in securing and retaining highly qualified and competent employees. Organizations make great efforts to attract workers and sustain their workforce. This study aimed to assess the effect that employees\u2019 demographic variables namely age, gender, education level and years of engagement on employee satisfaction with retention strategies in the county assembly of Kilifi by adopting a cross \u2013sectional study based on the objective of establishing the variations in employee\u2019s satisfaction with retention strategies based on age group, gender, level of education and years of service. The study concludes that gender, and age groups significantly affect employee\u2019s satisfaction with retention strategies while levels of education and years of engagement does not significantly affect employees\u2019 satisfaction with the retention strategies. Finally, the study reveals that there is no significant difference both between and within the various groups of respondents on their views regarding being satisfied with the various retention strategies being adopted by the organization. \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 256-265\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ngala Lilian Gabriel<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500 \u2013 30100, Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Corazon Tangonan Banaga <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500 \u2013 30100, Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Ochieng\u2019 Chris Shimba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500 \u2013 30100, Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Omondi Richard Mc\u2019Otieno<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, P.O. Box 2500 \u2013 30100, Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkila, R. (2012), A Study on employee retention among executives at BGR Energy Systems Ltd, Chennai. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services &#038; Management Research, 1(9)\r\n[2]\tAmble, B. (2006). Baby boomers look to a working retirement. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.management issues. coml2006\/8\/24\/research. \r\n[3]\tArmstrong, M. (2012). \u201cArmstrong\u2019s handbook of reward management and practice improving performance through reward\u2019. (4th ed.). 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Training &#038; Development, 54(3), 22-27.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ngala Lilian Gabriel, Corazon Tangonan Banaga, Ochieng\u2019 Chris Shimba, Omondi Richard Mc\u2019Otieno\t&#8220;Assessing the Effect of Demographic Variables of Age, Education and Years of Engagement on Employee Satisfaction with Retention Strategies in County Assembly of Kilifi&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.256-265 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/256-265.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/256-265.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessing-the-effect-of-demographic-variables-of-age-education-and-years-of-engagement-on-employee-satisfaction-with-retention-strategies-in-county-assembly-of-kilifi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessing the Effect of Demographic Variables of Age, Education and Years of Engagement on Employee Satisfaction with Retention Strategies in 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37f1b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37f1b6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37f32c\" data-id=\"d37f32c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37f458 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37f458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37f505 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37f505\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37f654\" data-id=\"d37f654\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37f75f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37f75f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37f807 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37f807\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37f982\" data-id=\"d37f982\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37faa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37faa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Solid Waste Characterization at Classified Solid Waste Dumpsites in Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Loremikan, Abayomi George.    \t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 266-271<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37fb5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37fb5e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37fd12\" data-id=\"d37fd12\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37fe56 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d37fe56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Municipal or household wastes are often generated from several sources where variable human activities are encountered. This study is to conduct waste characterization survey at solid waste dumpsites around markets, Semi- industrial and residential areas \r\nMaterials and Method: On the spot site waste segregation with the use of human scavengers was conducted at each of the fifteen (15) waste dumpsite. The major equipment used are: 25liters plastic bucket, medium size weighing scale of 0 to 150kg range and hand shovel, Data were obtained in percentages of the total solid waste at each of the dumpsites. The mean percentages as per each classified dumpsite were graphically analyzed.\r\n Results: At Market dumpsites, dominant waste constituents were: Plastic bottles and food\/organic > Polyethylene nylon > paper > glass bottles. Whereas in the semi- industrial areas: Plastic bottles >Polyethylene nylon > food waste > Paper. In the residential area, the major constituents were: Food\/organics 30% > Polyethylene nylon 25% > Plastic bottles 22% > paper 15% > Glass 5%.\r\nConclusion:  Waste characterization survey shows that Food\/organic, paper, plastics, polythene are the major constituencies at all solid waste dumpsites. Batteries and bulbs also occur but small in quantity.\r\n\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 266-271\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Loremikan, Abayomi George.     <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Geo-Sciences and Space Technology Rivers state university, Nkporlu- Oroworukwo, Portharcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tDaniel ,D.  Laura Thomas(1999). Urban Development Sector Unit. East Asia and Pacific Region. Page 5\r\n[2]\tNabegu, A.B. (2010).  An Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria Journal  for . Human. Ecology., 31 (2). 111-119\r\n[3]\tNagabooshnam, J.K., 2011. Solid waste generation and composition in Gaborone, Botswana, Potential for resource recovery, Master thesis, Energy and environmental engineering, Department of Management Engineering, Linkoping University, Sweden.\r\n[4]\tOkot-Okumu, J., 2012. Solid waste management in African cities \u2013 East Africa, Waste Management \u2013 An Integrated Vision, ISBN: 978-953-51-0795-8, InTech, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5772\/50241. http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/waste-management-an-integrated-vision\/solid-waste-management-in-african-cities-east-africa\r\n[5]\tSalamatu, A. Afuno , S.  Safianu, R. ( 2017). Characterization and composition analysis of municipal solid waste in kano, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied   Sciences, ISSN 2006 \u2013 6996. 10(1): 493 \u2013 497.  http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4314\/bajopas.v10i1.94S\r\n[6]\tSamson, O.  Oluwole, A.  Abimbola, S.( 2011) The Physical Composition of Solid Wastes in Selected Dumpsites of Ogbomosoland, South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Water  Resource and Protection, 3, 661-666. (http:\/\/www.SciRP.org\/journal\/jwarp  \r\n[7]\tUnited Nation UNESCAP Journal https:\/\/www.unescap.org\/sites\/default\/files\/CH08.PDF Chapter8\r\n[8]\tValkenburg, C, Walton, C.W., Thompson, B.L., Gerber, M.A., Jones, S., Stevens, D.J., (2008). Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Liquid Fuels Synthesis, Availability of feedstock and Technol. PNNL 18144, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. (1)\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Loremikan, Abayomi George, &#8220;Solid Waste Characterization at Classified Solid Waste Dumpsites in Port Harcourt, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.266-271 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/266-271.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/266-271.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/solid-waste-characterization-at-classified-solid-waste-dumpsites-in-port-harcourt-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Solid Waste Characterization at Classified Solid Waste Dumpsites in Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d380c76 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d380c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3814fe\" data-id=\"d3814fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3815ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3815ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d381699 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d381699\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3817e9\" data-id=\"d3817e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3818f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3818f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d381984 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d381984\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d381ac2\" data-id=\"d381ac2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d381bf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d381bf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d381c98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d381c98\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d381ddd\" data-id=\"d381ddd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d381ede elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d381ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d381f84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d381f84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3820e2\" data-id=\"d3820e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3821e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3821e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Organizational Factors and Employees\u2019 Performance in Publishing Department of the Seventh \u2013 Day Adventist Church in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Kefa Moruri, Dr. Lameck Miyayo,  Dr. William Ondari, Richard Omondi Mc&#8217; Otieno &#8211; October 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 272-280<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38227c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38227c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d382420\" data-id=\"d382420\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d382568 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d382568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Globally, there seems to be a performance crisis in both public and private sector organizations occasioned by the need to produce more for less, thus raising the appetite for efficiency leading to the need for evaluation mechanisms to help assess the performance of organizations or programs that are quite inadequate. This study adopted an empirical review of various studies that has been undertaken to consider organizational factors that significantly impact employees\u2019 performance and developed various hypotheses that are intended to help in the development of a framework of factors that organizations should focus on if they have to significantly improve on their employee\u2019s performance levels. The study considered available literature and specific studies undertaken to establish the relationships between employee\u2019s performance and specific organizational factors and thereafter developed a series of hypotheses. The study concludes that knowing what organizational factors influence employee productivity is a prerequisite to improving overall organizational performance. For organizations to enhance employee performance and improve their productivity both as individual employees and the overall organization, there is a need to focus on improving their training programs so as to address the immediate and future employee skills and knowledge requirements. Organizations should also enhance their employee motivation programs, career development initiatives, and recognition systems. Organizations should also enhance their performance appraisal systems and organizational leadership structures and skills. Additionally, organizations should inculcate positive thinking and attitude as well as a culture of openness. Teamwork and willingness to enhance performance in their employees in order to enhance their performance<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 272-280\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kefa Moruri<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Lameck Miyayo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. William Ondari<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Richard Omondi Mc&#8217; Otieno<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAichouni, Mohamed., (2005). 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Leadership in organizations, 7th ed, Noida (U.P) India: Pearson Education\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kefa Moruri, Dr. Lameck Miyayo,  Dr. William Ondari, Richard Omondi Mc&#8217; Otieno &#8220;Organizational Factors and Employees\u2019 Performance in Publishing Department of the Seventh \u2013 Day Adventist Church in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.272-280 October 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/272-280.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/272-280.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/organizational-factors-and-employees-performance-in-publishing-department-of-the-seventh-day-adventist-church-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Organizational Factors and Employees\u2019 Performance in Publishing Department of the Seventh \u2013 Day Adventist Church in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38344f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d38344f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d383520 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d383520\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3836c0\" data-id=\"d3836c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3837f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3837f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relevance of Positive Control Wells in Monitoring the Performance of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test in the Field for Effective Case Management of Malaria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okangba, C. C, Oyibo W.A., Thompson, E. T., Ejime E., Ajani, T.A.,  Elikwu, C.J.,  Okangba, K. K  \t&#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 281-294<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38388e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38388e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d383a01\" data-id=\"d383a01\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d383b4a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d383b4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"> Background: Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (MRDTs) are potential breakthrough in the provision of accurate diagnosis in remote areas, but widescale use is hampered by uncertainty over accuracy under field conditions. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are central to fulfilling the WHO\u2019s recommendation for parasitologic confirmation of all suspected cases of malaria. RDT performance may be compromised when exposed to the high temperature conditions typical of most malaria endemic regions. However, a systematic method to monitor RDT\r\nquality and performance in endemic countries is lacking at the present time. Current methods to monitor RDT\r\nperformance in the field include comparing results from RDTs to diagnoses made by light microscopy and\r\nobserving health workers perform tests. These methods are not substitutes for direct quality control.  Positive Control Wells (PCWs), which contain recombinant malaria parasite antigen, are a novel method for addressing this need for quality assurance. In this study,\r\nthe suitability of PCWs as quality control kit for malaria RDTs quality assurance testing was evaluated.\r\nObjective:  Assess the performance of malaria RDTs using Positive Control Wells and compared with highly characterized Quality Control samples in the case management of malaria. \r\nMethod:  A total of thirty-five  malaria RDTs compromising of twenty-four Histidine rich protein II, five  Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase and three Plasmodium falciparum\/ Plasmodium vivax Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests   were monitored for their performance in the field using Positive Control Wells (PCWs) The CTK Positivia Malaria Ag Rapid Test Assay Control kit with Catalog Number C0010 PCWs (Produced by CTK Biotech, Inc. 10110 Mesa Rim road, San-Diego, CA 92121 USA),  and then compared with  highly characterized Quality Control (QC)samples. Thermal stability was also assessed after one month of storage at elevated temperatures of 35, 40 and 45oC in the incubator and humidity. The QC samples were diluted to different parasitaemia dilutions (2000, 1000, 200, 150, 100 and 50parasites\/microliter of blood {\u00b5L})  and then tested with the same MRDTs used to evaluate the performance of the PCWs and to determine the antigen concentration of the PCWs. The wells were reconstituted with buffer for both the positive and negative control wells.\r\nResults: All the thirty-five MRDTs used to perform this evaluation all gave a positive results, but with different test line intensity ranging from 0.5+ to 3+. The P. falciparum specific lines showed more intensity than the pan-specific lines. At elevated temperature, the RDTs also gave positive results, but negative when the PCWs were kept for longer period. \r\nConclusion:  This study confirmed that positive control wells have a potential place in routine management of malaria, filling an important gap in ensuring the quality of diagnosis to guide the delivering of potentially life-saving treatment.\r\n\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 281-294\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okangba, C. C  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Benjamin Carson (SNR) School of Medicine, Babcock University. Illisan \u2013Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Oyibo W.A. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nANDI Center of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis\/WHO-FIND Malaria Specimen Collection Site, Department of Medical and Parasitology College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Thompson, E. T.   <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Jos University Teaching Hospitals, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Ejime E.   <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Benjamin Carson (SNR) School of Medicine, Babcock University. Illisan \u2013Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ajani, T.A.    <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Benjamin Carson (SNR) School of Medicine, Babcock University. Illisan \u2013Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Elikwu, C.J.    <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Benjamin Carson (SNR) School of Medicine, Babcock University. Illisan \u2013Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Okangba, K. K   <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Benjamin Carson (SNR) School of Medicine, Babcock University. Illisan \u2013Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAidoo*, Michael Jaymin C Pateland John W Barnwell (2012). Dried Plasmodium falciparum infected samples as positive controls for malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malaria Journal  11:239.\r\n[2]\tBells, D., Wongsrichanalai, C. and Barnwell, J.W. (2006). Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis; how can it be achieved? Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4: 682- 695\r\n[3]\tChiodini,P ,L., Katherine B, Pernille J, John W. B, Katherine K. G, Jenny L, Anthony H. Moody, Audie C, and David Bell (2007). The heat stability of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101: 331-337\r\n[4]\tD\u2019Acremont, E.K., Narh, B.S., Epokor, M., Akanpiga, S., Quartey, A.A., and Gyapong, J. (2010). Rapid testing for malaria in settings where microscopy is available and peripheral clinics where only presumptive treatment is available: A randomised controlled trial in Ghana. British Medical Journal; pp.340: 930. \r\n[5]\tFederal Ministry of Health (2015): National Antimalarial Treatment Guidelines National Malaria. Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n[6]\tGersti, G.A. Zhong, K.J, Loregrove, F.E. Graham, C.M., and Jain, K.C. (2010). Evaluation of the Binax NOW ICT Test versus polymerase chain reaction and microscopy for the detection of malaria in returning travelers Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 69: 598-592.\r\n[7]\tJorgenson, P., Chantap, L., Rebueno, A., Tsuyuoka, R., Bell, D. (2006) Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in tropical climates: the need for cool chain. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74: 750-754\r\n[8]\tLon, C. Mark, E.R., Shelley, A.E., (2005). Clinical features cannot predict a diagnosis of malaria or differentiate the infecting species in children living in an area of low transmission. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg 92:45-49\r\n[9]\tMayxay M, Newton P.N, Yeung S, Pongvongsa T, white N J, (2004) Short communication:  An assessment of the use of malaria rapid test by village health volunteers in rural Laos.  Trop Med Int Health. 9:325-329\r\n[10]\tMcMorrow D. P., Kawamoto F, Lin K, Laoboonchai A, Wongsrichanalai C. (2008). A comparism of two rapid immunochromatographic tests to expert microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria Acta Tropics. 82:51-59\r\n[11]\tMoody Anthony (2002). Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasite. Clinical Microbiology Review 15(1): 66-78\r\n[12]\tOkangba, Chika C.,  Charles J. Elikwu,, Emmanuel O Shobowale, Opeoluwa Shonekan, Victor Nwadike, Babatunde Tayoa, Azubuike C. Omeonua, Bibitayo Faluyia, Chiamaka Meremikwua, Oyindamola Faladea, Demilade Osobaa, Tolulope Binuyo, Akinboboye Olutosin (2016). Histidine rich protein 2 performance in determining the prevalence of Malaria among patients presenting with clinical symptoms of Malaria. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 5(1) 339-350                       \r\n[13]\tOkangba, Chika. C (2019a). Importance of quality assurance testing of malaria rapid diagnostic test in the case management of malaria. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 8(5) 858-875\r\n[14]\tOkangba, C. C. (2019b). Evaluating the Performance of Locally Purchased Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test in the Laboratory, Using Highly Characterized Quality Control Samples International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS) | Volume IV, Issue V, |ISSN 2454-6194\r\n[15]\tOkangba, Chika C and Oyibo Wellington Aghoghovwia. (2019). A review on performance assessment malaria rapid diagnostic tests in the field. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (2019) 8(7) 876-895\r\n[16]\tOladosu, O. O. and Oyibo, W. A. (2013). Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of malaria in children that presented with fever in Lagos, Nigeria. ISRN Infectious Diseases 914675, 6.\r\n[17]\tSani, U.M., Jiya, N.M. and Ahmed, H. (2013). Evaluation of malaria rapid diagnostic test among febrile children in Sokoto, Nigeria. International Journal of Medical Science ISSN 2167, 3(5), 434-440\r\n[18]\tPerkins, B.A., Zucker, J.R., Otieno, J., Jafari, H.S., Paxton, L., and Redd, S.C, (1997). Evaluation of an algorithm for Integrated management of childhood illiness in an area of high malaria transmission in Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 75:33-42.\r\n[19]\tRennie. W., Phetsouvanh, R., Lupisan, S., Vanisaveth, V., Hongvanthong, B., Phompida, S.,   Alday, P., Fulache, M., Lumagui, R., Jorgensen, P., Bell, D., and Harvey, S. (2007). Minimising human error in malaria rapid diagnosis: clarity of writteninstructions Health worker performance. Transact Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101:9-18. \r\n[20]\tSani, U.M., Jiya, N.M. and Ahmed, H. (2013). Evaluation of malaria rapid diagnostic test among febrile children in Sokoto, Nigeria. International Journal of Medical Science ISSN 2167, 3(5), 434-440\r\n[21]\tTamiru, Afework., Lucy, Boulanger., Michelle, A. Chang., Joseph, L. Malone., Michael, Aidoo (2015). Field assessment of Dried P. falciparum samples for MRDTs quality control and proficiency testing in Ethiopia. Malaria Journal. 14:11\r\n[22]\tTavrow, P., Knebel, E., and Cogswell, L. (2000). Operations Research Results: Using quality design to improve malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Malawi. Bethesda, MD: Published for the U.S. Agency for International Development Bethesda USA, by the Quality Assurance Project. 9-18\r\n[23]\tThiam S, Thior M, Faye B, Ndiop M, Diouf ML, Diouf MB, et al. (2011) Major reduction in anti-malarial drug consumption in Senegal after nation-wide introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One 6.\r\n[24]\tWaverly, R., Rattanaxay, P., Socorro, L., Viengsay, V., Bousay, H., Samiane, P., Portia, A., Mila, F., Richard, L., David, B. and Steven, H. (2007). Minimising human error in malaria rapid diagnosis: Clarity of written instructions and health worker performance. Transaction of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101: \r\n[25]\tWorld Health Organization (2000). New perspective: malaria diagnosis. Report of a joint WHO\/USAID informal consultation 25-27 October 1999. World Organization\r\n[26]\tWorld Health Organization (2003). Malaria rapid diagnosis, Making it Work. RS\/2003\/GE\/05(PHL)\r\n[27]\tWorld Health Organization (2004). Rapid Diagnostic Tests for malaria: Methods Manual for Laboratory Quality Control Testing. Version 2. World Health Organization, Manila\r\n[28]\tWorld Health Organization (2008). Methods manual for laboratory Quality Control Testing of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests. UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO. Special Programme for research and training in tropical disease (TDR). Foundation for Innovative Diagnosis (FIND) 1216 Geneva, Switzerland    \r\n[29]\tWorld Health Organization: Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance; Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 2 (2009). 2010 [http:\/\/www.finddiagnostics.org\/resource-centre\/reports_brochures\/malariadiagnostic-test-report-round2.html], Accessed 4 May 2010.\r\n[30]\tWorld Health Organization, (2010). Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance: Summary Results of WHO Product Testing of Mmalaria RDTs: Rounds 1 and 2 (2008\u20132009).   WHO, (2011).Management of Severe Malaria, a Practical Handbook. 3rd ed. Geneva: Global Malaria Programme. \r\n[31]\tWHO, (2012). Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance. Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 4. Geneva, Switzerland. \r\n[32]\tWorld Health Organization, (2013). Geneva, Switzerland WHO, 2013. World Malaria Report 2013. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland \r\n[33]\tWHO. World malaria report (2014). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.\r\n[34]\tWHO. (2015).Quality Assurance Manual for Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test evaluation. 3rd  edition \r\n[35]\tWorld Health Organization (2016). Rapid Diagnostic Tests for malaria: Methods Manual for Laboratory Quality Control Testing. Version 2. World Health Organization, Manila\r\n[36]\tWorld Health Organization (2017). Interim notes on selection of types of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in relation to the occurrence of different parasite species.  Regional office for Africa and Western Pacific\r\n[37]\tWorld Health Organization 2015. The role of RDTs in Malaria Control. Malaria Microscopy \/ mRDT. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.\r\nWorld Health Organization 2019b. False-negative RDT results and implications of new reports of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2\/3 gene deletions. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.\r\nWorld Health Organization 2019a. World Malaria Report 2019. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okangba, C. C, Oyibo W.A., Thompson, E. T., Ejime E., Ajani, T.A.,  Elikwu, C.J.,  Okangba, K. K  \t&#8220;The Relevance of Positive Control Wells in Monitoring the Performance of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test in the Field for Effective Case Management of Malaria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.281-294 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/281-294.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/281-294.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relevance-of-positive-control-wells-in-monitoring-the-performance-of-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-test-in-the-field-for-effective-case-management-of-malaria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Relevance of Positive Control Wells in Monitoring the Performance of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test in the Field for Effective Case Management of Malaria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3848d6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3848d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38524a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38524a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3852e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3852e4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d385429\" data-id=\"d385429\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d385532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d385532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3855d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3855d9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38572d\" data-id=\"d38572d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38582d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38582d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3858c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3858c4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d385a2a\" data-id=\"d385a2a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d385b3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d385b3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d385bd1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d385bd1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d385d32\" data-id=\"d385d32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d385e48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d385e48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Capital Structure and Dividend Policy of Listed Conglomerate Companies in Nigeria: A Panel Data Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ahmed Ishaku ACA, Hirhyel Ibrahim Abba, Jamila Muktar &#038; Habib Abdulkarim CNA- October 2020 Page No.: 295-299<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d385ee0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d385ee0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38603f\" data-id=\"d38603f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d386163 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d386163\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the relationship between capital structure and dividend policy of listed conglomerate companies in Nigeria. An ex-post facto research design was used because secondary data were extracted from annual report and account of the companies for the period of eight years (2012 &#8211; 2019), robust GLS regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that debt to equity ratio has a negative and significant relationship with dividend payout ratio, debt to asset ratio has a negative and significant effect on dividend payout ratio of listed conglomerate companies in Nigeria. Firm size, and age have positive and significant relationship with dividend payout ratio. However, Return on assets (ROA) has a positive but non-significant relationship with dividend payout ratio. The study conclude that debt serve as a monitoring mechanism to the absentee owners, hence its influence on the capital structure of business organization cannot be underestimated because of tax advantages. It is therefore recommended that management should only accept debt covenant that will enable them to pay dividend to shareholders.\r\n\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 295-299\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahmed Ishaku ACA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of accounting, Gombe state university\r\n\r\n  <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Hirhyel Ibrahim Abba CNA<\/strong><\/span>\r\n  Department of accounting, Gombe state university\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Jamila Muktar  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of accounting, Gombe state university\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Habib Abdulkarim CNA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of accounting, Gombe state university\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbuhommous, A. A. (2018). Financial constraints, capital structure and dividend policy: evidence from Jordan.\r\n[2]\tAbdallah, B. (2014). The impact of financial structure, financial leverage and profitability on industrial company share value: Applied study on a sample of Saudi industrial companies. Journal of finance and Accounting, 5(1), 1 \u2013 17.\r\n[3]\tAl-Malkawi, H. N. (2005). Dividend Policy of Publicly Quoted Companies in Emerging Market: The Case of Jordan, Doctral Thesis,School of Economics and Finance (University of Western Sydney).\r\n[4]\tAl\u2010Najjar, B. (2011). The inter\u2010relationship between capital structure and dividend policy: empirical evidence from Jordanian data International Review of Applied Economics 25(2) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02692171.2010.483464 \r\n[5]\tAndiema, W. K. &#038; Atieno, D. N. (2016). Dividend Policies On Capital Structure And Shareholders\u2019 Value In Commercial Banks Listed In The Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya  IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) 7(2). e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p- 2321-5925. www.iosrjournals.org\r\n[6]\tAggarwal, R. &#038; Kyaw, N. A. (2010). Capital structure, dividend policy, and multinationality: Theory versus empirical evidence International Review of Financial Analysis 19(1) 140\u2013150 \r\n[7]\tAng, J. S. &#038; AliFatemi, A. T. (1997). Capital structure and dividend policies of Indonesian firms Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 5(1) pp. 87-103 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0927-538X(96)00025-XGet rights and content\r\n[8]\tChakraborty, S., Shenoy, S. S. &#038; Kumar, S. N. (2018). Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 15( 4)  http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21511\/imfi.\r\n[9]\tDeAngelo H., L. DeAngelo and D.J. Skinner, (2000). Special dividends and the evolution of dividend signaling, Journal of Financial Economics, 57 (3), 309-354.  \r\n[10]\tDeAngelo, H. and R. Masulis, (1980). Optimal capital structure under corporate and personal taxation, Journal of Financial Economics, 8(1) 5-29.  \r\n[11]\tEsterbrook, F. H. (1984). Two-Agency Cost Explanation of Dividends. The American Economic Review 74(4). 650-659.\r\n[12]\tFaulkender, Milbourn &#038; Thakor (2006). Capital Structure and Dividend Policy: Two Sides of the Same Coin?    \r\n[13]\tGhasemi, M., Nazrul, H.A.R. &#038; Muhammad, J. (2018). Dividends, Leaverage and Endogeneity: A Simultaneous Equations Study on Maleysia DOI: 10.14453\/aabfj.v12i1.4\r\n[14]\tGunawan, M. A., Pituringsih, E. &#038; Widyastuti, E. (2018). The effect of capital structure, dividend policy, company size, profitability and liquidity on company value (study at manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia stock exchange International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom 6(6). \r\n[15]\tGordon, M.J., (1959). Dividends, earnings and stock prices, Review of Economics and Statistics, 41, 99-105.  \r\n[16]\tIshaku, A. (2015). Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy of listed Nigerian Deposit Money Banks Unpublished MSc Thesis, Department of Accounting, Bayero University Kano.\r\n[17]\tJensen, M.C. (1986). Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers, The American Economic Review, 76(2).  pp. 323-329. \r\n[18]\tKurawa, M. J., &#038; Ishaku, A. (2014). The Effects of Corporate Governance on Dividen Policy of Listed Banks In Nigeria: A Panel Data Analysis. ResearchJournali&#8217;s Journal of Finance 2(8). pp 6-9.\r\n[19]\tManos, R. (2001). Capital structure and dividend policy: evidence from emerging markets\r\n[20]\tModigliani, F and M.H. Miller, (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment, American Economic Review, 48 (3), 261-297.  \r\n[21]\tOpeyemi, M. F., Olusegun, D. J., Olukayode, A. E. &#038; Olusola, O. S. (2018). Determinants of Dividend Policy of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria World Journal of Finance and Investment Research 3(1) ISSN 2550 &#8212; 7125\r\n[22]\tRehman, O. U. (2016). Impact of Capital Structure and Dividend Policy on Firm Value Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-846X An International Peer-reviewed Journal 21(1)\r\n[23]\tSudiani, N.K.M. &#038; Wiksuana, I.G.B. (2018). Capital Structure, Investment Opportunity Set, Dividend Policy And Profitability As A Firm Value Determinants RJOAS, 9(81), DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18551\/rjoas.2018-09.30\r\n[24]\tZahid, M. (2020). The Impact of Capital Structure and Dividend Policy on Firm Performance: A Cross Cultural Study Available at SSRN:  http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3638251\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ahmed Ishaku ACA, Hirhyel Ibrahim Abba, Jamila Muktar &#038; Habib Abdulkarim CNA,\t&#8220;Capital Structure and Dividend Policy of Listed Conglomerate Companies in Nigeria: A Panel Data Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.295-299 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/295-299.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/295-299.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/capital-structure-and-dividend-policy-of-listed-conglomerate-companies-in-nigeria-a-panel-data-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Capital Structure and Dividend Policy of Listed Conglomerate Companies in Nigeria: A Panel Data Analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d386f5d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d386f5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38738d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38738d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3874d3\" data-id=\"d3874d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d387610 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d387610\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3876b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3876b0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3877f4\" data-id=\"d3877f4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d387901 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d387901\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38799f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38799f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d387ae7\" data-id=\"d387ae7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d387bec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d387bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d387c82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d387c82\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d387dd0\" data-id=\"d387dd0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d387ed1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d387ed1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d387f64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d387f64\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3880b2\" data-id=\"d3880b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3881c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3881c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38825c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38825c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3883b5\" data-id=\"d3883b5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3884e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3884e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategies Adopted by Principals to Motivate Teachers: A Case Study of Secondary Schools in Ekondo Titi Sub Division, In Ndian Division of Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Tsamoh Esue Marie, Titanji Peter Fon &#8211; October 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 300-308<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d388582 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d388582\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3886f3\" data-id=\"d3886f3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38881a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d38881a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This descriptive survey investigated the strategies used by principals to motivate teachers in Secondary schools in Ekomdo Titi Sub Division, Ndian Division of the South West Region of Cameroon. It intended to answer one research question; \u201cWhat strategies do principals in secondary schools in Ekondo Titi Sub Division use to motivate teachers? Data were collected from 140 teachers and 7 principals through the use of a questionnaire made up of structured items and were analyzed using the statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Open-ended items were thematically analyzed. The strategies used by principals to motivate teachers in Secondary schools include issuing certificates of recognition; assigning teachers to represent principals in official meetings; awarding prizes for hard work; recommending teachers for promotion and involving teaching in decision making that affects them. Based on these findings it was recommended as follows: principals need to adopt practices that show they trust teachers, promote greater collaboration between teachers, give timely feedbacks and serve as role models.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 300-308\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tsamoh Esue Marie<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations and Administration, Faculty of Education, University of Buea, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Titanji Peter Fon<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations and Administration, Faculty of Education, University of Buea, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]\tAbdo, H.A. (2001). Teacher Incentives in the Middle East and North Africa region: The short comings. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Strategy 6(1):107-122\r\n[2]\tAnderson, A. H and Kaprianou, A. (1994). Effective Organizational Behavior: a skill and activity-based approach.   Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. \r\n[3]\tBhata, P and Srivastava (2013). A Quality Study of Employee Motivation Factors in National Banking Sectors of India. International Journal of Business Management Inventions. (2) Vol. 8, Page 188-255.\r\n[4]\tDraft Report of the Sector Wide Approach in Education (2006). Printed in Yaounde.\r\n[5]\tFonkeng, E. G and Tamanjong, E. V. (2003). Secondary School Administration and Principalship. Press Universitaire d\u2019Afrique. 22, Place Elig-Essono. B.P. 8106 Yaounde \u2013 Cameroon.\r\n[6]\tGlickman, C. D. (2001). Supervision of Instructional Leadership. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.\r\n[7]\tLamy P. (2009). Time Tabling in Schools, Workshop Materials for Discipline Masters in Secondary Schools, Printed in Buea.\r\n[8]\tMaslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York. Harper and Row.\r\n[9]\tMbatha, M. V. (2004). The Principal\u2019s Institutional Leadership Role as a Factor Influencing Academic Performance: A Case Study. University of South Africa.\r\n[10]\tNjameh, Douglas, Teru and Titu (2013). Do Motivation Drive Employee Performance in Public Sector Organization? A European Journal of Administration Management. 5(7)\r\n[11]\tOfoegbu, F. I. (2004). Teacher motivation as an essential factor for classroom Effectiveness and school improvement. College Student Journal, Department of Educational Foundation.\r\n[12]\tOwens, R. G. (1995). Organizational Behavior in Education. Needham Heights: Alyn and Bacon.\r\n[13]\tRutter (1979). Fifteen Thousands Hours; Secondary Schools and their Effects on change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\r\n[14]\tSarason, S. B. (1982). The culture of the school and the problem of change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.\r\n[15]\tTitanji, P.F (1994). Job Satisfaction Among Public Secondary\/High School Teachers in Cameroon. University of Massachusetts at Lowell. \r\n[16]\tWheatly, P. F. (1994). The potential benefits of teacher efficacy doubts for educational reform. Motivation, Teaching and Teacher Education, 18 (1)\r\n[17]\tVail, K. (2005). Climate Control American School Board Journal. 192(6):16-17\r\n[18]\tVroom, V. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.\r\n[19]\tVrooms, V (1998). Work and Motivation. Malabar Florida: Robert E. Kriegar Publishing Company.\r\n[20]\tYoung, B. C. (2001). \u201cMethods of Motivation; yesterday and today\u201d. Available at http:\/\/academic.emprial.educ.\r\nWEBOGRAPHY\r\n\u2022\tCVUC.cm\/national\/index.php\/fr\/carte-communale\/region-du-sud\/406-ekondotiti2014\r\n\u2022\thttp:\/\/wikipedia.org.wekiincentive\r\n\u2022\thttp:\/\/www.incentive.com\r\n\u2022\twww.boxingscene.com.motivation\r\n\u2022\thttp:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/organizationalbehavior\r\n\u2022\tmirriamwebstar.com\/\r\n\u2022\thttps:\/\/www.linkedin.com\r\n\u2022\twww.dictionary.com\/browse\r\n\u2022\twww.thefreedictionary.com\r\n\u2022   http:\/\/www.coporteelearningconsortium.compraise-recognitionfootnotes\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tsamoh Esue Marie, Titanji Peter Fon &#8220;Strategies Adopted by Principals to Motivate Teachers: A Case Study of Secondary Schools in Ekondo Titi Sub Division, In Ndian Division of Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp. 300-308 October 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/300-308.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/300-308.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategies-adopted-by-principals-to-motivate-teachers-a-case-study-of-secondary-schools-in-ekondotiti-sub-division-in-ndian-division-of-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Strategies Adopted by Principals to Motivate Teachers: A Case Study of Secondary Schools in Ekondo Titi Sub Division, In Ndian Division of Cameroon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3895a1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3895a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38966c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38966c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3897d5\" data-id=\"d3897d5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38a4be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38a4be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38a555 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38a555\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38a692\" data-id=\"d38a692\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38a78f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38a78f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38a834 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38a834\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38a991\" data-id=\"d38a991\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38aa96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38aa96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Mapping Of Lineaments for Ground Water Targeting Using Mss Satellite Data in North-West of Talata Mafara, Zamfara, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ejemeyovwi, Danny Ochuko, Dr. Ashima, B. Toyon, Ovwamuedo, O. Glory &#8211; October 2020 Page No.: 309-316<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38ab2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38ab2c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38acb0\" data-id=\"d38acb0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38add9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d38add9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Groundwater detection and supply in underlain crystalline basement complex rocks involves and require satellite image\u2019s lineaments discernment, detection, classification,  mapping and analyses of l  their  patterns and  orientation in region of Talata Mafara, Zamfara State, North Western Nigeria. This study is carried out as application of remotely sensing techniques for discernment and mapping of lineament for efficient ground water exploration   and management. The primary data used is Groundwater detection and supply in underlain crystalline basement complex rocks Landsat Mss \u2013ve image transparency while the secondary data are geological maps, hydrological maps and topographic maps.. In this study, procum-2, an optical mechanical device to manually interpreted the digitally processed image,  the basic element of interpretation  which are jointly used for lineaments discernment, classification, mapping and analysis for structural map production. The extracted lineaments are statistically  further analyzed to determine their lengths densities, intersections and orientations, and the result obtained is used to generate structural map for lineament density, frequency, direction and intersection, and  represented with Rose diagram.  The relationships of the mapped lineaments are synthesized from the registered image features as projected onto a topographic base map of the study area based on geologic and geomorphic interpretation and supported with ground truthing. The lineament analysis indicated that the area has numerous long and shot fractures whose structural strength are mainly in the NNE-SSW directions at an angle of 10-eas30o.  The cross-cutting and intersectional lineaments are relatively high in areas around North-East, Central and South-East locations, (are projected to be productive hydrologic zones in the study area) and are relatively low in the other areas. The lineaments mapping led to delineation of ground water localised zones and are mostly feasible for further geo-physical survey, prospecting for sitting of productive and sustainable supply boreholes. It is found that of the 20 (with 4 in each segmented parts A-E) boreholes sunk in the prospective zones 15 constituting 75% of the total (with 3 in each segmented parts A-E) are found to be productive. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 309-316\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ejemeyovwi, Danny Ochuko<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Prof. Department of Geography and Regional Planning. \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Ashima, B. Toyon<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Prof. Department of Geography and Regional Planning. \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ovwamuedo, O. Glory<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment-of-Geology -Delta State University, Abraka,  Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkiman, AU &#038; Tufekai, K (2004). Determination and Characterization of Fault Systems and geomorphological features by RS and techniques in the WSW part of Turkey. In: Proceeding of the XXth ISPRS congress Istanbul;Turkey. Source:http:\/\/www.isprs.org\/instanbul2004\/comm7\/papers\/205.pdf\r\n[2]\tAli, S A &#038; Phrasteh, S. (2004). Geological application of Landsat enhanced thematic mapper (EIM) data and GIS: Mapping and Structural Interpretation in South-West Toran Zagros Structural Belta. Int. Jour. Of Remote Sensing 25(21),  4715-4727.\r\n[3]\tAlegui, L E Soriano, M A (1998). Characterizing Lineament from Satellite Images and Field Studies in the Central Eloro Basin (NE Spain). Int. Jour. Of Remote Sensing 19(16), 3169-3185.\r\n[4]\tAnwar, A. Shawki, N. &#038; Abdoh, G (2013). Landsat Linearment ETM-7 FOR Lineament Mapping Using Automatic Extraction Technique in the 5w part of Tarf area, Temay. Global Jour. Of Human Social Science, Geograpjhy, Geosciences and Environmental and Disaster Management 13(3). Source. https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/\r\n[5]\tMaged, M. &#038; Maziam, H. (2010). Lineament Mapping Using Multispectral remote sensing data1, Bull of physical sciences. 5(10), 1501-1507.\r\n[6]\tRanoli, M F  Yusof, N  Yusoff, M.K.  Jolahir, H &#038; Shafri, H Z M. (2010). Lineament mapping and its application in landslide hazard assessments a review.Bull.eng.Geol.Environ.DOI:10.007\/S10064-009-0255.5. Source: https:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/iips.\r\n[7]\tO\u2019Leary, D  Friedman, J O &#038; Pohn, H A (1976). Lineament, Linear, Lineation, sme proposed newest standards for old terms. Geological society American Bulletin (37) 1463-1469.\r\n[8]\tMogajin, K A., Aboyeji, O S. &#038; Omosuyi, G O (2011). Mapping of lineaments for groundwater targeting in the basement complex region of Ondo State, Nigheria, Using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Journal of water resources and environmental engineering. 3(7), 150-160.\r\n[9]\tChivasa, M (1999), Lineament analysis of landsat thematic mapper images, Study of post Karoo fault patterns in the Hvange coal field, Zimbabwe. In Adeniyi Peter (ed) Geo information technology applications for resource and environmental. Management in Africa Lagos: Published by AARRE, 1611-1711.\r\n[10]\tKinabo, C  (1999). Potential Applications of Satellite Imagery for Environmental Monitory of Artisanal Gold. Mining in Tanzania in Adeniyi, P.O. ed. Geoinformation Technology as Management in Lagos Nigeria. Published by AARSE,  3-13.\r\n[11]\tLsachian, Y V (2018): Preliminary brittle structures map of New York, and generalized map of recorded joint systems in New York State Museum map and chart, series 31, Albany 7 maps, 50-87.\r\n[12]\tLsachien, Y V (1994): Fracture analysis of New York State Multi- stage remote sensor data and ground stud possible application plate tectonic modeling: in proceedings of the first intern action al conference on the Ne\u2019 Basement Tee tonics (Hodgson, R.A., Gay, S.P., Jr., and Benjamin J.Y. editors Utah Geological Association publication (5).  200-27.\r\n[13]\tLsachren, Y V (1978) Special geological content of ERTS-1 Imagery over a variety of geological terrains in Ne% York Stat: In s\u2019 mposium proceedings, management and utilization of remote- Sensing Data (Onson.. Abraham. editor). American society of photogrammetry, Falls Church, Virginia,  7(7), 342-363.\r\n[14]\tNewton A R (2007) The fracture pattern around the southern land and treme, South African Journal of Geology, 90 (2),  99-106.\r\n[15]\tNewton, A R (2001). New data from land sat image interpretation in the Richter saved. South African Journal of geology, (5) 2, 25.49.\r\n[16]\tOyewoye, M 0 (1970). The basement complex of Nigeria. Ibadan. Procd. of the conference on African. Geology, University of Ibadan. 7-14 Dec., PubI. by the Department of Geology, University of Ibadan:\r\n[17]\tSabrin, F F (1978) Remote Sensing Principle and application, Freeman Saverg era (1965) publication, San Francisco.\r\n[18]\tVijoen, R. and Vij+len, M J (2018), ERTS-I imagery: An appraisal of applications in geology and mineral exploration. Journal of Mineral science and Engineering (South Africa), 7(), l32-168.\r\n\t \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ejemeyovwi, Danny Ochuko, Dr. Ashima, B. Toyon, Ovwamuedo, O. Glory &#8220;Mapping Of Lineaments for Ground Water Targeting Using Mss Satellite Data in North-West of Talata Mafara, Zamfara, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.309-316 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/309-316.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/309-316.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/mapping-of-lineaments-for-ground-water-targeting-using-mss-satellite-data-in-north-west-of-talata-mafara-zamfara-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mapping Of Lineaments for Ground Water Targeting Using Mss Satellite Data in North-West of Talata Mafara, Zamfara, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38bc28 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d38bc28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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elementor-element-d38c59a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38c59a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38c62d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38c62d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38c77c\" data-id=\"d38c77c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38c882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38c882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38c919 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38c919\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38ca5a\" data-id=\"d38ca5a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38cc00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38cc00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38cd59\" data-id=\"d38cd59\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38ce5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38ce5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Bug in the System and the Weakest Link Mantra; Lessons from COVID-19 for Resilient Global Supply Chain<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Omole, Timilehin Michael, Ehimen, Osezefe Isaac, Omole, Miriam Lami &#8211; October 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 317-323<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38cef9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38cef9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38d094\" data-id=\"d38d094\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38d1dd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d38d1dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Building a resilient global supply chain is a prominent theme in the recommended strategies for managing disruptions of the scale brought by the COVID-19 Pandemic. This work is a systematic review of the history of pandemics in the past 100 years and their relation with the global supply chain and the economy at the time. It queries the weak link in the global supply chain during the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies lessons to shape the design of future global supply chains. In the review, the causes of the pandemics and impacts via trade routes and other economic factors were compared. We also compared the pandemic severities and economic impacts on most affected countries. Tracking the global supply chains route and travel routes is a key lesson for countries trying to contain and mitigate future pandemics. The COVID-19 challenge has begun to reengineer global supply chains and we concluded with a recommendation of re-identifying the weakest links, consider distributed or decentralized supply chain networks and consider Africa and the global south as an alternative for resilient global supply chain post-COVID-19.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 317-323\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omole, Timilehin Michael <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Roehampton Business School\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ehimen, Osezefe Isaac<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDucit Blue Solutions\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Omole, Miriam Lami<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFirst Bank of Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBarro, RJ, Ursua, JF, and Weng, J, (2020), \u2018The coronavirus and the great influenza pandemic: Lessons from the &#8220;Spanish flu&#8221; for the coronavirus&#8217;s potential effects on mortality and economic activity\u2019 <https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26866.pdf>\r\n[2]\tBetti, F. and Ni, J., 2020, \u2018How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19\u2019, World Economic Forum, <https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2020\/03\/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains\/>\r\n[3]\tBurns, A., van der Mensbrugghe, D. and Timmer, H., 2008. Evaluating the economic consequences of avian influenza. Washington, DC: World Bank.\r\n[4]\tCDC, 2018, \u2018Past Pandemics\u2019, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/pandemic-resources\/basics\/past-pandemics.html>\r\n[5]\tChoi, TY., Rogers, D. &#038; Vakil, B., 2020, \u2018Coronavirus Is a Wake-Up Call for Supply Chain Management\u2019, Harvard Business Review, <https:\/\/hbr.org\/2020\/03\/coronavirus-is-a-wake-up-call-for-supply-chain-management>\r\n[6]\tChris Colvin &#038; Eoin McLaughin, Coronavirus and Spanish flu: economic lessons to learn from the last truly global pandemic, The Conversation, March 11, 2020, <https:\/\/theconversation.com\/coronavirus-and-spanish-flu-economic-lessons-to-learn-from-the-last-truly-global-pandemic-133176>\r\n[7]\tCommission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future; National Academy of Medicine, Secretariat. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2016 May 16. 2, The Case for Investing in Pandemic Preparedness. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK368391\/\r\n[8]\tCunningham, H., 2001. The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832-1918. Longman Publishing Group.\r\n[9]\tdel Rio, C., &#038; Guarner, J. (2010). The 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic: what have we learned in the past 6 months. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 121, 128\u2013140.\r\n[10]\tEncyclopedia Britannica. 2020. 1968 Flu Pandemic | History, Deaths, &#038; Facts. [online] Available at: <https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Hong-Kong-flu-of-1968> [Accessed 1 April 2020].\r\n[11]\tEuropean Central Bank (2009). How to deal with the global financial crisis and promote the economy&#8217;s recovery and sustained growth. Retrieved November 05, 2020, from https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/press\/key\/date\/2009\/html\/sp090326.en.html\r\n[12]\tEuro.who.int. 2020. Past Pandemics. [online] Available at: <http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/communicable-diseases\/influenza\/pandemic-influenza\/past-pandemics> [Accessed 3 April 2020].\r\n[13]\tFreitas, A., Napimoga, M. and Donalisio, M., 2020. An\u00e1lise da gravidade da pandemia de Covid-19. Epidemiologia e Servi\u00e7os de Sa\u00fade, [online] 29(2). Available at: <https:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&#038;pid=S2237-96222020000200900&#038;lng=en&#038;nrm=iso&#038;tlng=en> [Accessed 6 April 2020]..\r\n[14]\tGarrett, T., \u2018Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Implications for a Modern-day Pandemic\u2019, <https:\/\/www.stlouisfed.org\/~\/media\/files\/pdfs\/community-development\/research-reports\/pandemic_flu_report.pdf>\r\n[15]\tGroningen Growth &#038; Development Center. 200. Angus Maddison. [ONLINE] Available at: http:\/\/www.ggdc.net\/maddison\/oriindex.htm. [Accessed 17 April 2020].\r\n[16]\tHardach, G., 1981. First World War: 1914-1918 (History Of World Economy In The Twentieth Century). Univ Of California Pr.\r\n[17]\tHaren, P. and Simchi-Levi, D., 2020, How Coronavirus Could Impact the Global Supply Chain by Mid-March, Harvard Business Review, <https:\/\/hbr.org\/2020\/02\/how-coronavirus-could-impact-the-global-supply-chain-by-mid-march>\r\n[18]\tHenderson, D. A., Courtney, B., Inglesby, T. V., Toner, E., &#038; Nuzzo, J. B. (2009). Public Health and Medical Responses to the 1957-58 Influenza Pandemic [Abstract]. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 7(3), 265-273. doi:10.1089\/bsp.2009.0729\r\n[19]\tHirshleifer, J. (1983), From weakest-link to best-shot: The voluntary provision of public goods. Public Choice 41, 371\u2013386 (1983). <https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00141070>\r\n[20]\tHolshue, M., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., Diaz, G., Cohn, A., Fox, L., Patel, A., Gerber, S., Kim, L., Tong, S., Lu, X., Lindstrom, S., Pallansch, M., Weldon, W., Biggs, H., Uyeki, T. and Pillai, S., 2020. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, [online] 382(10), pp.929-936. Available at: <https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191> [Accessed 11 April 2020].\r\n[21]\tHu, Jiayi &#038; Haddud, Abu. (2017). Exploring the Impact of Globalization and Technology on Supply Chain Management: A Case of International E-Commerce Business. International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems. 8. 1-22. 10.4018\/IJORIS.2017100101.\r\n[22]\tJohns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. 2020. COVID-19 Map. 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Hong Kong University Press.\r\n[27]\tLangmuir A.D., Epidemiology of Asian influenza. With special emphasis on the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1961 Feb;83(2) Pt 2:2-14. doi: 10.1164\/arrd.1961.83.2P2.2. PMID: 13758900.\r\n[28]\tM. Eric Johnson (2006) \u2018Supply Chain Management: Technology, Globalization, and Policy at a Crossroads\u2019, Interfaces, 36(3), p. 191. doi: 10.1287\/inte.1060.0214.\r\n[29]\tMadhav N, Oppenheim B, Gallivan M, et al. Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. In: Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, et al., editors. Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank; 2017 Nov 27. Chapter 17. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK525302\/ doi: 10.1596\/978-1-4648-0527-1\/pt5.ch17\r\n[30]\tMaliszewska, Maryla; Mattoo, Aaditya; Van Der Mensbrugghe, Dominique. 2020. The Potential Impact of COVID-19 on GDP and Trade: A Preliminary Assessment (English). Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 9211. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. <http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/295991586526445673\/The-Potential-Impact-of-COVID-19-on-GDP-and-Trade-A-Preliminary-Assessment>\r\n[31]\tMaliszewska, Maryla; Mattoo, Aaditya; Van Der Mensbrugghe, Dominique. 2020. The Potential Impact of COVID-19 on GDP and Trade: A Preliminary Assessment (English). Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 9211; COVID-19 (Coronavirus). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. <http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/295991586526445673\/The-Potential-Impact-of-COVID-19-on-GDP-and-Trade-A-Preliminary-Assessment>\r\n[32]\tMatthews, D., 2020. Why We Should Be Careful Comparing the Covid-19 Coronavirus Outbreak to the 1918 Spanish Flu. [online] Vox. 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(2016), \u2018Distributed supply chain in a global environment\u2019, <http:\/\/www.inderscience.com\/offer.php?id=35629>\r\n[41]\tThomas, Chris, and Neha Dasgupta. \u201cGlobal Supplier India Curbs Drug Exports as Coronavirus Fears Grow.\u201d Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 3 Mar. 2020, www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-india\/global-supplier-india-curbs-drug-exports-as-coronavirus-fears-grow-idUSKBN20Q0ZZ.\r\n[42]\tTol, R. S. J., &#038; Yohe, G. W. (2007). The weakest link hypothesis for adaptive capacity: An empirical test. Global Environmental Change, 17(2), 218\u2013227. doi:10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.08.001\r\n[43]\tTotonchi, J. and Manshady, K., (2012), \u2018Relationship between Globalization and E-Commerce\u2019, International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 2, No. 1, February 2012, <http:\/\/www.ijeeee.org\/Papers\/085-Z00068T889.pdf>\r\n[44]\tTrifonov, V.A., Khiabanian, H., &#038; Rabad\u00e1n, R. (2009). Geographic dependence, surveillance, and origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus. The New England journal of medicine, 361 2, 115-9.\r\n[45]\tUN Statistics Division, 1962. INTERNATIONAL TRADE STATISTICS 1900 \u2013 1960. [ebook]. Available at: <https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/trade\/imts\/Historical%20data%201900-1960.pdf> [Accessed 17 April 2020].\r\n[46]\tVerikios, G., Sullivan, M., Stojanovski, P., Giesecke, J.A. and Woo, G., 2011. The global economic effects of pandemic influenza. Centre of Policy Studies (CoPS).\r\n[47]\tWho.int. 2020. WHO Timeline &#8211; COVID-19. [online] Available at: <https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/08-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19> [Accessed 12 April 2020].\r\n[48]\tWHO: Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT-1 21 JANUARY 2020, [online] Available at: <https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf> [Accessed 6 April 2020].\r\n[49]\tWits.worldbank.org. 2020. World Exports In US$ Thousand 2009 &#8211; 2010 | WITS | Data. [online] Available at: <https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/CountryProfile\/en\/Country\/WLD\/StartYear\/2009\/EndYear\/2010\/TradeFlow\/Export\/Partner\/WLD\/Indicator\/XPRT-TRD-VL> [Accessed 1 April 2020].\r\n[50]\tWorld Bank (Data). 2020. GDP growth (annual %). [ONLINE] Available at: <https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/ny.gdp.mktp.kd.zg?end=2018&#038;start=1961&#038;view=chart.> [Accessed 18 April 2020].\r\n[51]\tWorld Bank (Data). 2020. GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $). [ONLINE] Available at: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD. [Accessed 17 April 2020].\r\n[52]\tWorld Health Organisation, 2020. Novel Coronavirus(2019-Ncov) Situation Report &#8211; 11. [online] Available at: <https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200131-sitrep-11-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=de7c0f7_4> [Accessed 14 April 2020].\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Omole, Timilehin Michael, Ehimen, Osezefe Isaac, Omole, Miriam Lami &#8220;A Bug in the System and the Weakest Link Mantra; Lessons from COVID-19 for Resilient Global Supply Chain&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp. 317-323 October 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/317-323.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/317-323.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" 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Chain<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38e024 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d38e024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38e433 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38e433\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38e57f\" data-id=\"d38e57f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38e696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38e696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38e738 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38e738\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38e883\" data-id=\"d38e883\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38e987 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38e987\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38ea25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38ea25\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38eb73\" data-id=\"d38eb73\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38ec79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38ec79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38ed0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38ed0f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38ee55\" data-id=\"d38ee55\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38ef63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38ef63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38eff9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38eff9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38f155\" data-id=\"d38f155\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38f262 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d38f262\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Housing Abandonment in Nigeria Environment<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry, Ayagere  Selete  Ayebaemi,  Aselemi  Akeuloghonaan, Neebee Bonny- October 2020 Page No.: 324-329<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38f300 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38f300\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38f458\" data-id=\"d38f458\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d38f572 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d38f572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Abandoned housing projects characterised many urban and suburb zones in developing nations of the world. But the situation seems not to be evident in urban and periphery centres of developed nations. However, this article researched the causes and complications of housing abandonment in Port Harcourt urban environment of Nigeria. The questionnaires method and physical observation were the sources of data in respect of this investigation. While analysis of variance (ANOVA) and standardized coefficient (beta) regression forms the investigation implements. The finding revealed that loss of job opportunities (t =12.221, P=0.001 <0.05) high cost of building materials (t =8.757, P =0.00<0.05), death of housing owner\/developer   (t = 4.882, P =0.001), flood disaster and litigation (t =8.886, P = .001) insecurity and government policy (t = 4.325, P =.003) are the major causes of housing abandonment. The work continued and released that poor environment quality, depreciation of property value, hazard and hazardous environment, vicinity deterioration, poor spatial appearance) are the significant complications of the scattered housing abandonment at (R = 0.863). It\u2019s the opinion of this article that regional government should develop policies geared towards the time border for housing development in all neighbourhoods to liberate the area from serving as a dumping ground for different classes of uncompleted houses that decline the environmental aesthetics and neighbourhood arrangement. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 324-329\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 November 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayagere  Selete  Ayebaemi  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Aselemi  Akeuloghonaan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Neebee Bonny<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning Kenule Beeson Saro-wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkindele, O.A. (2013) \u2018\u2019Environmental Effects of Abandoned Properties in Ogbomoso and Osogbo, Nigeria\u2019\u2019 Ethiopian Journal Of Environmental Studies And Management  6 (6) 707 -716.\r\n[2]\tA L.M Olayiwola, AL.M ,  Adeleye, O . and  Ogunshakin, C L A (2005 )\u2019\u2019 Public Housing Delivery In Nigeria: Problems And Challenges\u2019\u2019 http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2263\/10438 ,33rd Pretoria, South  Africa. \r\n[3]\tArni , N. A. H.,  Nurul, H. M. S. and Tan, G.M. (2015) \u2018\u2019Abandoned Housing Project: Issues And Challenge in Malaysia\u2019\u2019 School of Housing, Building &#038; Planning University Science Malaysia.1-29. \r\n[4]\tDzuljastri, A. R., Mustafa, O. M., and Kazi, M.T. K (2015)\u2019\u2019 Abandoned Housing Projects in Malaysia and the Prospect of DP: An Overview\u2019\u2019 Procardia Economics and Finance   31, 813 \u2013 822 .\r\n[5]\tEugene, E.A.  (2020)\u2019\u2019 Abandonment of Housing Projects in Nigeria: Appraisal of the Environmental and Socio-Economic Implications \u2018\u2019 European journal of environment and earth science. 1 (4)\u200929.\r\n[6]\tErnest, O. T., Isaac, D.N., and Prince, A. Ofori (2014)\u2019\u2019 A Model for Reactivating Abandoned Public Housing Projects in Ghana Kwadwo Twumasi-Ampofo\u2019\u2019 Civil and Environmental Research  6 (3) 6 -11. \r\n[7]\tEziyi O. I., Michael, N. A. and Dominic E. A (2011)\u2019\u2019 Challenges in public housing provision in the post- independence era in Nigeria \u2018\u2019Journal of Human Sciences 8(2)  422- 443. \r\n[8]\tGeorge, S. R. W., Burchell , J. W. H.  and Franklin, J. J.(2007) \u2018\u2019Housing Abandonment in the Urban Core\u2019\u2019 Journal of the American Institute of Planners  40 ( 5)  321-332. 1 -29.\r\n[9]\tHye-Sung Han (2013) \u2018\u2019 The Impact of Abandoned Properties on Nearby Property Values\u2019\u2019 Journal of Housing Policy Debate 24 (2) 311-334. \r\n[10]\tJames R. Cohen (2010) \u2018\u2019Abandoned housing: Exploring lessons from baltimore\u2019\u2019 journal Housing Policy Debate 12 ( 3)   415-448. \u2009\u2009         \r\n[11]\tJohn, A., and Gary, T. J. (2000)\u2019\u2019 Addressing the Vacant and Abandoned Property Problem\u2019\u2019 Journal of Urban Affairs 22 (3) 301-315.\r\n[12]\tOkey, N., and Walpole, N. (2019)\u2019\u2019 A Study of Causes of Uncompleted \/ Abandoned Building Projects and Its Effect on Real Property in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria\u2019\u2019 Architecture Research , 9(2) 45-50. \r\n[13]\tVictoria, M.(2014)\u2019\u2019 Predicting abandoned housing: does the operational definition of abandonment matter\u2019\u2019  Journal Community Development  45 ( 2) 122-134. \r\n[14]\tJournal Journal of the American Institute of Planners Volume 40, 1974 &#8211; Issue 5  : Housing Abandonment in the Urban Core\r\n[15]\tGeorge Sternlieb , Robert W. Burchell , James W. Hughes &#038; Franklin J. James Pages 321-332 | Published online: 26 Nov 2007 : Abstract\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry, Ayagere  Selete  Ayebaemi,  Aselemi  Akeuloghonaan, Neebee Bonny, &#8220;Housing Abandonment in Nigeria Environment&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 10, pp.324-329 October 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/324-329.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-10\/324-329.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/housing-abandonment-in-nigeria-environment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Housing Abandonment in Nigeria Environment<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3905e0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3905e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3906da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3906da\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d39084e\" data-id=\"d39084e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d39096f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d39096f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d390a15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d390a15\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d390b65\" data-id=\"d390b65\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d390c6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d390c6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d390d03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d390d03\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d390e5a\" data-id=\"d390e5a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d390f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d390f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d390ffb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d390ffb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d39114c\" data-id=\"d39114c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d391259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d391259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3912ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3912ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d39142d\" data-id=\"d39142d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d391537 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d391537\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3915d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3915d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d391716\" data-id=\"d391716\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d391816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d391816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Conceptual Model for Arsenic Distribution and Its Relationship with Groundwater Depth Alexander Kwaku Banson, Richard Kwasi Amankwah, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1652,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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