{"id":3832,"date":"2021-05-15T03:51:45","date_gmt":"2021-05-15T03:51:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/?page_id=3832"},"modified":"2021-06-10T06:50:29","modified_gmt":"2021-06-10T06:50:29","slug":"volume-viii-issue-iv","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/archive\/volume-viii-issue-iv\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VIII Issue IV"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3832\" class=\"elementor elementor-3832 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-478b0d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"478b0d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478b30e\" data-id=\"478b30e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478b472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"478b472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impacts and Determinants of Urban Village Redevelopment\/ Transformation in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ubani Princewill, Edidiong Elijah Usip, Bumaa Felix Neeka &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 01-06<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-478b539 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"478b539\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478b747\" data-id=\"478b747\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478b8eb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"478b8eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The urbanisation of urban villages has been phenomenal triggered by over concentration of anthropogenic activities that degraded all the facet of the area through the development of slum and shanty settlements. This decay and dilapidation however, is accompanied by serious population pressure and total neglect of redevelopment investors. This research determines the redevelopment of urban villages in Port Harcourt Nigeria. Data for this study were obtained acquired from both primary and secondary sources. The result of the analysis indicated that environmental impact of urban renewal beaconed on (r = 385, P&lt; 0.5), economic advantages (r = 302 P&lt; 0.5), social impact (r = 205, P&lt; 0.5), physical impact recorded (r = 225, P&lt; 0.5) are the key significant impact of redevelopment and right direction for elimination of slums and shanty in villages that constitute the present and typical urban settlement in developing nation. The findings also revealed that government institutions accounted (49.9%), global bodies on environment (22.1%) non-governmental organisation (6.1%), communal effort (10.7%) and environmental philanthropist are the key urban village redevelopment investors in Nigeria. This is the only way to ensure sustainability of urban villages and improve the resident\u2019s quality life in the geographical region.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-06\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ubani Princewill<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Ken Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Edidiong Elijah Usip <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic Ikot Osurua Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Bumaa Felix Neeka <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture Ken Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Fulong, W., Fangzhu, Z., Chris, W. (2013). Informality and the Development and Demolition of Urban Villages in the Chinese Peri-urban Area, Urban Studies, 50 (10), 1919\u20131934.\r\n[2] Ling, H.L., and Xin, L.(2009). Redevelopment of urban villages in Shenzhen, China \u2013 An analysis of power relations and urban coalitions. Habitat International, 35(3),426-434 .\r\n[3] Ling, H.L, Jie, L.,Xin,Li. and Fan,W.(2014) .Redevelopment of urban village in China \u2013 A step towards an effective urban policy. A case study of Liede village in Guangzhou, 43, 299-308.\r\n[4] Jung, H. Y. and Hae-Rim, K.(2011).Critical success factors for urban regeneration projects in Korea, International Journal of Project Management, 29(7),889\u2013899.\r\n[5] M. S., Firdaus. R. B. R., Leng and K. S., Gopal (2018).Urban Village Population in Malaysia. What Really Determines Social Engagement, 10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v8-i9\/4596.\r\n[6] Nick R.S.,(2014).Beyond top-down\/bottom-up: Village transformation on China\u2019s urban edge. 41(Part B), 209-220.\r\n[7] Touseef, H., Jaffar, A.Z., and Shakeel, A.(2021). Impact of Urban Village Disamenity on Neighboring Residential Properties: Empirical Evidence from Nanjing through Hedonic Pricing Model Appraisal. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 147(1).\r\n[8] Ubani, Iyowuna and Naabura( 2019).Environmental Benefits of Estate and Urban Green Architecture across Locations in Port Harcourt Conurbation, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), VI (X) 1-8.\r\n[9] Xin, L. Reinout, K and Maarten, V. H.( 2018). Understanding the Experiences of Relocates during Forced Relocation in Chinese Urban Restructuring. Housing Theory and Society, 36(3),1-21.\r\n[10] Xin, L., Reinout, K., Maarten, V. H., (2017). Shantytown redevelopment projects: State-led redevelopment of declining neighbourhoods under market transition in Shenyang, China.DOI: 10.1016\/j.cities.2017.10.016.\r\n[11] Yanpeng,J., Nalini,M., Renfeng,M., Lichao,W and Mingxing, C(2020).Whose village? Stakeholder interests in the urban renewal of Hubei old village in Shenzhen. Land Use Policy 91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104411.\r\n[12] Yanliu, L., and Bruno, D. M. (2012). A conceptual framework for the strategic urban project approach for the sustainable redevelopment of \u201cvillages in the city. in Guangzhou, Habitat International, 36(3),380\u2013387.\r\n[13] YP Wang, Y Wang, J Wu (2009).Urbanization and Informal Development in China: Urban Villages in Shenzhen. International journal of urban and regional research,33(4), 957-973.\r\n[14] Zhipeng Zeng (2016). An Analysis of Power Relations in the Redevelopment of Urban Villages-Three Case Studies in Guangzhou, China A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Architecture and Planning Columbia University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree Master of Science in Urban Planning (zz2335).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ubani Princewill, Edidiong Elijah Usip, Bumaa Felix Neeka &#8220;Impacts and Determinants of Urban Village Redevelopment\/ Transformation in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.01-06 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/01-06.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/01-06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impacts-and-determinants-of-urban-village-redevelopment-transformation-in-nigeria\/ target=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impacts and Determinants of Urban Village Redevelopment\/ Transformation in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478c78f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"478c78f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-478c86b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"478c86b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478c9f9\" data-id=\"478c9f9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478cb2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"478cb2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Household Coping Strategies for Unreliable Water Supplies in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ernest Othieno Odwori- April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 07-14<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-478cbcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"478cbcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478cd56\" data-id=\"478cd56\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478ce97 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"478ce97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Nzoia River Basin lies entirely within Kenya along the border with Uganda in the Lake Victoria Basin, and has a population of about 3.7 million people that is rising rapidly with increased water demand. Majority of the people live in rural areas. Unreliable water supplies is a common feature in many developing countries and it threatens the health of millions of people around the world. This study examines the household coping strategies to unreliable water supplies and the factors influencing the choice of strategies in Nzoia River Basin. A cross-sectional research design was used in the study. Three counties were randomly selected from the basin for study with Busia representing the lower catchment, Kakamega middle catchment and Trans Nzoia upper catchment. The study used questionnaire surveys, in-depth expert interviews with selected stakeholders from the water sector, academia and scientists and field observations to examine the Household coping strategies for unreliable water supplies in the basin. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study identified 18 household coping strategies to unreliable water supplies in the basin. Households use more than one strategy to cope with the problem of unreliable water supplies. There are some strategies which are adopted by large numbers of households whereas the others have only a few households using them. Water storage through storage tanks, roof tanks, drums, pots, buckets and bottles is the most preferred strategy by households followed by collecting water from alternative sources such as springs, rivers, dams and wells; using water sparingly\/ limiting water use; treating water through boiling, filtration and chlorination; and drilling wells and boreholes. Strategies like improving water quality; enhancing pressure; rainwater harvesting in the rainy season; installing booster pumps, electrical and hand pumps; installing extra storage space; rescheduling major household activities to when water is available; buying water from neighbors, private tankers, donkey-cart owners, bottled water; moving to another house or area estate with water and community fundraising for construction of water supply are also important to the households in addressing problems of unreliable water supplies in the basin. Other strategies like recycling water; protesting and complaining to authorities; economizing on water use by reduced frequency of baths and economizing on water use by reduced number of meals in a day or altered diet are less important. The choice of household coping strategies used against unreliable water supplies was found to be influenced by socio-economic status: income, education; land tenure and lack of reliability. Unreliable\/intermittent water supplies have imposed significant coping burdens to households in the basin. Assessing household coping strategies to unreliable water supplies and the factors influencing the choice of strategies in the basin will provide valuable insights for policy makers, water service providers and national and county governments while planning for improved water supply services. The findings of this study are important to the national and county governments within Nzoia River Basin as it provides a major shift from focusing on water supplies coverage (now widely used in the basin) to improvements in the quality of services anchored on water supplies reliability. This is the focus of the Sustainable development goals, target 6.1, which aims at achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by the year 2030.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 07-14\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ernest Othieno Odwori<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Disaster Management and Sustainable Development, School of Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Asian Development Bank, 2010. Every Drop Counts: Learning from Good Practices in Eight Asian Cities.\r\n[2] Choe, K., Varley, R. C. G. &amp; Bijlani, H. U. 1996. Coping with intermittent water supply: Problems and prospects. Environmental Health Project. Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh, India: USAID.\r\n[3] Conradin, K., Kropac, M., Spuhler, D. (Eds.). 2010. The Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox. Basel: SEECON International GMBH.\r\n[4] Christodoulou, S., Agathokleous, A., 2012. A study on the effects of intermittent water supply on the vulnerability of urban water distribution networks. Water Science &amp; Technology: Water Supply 12, 523\u20138.\r\n[5] Cook, J., Kimuyu, P., Whittington, D., 2016. The costs of coping with poor water supply in rural Kenya. Water Resour. Res. 52, 841\u2013859.\r\n[6] Dutta, V. &amp; Tiwari, A. P. 2005. Cost of services and willingness to pay for reliable urban water : A study from Delhi, India. Water Economics, Statistics and Finance, 5, 135-144.\r\n[7] Gerlach, E. &amp; Franceys, R. 2009. Regulating water services for the poor: The case of Amman. Geoforum, 40, 431-441.\r\n[8] Guragai, B., Takizawa, S., Hashimoto, T., Oguma, K., (2017). Effects of inequality of supply hours on consumers&#8217; coping strategies and perceptions of intermittent water supply in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Science of the Total Environment 599-600, 431\u2013441.\r\n[9] Humplick F., Kudat A., Madanat S. (1993). Modeling Household Responses to Water Supply: A Service Quality Approach. World Bank, Transportation, Water, and Urban Development Department; Washington, DC, USA: 1993.\r\n[10] Hirschman A.O.(1970).Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations,and States. Harvard University Press; Cambridge, MA, USA.\r\n[11] Jain, D., Neti, R., (2013). Karnataka Three Towns Pilot 24\/7 Water Supply. Innovations in Development 2013.\r\n[12] Kudat A., Bell M., Boland J., Humplick F., Madanat S., Mukherjee N.(1993). World Bank Research Observer. World Bank; Washington, DC, USA: 1993. Reliability of urban water supply in developing countries: The emperor has no clothes.\r\n[13] Kumpel, E., Nelson, K.L., 2016. Intermittent Water Supply: Prevalence, Practice, and Microbial Water Quality. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 542\u2013553.\r\n[14] Kumpel, E., Woelfle-Erskine, C., Ray, I., Nelson, K.L., (2017). Measuring household consumption and waste in unmetered, intermittent piped water systems. Water Resour. Res. 53, 302\u2013315.\r\n[15] Melosi, M., (2008). The Sanitary City. University of Pittsburg Press.\r\n[16] Macintosh, A.C., (2003). Asian Water Supplies: Reaching the Urban Poor. Asian Development Bank and International Water Association.\r\n[17] Majuru, B., Suhrcke, M., Hunter, P., (2016). How Do Households Respond to Unreliable Water Supplies? A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2015, Vol. 12, Pages 5954-5974 13, 1222\u201320.\r\n[18] Northover, H., Ryu, S.K., Brewer, T., (2016). Achieving total sanitation and hygiene coverage within a generation &#8211; lessons from East Asia. WaterAid.\r\n[19] Noe, M. H., &amp; Gelfand, J. M. (2018). Research techniques made simple: Pharmacoepidemiology research methods in Dermatology. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 138 (2).\r\n[20] Odwori, E,O, &amp; Obiri, J.F. (2018). Factors influencing sustainable household domestic water use in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology; September &#8211; October &#8211; 2018 ; 4(10) : 297-307.\r\n[21] Odwori, E.O (2020). Factors determining households\u2019 willingness to pay for improved water supply services in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS) Volume 7 Issue 7, July 2020. ISSN: 2394-4404.\r\n[22] Pruss-Ustun A., Bos R., Gore F., Bartram J. (2015). Other Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote.\r\n[23] Pattanayak, S.K., Yang, J.-C., Whittington, D., Bal Kumar, K.C., (2005). Coping with unreliable public water supplies: Averting expenditures by households in Kathmandu, Nepal. Water Resour. Res. 41, 163\u201311.\r\n[24] Sinclair, D., Jullien, S., &amp; Garner, P. (2016). Response: Development of economics-time to improve research methods. International Journal of Epidemiology, 45(6).\r\n[25] Saunders,M.,Lewis,P.,Thornhill,A.,&amp;Wang,C.(2009).Analysing qualitative data. Research methods for business students. 5th edn. Harlow, Essex, UK: Pearson Education Ltd, 480-525.\r\n[26] WRMA. (2012). Water Resources Management Authority. Annual reports. Nairobi, Kenya. Winrock International, (2017). Improving Water Security, Toolkit.\r\n[27] Wolman, A., Bosch, H.M., (1963). US Water Supply Lessons Applicable to Developing Countries. Journal American Water Works Association 55, 946\u2013956.\r\n[28] Zerah, M.-H., (1998). How to assess the quality dimension of urban infrastructure: The case of water supply in Delhi. Cities 15, 285\u2013290.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ernest Othieno Odwori, &#8220;Household Coping Strategies for Unreliable Water Supplies in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya.&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.07-14 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/07-14.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/07-14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/household-coping-strategies-for-unreliable-water-supplies-in-nzoia-river-basin-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Household Coping Strategies for Unreliable Water Supplies in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478dd03 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"478dd03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-478ddd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"478ddd2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478df7d\" data-id=\"478df7d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478e09b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"478e09b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Pattern of Cervical Histology among Women with Human Immuno deficiency Virus infection Receiving Care at a Terciary Centre in South-South Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sapira-Ordu Leesi, Sapira Monday Komene &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 15-19<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-478e13a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"478e13a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478e2d8\" data-id=\"478e2d8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478e415 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"478e415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: The transitional area of the cervix has variable histological features due to constant changes following irritation by hormones, infection as well as trauma. These changes range from squamous metaplasia to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancers. Women with HIV infection are prone to premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix due to immunosuppression and persistent co-infection with the highly oncogenic human papilloma virus serotypes. They are therefore thought to be sexually transmitted and they contribute significantly to reproductive ill-health and mortality among women.\r\nObjective: This was to determine the actual prevalence of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix using histological assessment among HIV positive women receiving care at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Alakahia between August and June 2015.\r\nMaterials and Methods: One hundred HIV positive women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were recruited randomly for the study with an uptake rate of 96%. Informed consent was obtained and data collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. They all had cervical biopsies and the specimens were processed by the histotechnologist and reported by the histopathologist. Data analysis was done using SPSS.\r\nResults: The mean age of patients was 37.0 \u00b1 6.6 years and the mean age of those with dysplasia was 38.1 \u00b1 6.6 years. The age range of the patients was 21-56 years with the highest number of respondents (27.1%) in the 30- 34 years group. This was closely followed by 35-39 years with 26.0%. Majority of the patients (49.0%) were married and the others were either single, divorced or widowed. Most of the patients had at least secondary education (38.5% and 37.5% for tertiary and secondary levels of education respectively). The parous women weresixty (62.5%) while the nulliparous women were thirty six(37.5%).Thirty-four (35.4%) of the respondents had their first sexual intercourse before eighteen years of age while fifty-five (57.3%) had it after the age of eighteen. Seven (7.3%) had no idea of their age at first sexual exposure. Nineteen (19.8%) of them had five or more lifetime sexual partners while sixty-six (68.8%) had two to four sexual partners. Six (6.2%) have had one and five (5.2%) did not respond.Seventeen (17.7%) of the respondents had CD4 counts less than 250 cells\/mm3, thirty (31.3%) had values between 250 to 499 cells\/mm3 while forty-nine (51.0%) had 500 cells\/mm3 and above. Thirty-six (37.5%) were normal, twenty (20.8%) had cervicitis, twenty-three (24.0%) had CIN I, ten (10.4%) had CIN II, six (6.3%) had CIN III and one (1.0%) had endocervical polyp.\r\nConclusion: There is need for women with HIV infection to be screened regularly considering the high prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among them.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 15-19\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8401<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sapira-Ordu Leesi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Forces Avenue, Port Harcourt.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Sapira Monday Komene <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment Urology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Dutta DC. Anatomy of the Female Pelvic Organs. In: Konar R (Eds). DC Dutta\u2019s Textbook of Gynaecology. 6th Edition. New Delhi. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, 2013: 1-25.\r\n[2] Arbyn M, Weiderpass E, Bruni L, de Sanjose S, Saraiya M et al. Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: Aworldwide analysis. The Lancet global health 2020; 8(2): E191-E203.\r\n[3] Nicole Fawcett. The global incidence of cervical cancer is a tragedy. Available at: labblog.uofmhealth.org. Accessed 26th September 2020.\r\n[4] WHO-Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Global HIV epidemic (2019). Available at: who.int\/data\/gho\/themes\/hiv-aids. Accessed 25th September, 2020.\r\n[5] Wikipedia. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Available at; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Last accessed on 22\/11\/14.\r\n[6] Massad LS, Evans CT, Strickler HD. Outcome after negative colposcopy among Human Immunodeficiency Virus- infected women with borderline cytologic abnormalities. ObstetGynaecol 2005; 106(3): 525-532.\r\n[7] Cardillo M, Hagan R, Abadi J, Abadi MA. CD4 T-Cell count, viral load and squamous intraepithelial lesions in women infected with HIV. Cancer 2001; 93(2): 111-114.\r\n[8] Davis AT, Charkraborty H, Flowers L, Mosunjac MB. Cervical dysplasia in women infected with HIV: A correlation with viral load and CD4 count. GynaecolOncol 2001; 80(3): 350-354.\r\n[9] Ahdieh L, Munoz A, Vlahor D. Cervical neoplasia and repeated positivity of HPV in HIV seropositive and negative women. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151(12): 1148-1157.\r\n[10] Liu G, Sharma M, BarnadasR. HIV Positive women have higher risk of HPV infection, precancerous lesions and cervical cancer: A systemic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2018; 32(6): 795-808\r\n[11] Grulich AE, Vanleeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV\/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007; 370(9581): 59-67.\r\n[12] Duerr A, Kieke B, Warren D, Shah K. Human papilloma virus-associated cervical cytologic abnormalities among women with or at risk of infection with HIV. Am J ObstetGynaecol 2001; 181(4): 584-590.\r\n[13] Massad LS, Riester KA, Anasto KM, Fruchter RG, Palefsky JM et al. Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study Group. Prevalence and predictors of squamous cell abnormalities in Papanicolaou smears from women infected with HIV-1. AIDS 1991; 21(1): 33-41.\r\n[14] La Ruche G, Ramon R, Mensah-Ado I, Bergeron C, Diomande M et al. Dyscer-CI Group. Squamous cell intraepithelial lesions of the cervix, invasive cervical carcinoma and immunosuppression induced by HIV in Africa. Cancer 1998; 82(12): 2401-2408.\r\n[15] Ellerbrock TV, Chiasson MA, Bush TJ, Sun XW, Sawo D et al. Incidence of cervical cell squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women. JAMA 2000; 283(8): 1031-1037.\r\n[16] Katz DL, Elmore JG, Wild DMG, Lucan SC. Studying the Accuracy and Usefulness of Screening and Diagnostic Tests. In: Jekel\u2019s Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 4th Edition. United States of America; Sauders Publishers: 2014:82-87\r\n[17] Bassey G, Jeremiah I, Ikimalo JI, Fiebai PO, Athanasius BP. Abnormal cervical cytology among HIV-positive women in Nigeria. Int J GynaecolObstet 2014; 125(2): 103-106.\r\n[18] Muhammad Z, Usman IH, Dahi ZA, Avidime AR, Danjuma SA et al. incidence and risk factors for cervical dysplasia among HIV positive and HIV negative women in Amino Kano Teaching Hospital. Sahel Med J 2017; 20: 160-167.\r\n[19] Atashili J, Adimora AA, Ndumbe PM, Komey GM, Rinas AC et al. High prevalence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in women on antiretroviral therapy in Cameroun: Is targeted screening feasible? Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36(3): 263-269.\r\n[20] Agaba PA, Thacher TD, Ekwempu CC, Idoko JA. Cervical dysplasia in Nigerian women infected with HIV. Int J GynaecolObstet 2009; 107(2): 99-102.\r\n[21] Getinet M, Gelaw B, Sisay A, Mahmoud EA, Abate A. Prevalence and predictors of Pap smear cervical epithelial cell abnormality among HIV positive and negative women attending gynaecological examination in cervical cancer screening centre at Debre Markos referral hospital, East Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Clinical Pathology 2015; 15: 16-20.\r\n[22] Wikipedia. Cervical Cancer. Available at: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/cervical_cancer. Last accessed in March 2016.\r\n[23] Ononogbu, U., Almujtaba, M., Modibbo, F., Lawal I, Offiong R. et al. Cervical cancer risk factors among HIV-infected Nigerian women. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-582.\r\n[24] GetinetM, GelawB, Sisay A, Mahmoud EA, Abate A. Prevalence and predictors of Pap smear cervical epithelial cell abnormality among HIV positive and negative women attending gynaecological examination in cervical cancer screening centre at DebreMarkos referral hospital, East Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Clinical Pathology 2015; 15: 16-20.\r\n[25] Parham GP, Sahasrabuddhe VV, Mwanahamuntu MH, Shepherds BE, Hicks ML et al. Prevalence and predictors of squamous intraepithelial lesion of the cervix in HIV infected women in Lusaka, Zambia. GynaecolObstet 2006;103(3): 1017-1022.\r\n[26] Atashili J, Adimora AA, Ndumbe PM, Komey GM, Rinas AC et al. High prevalence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in women on antiretroviral therapy in Cameroun: Is targeted screening feasible? Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36(3): 263-269.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sapira-Ordu Leesi, Sapira Monday Komene &#8220;The Pattern of Cervical Histology among Women with Human Immuno deficiency Virus infection Receiving Care at a Terciary Centre in South-South Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.15-19 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8401<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/15-19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-pattern-of-cervical-histology-among-women-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus-in-fection-receiving-care-at-a-terciary-centre-in-south-south-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Pattern of Cervical Histology among Women with Human Immuno deficiency Virus infection Receiving Care at a Terciary Centre in South-South Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478f1c9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"478f1c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-478f2a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"478f2a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478f42d\" data-id=\"478f42d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478f54b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"478f54b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Development of a Functional non-Alcoholic Beverage from Sorghum Stem Sheath and Local Spices<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Idowu, A.O., Duduyemi, O., Abioye, A.O., Arinkoola A. O. and Ade-Omowaye, B.I.O &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 20-28<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-478f5f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"478f5f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478f78a\" data-id=\"478f78a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478f8d8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"478f8d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Optimum conditions for the production of a non-alcoholic beverage from Sorghum Stem Sheath (SSS) and three local spices were investigated. The drink was developed from combinations of important variables, Alligator Pepper, AP (0.00, 0.75, 1.50 g\/100 ml), ginger (0.00, 0.75, 1.50 g\/100 ml), garlic (0.00, 0.75, 1.50 g\/100 ml), Extraction Temperature, ET (80, 90, 100 oC) and Time of Extraction, TOE (10, 25, 40 min) based on a modification of fractional central composite rotatable design with 32 runs in three replicates using Design-Expert software (version 6.0.8). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied as an optimization technique over eight response variables: Total Phenols Content (TPC), Vitamin C Content (VCC), 1,1-diphenyl -2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Total Carotenoids Content (TCC), Zinc Content (ZC), Iron Content (IC), Oxalate Content (OC) and Tannin Content (TC). Predictive models for the response variables were developed as a function of the process variables. The conventional graphical method was applied to obtain maximum TPC, VCC, DPPH, TCC and IC, and minimum OC. Second-order polynomials obtained to predict the response variables were all significant (p&lt;0.05) with good correlation coefficients (R2) between 0.895 and 0.937 showing that the models can be used to navigate the design space. Contour plots of each of the response variables were utilized, applying superposition surface methodology to obtain three contour plots for observation and selection of the best (optimum) combination of AP, ginger, garlic, ET and TOE as 1.50 mg\/100 ml, 1.49 mg\/100 ml, 0.15 mg\/100 ml, 80 \u00b0C and 40 min, respectively. This combination produced optimized drink with TPC, VCC, DPPH, TCC, IC and OC of 0.22 mg\/100 ml, 3.54 mg\/100 ml, 61.65%, 699.46 mg\/100 ml, 4.16 mg\/100 ml and 0.55 mg\/100 ml, respectively.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 20-28\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Idowu, A.O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Duduyemi, O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Lagos State University, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abioye, A.O. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arinkoola A. O. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ade-Omowaye, B.I.O <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abulude, F.O., Ogunkoya, M.O. and Oni, V.A. (2006). Mineral Composition, Shelf-life andSensory attributes of fortified \u2018kunuzaki\u2019 beverage. Acta Sci. Pol., Technol. Aliment 5(1):155-162\r\n[2] Adanlawo, I.G. and Ajibade, V.A. (2006). Nutritive values of the two varieties of roselle(Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyces soaked with wood ash. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5(6): 555-557.\r\n[3] Adedeji, T.O., Oluwalana, I.B. and Ade-Omowaye, B.I.O. (2013). Investigation on antioxidant and anti-nutritional properties of sorghum stem sheath-ginger extract-based non-alcoholic beverage. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering,3(3): 28-34.\r\n[4] Ade-Omowaye, B.I.O., Adedeji, T.O and Oluwalana, I.B. (2015). The Effect of Ginger Extracts on the Acceptability and Storability of a Non-alcoholic Beverage (Sorghum Stem SheathDrink) in Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 7(3): 178-184.\r\n[5] Adetuyi, A.O., Pambang, V., Oyetayo, V.O and Adetuyi, F.O. (2007).The Nutritive value and antimicrobial property of sorghum bicolour stem (poporo flour used as food colour additive and its infusion drink). American Journal of Technology, 2 (2): 79-86.\r\n[6] Agarry, O.O, Nkama, I. and Akoma, O. (2010). Production of kunnu-Zaki (A Nigerianfermented cereal beverage) using a starter culture. Journal of International Resolvementand Microbiology, 1(2): 018-025.\r\n[7] Aiyeloja, A. and Bello, S. (2006).Ethnobotanical potentials of common herbs in Nigeria Educational Research and Revolution Journal of Herbs and Spices (1) 2: 16-22.\r\n[8] Akande, I.S., Oseni, A.A. and Biobaku, O.A. (2010). Effects of aqueous extract of Sorghum bicolour on hepatic, histological and haematological indices in rats. Journal of Cell Animal Biology, l4: 137\u2013142.\r\n[9] AOAC, (2006). Official Methods of Analysis, (22nd ed). Association of Analytical Chemist,Washington D.C., USA.\r\n[10] Ashaye, O.A., Taiwo, O.O., and Adegoke, G.O. (2006). Effect of local preservative (Aframomum danielli) on the chemical and sensory properties of stored warankasi. African Journal of AgricultureResolvement, 1: 10-16.\r\n[11] Ayo, J.A, Ejigu, T.N. And Ohenacho. (2003). Effect of spices on the microbial and sensory quality of kunu-Zaki. Proceeding of 27th annual NIFST Conference, p 233.\r\n[12] Benderitter M., Maupoli V., Vergely C., Dalloz, F., Briot and Rochette L. (1998). Studies byelectron paramagnetic resonance of the importance of iron in hydroxyl scavenging propertiesof ascorbic acid in plasma: effects of iron chelators. Fundamental and clinicalpharmacology;12:510-643.\r\n[13] Devi, P.S., Kumar, M.S. and Das, S.M. (2011). Evaluation of the anti-proliferative activity of red sorghum bran anthocyanin on a human breast cancer cell line (mcf-7). International Journalof Breast Cancer, 2011: 891-481.\r\n[14] EFSA, (2014). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of tannic acid when used as feedflavouring for all animal species. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP. EFSA Journal,12(10):3828.\r\n[15] FAO, (2011). Processing for prosperity, Second edition, FAO Diversification booklet No. 5, Rome.\r\n[16] Ghosh, D. (2015). Tannins from Foods to Combat Diseases. International Journal ofPharmaceutical Research &amp; Review, 4(5):40-44.\r\n[17] Ghosh, D., Firdaus, S.B., Ghosh, A. K., Paul, S., and Bandyopadhyay D. (2014). Protectionagainst lead-induced oxidative stress in liver and kidneys of male Wistar rats using melatonin and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Murraya koenigii \u2013 A novel combinatorial therapeutic approach. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(3), 385-399.\r\n[18] Gyamfi, M.A., Yonamine, M. and Aniya, Y. (1999). Free radical scavenging activity of medicinal herb of Ghana: Thonningia sanguine on experimentally induced liver injuries general pharmacology, 32:661-667.\r\n[19] Haji, F.M., Haji, T.A. (1999). The effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa on essential hypertension.Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 65: 231-236.\r\n[20] Heo, H.J., Kim, Y.J., Chung, D. And Kim, D.O. (2007). Anti-oxidant capacities of individual and combined phenolics in a model system. Journal of Food Chemistry.104; 87-92.\r\n[21] Ilori, O. O. And Odukoya, O. A. (2005). Hibiscus sabdriffa and sorghum bicolour as natural colourants. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 4(1) 858 \u2013 862.\r\n[22] Jayaraman J (1992). Laboratory manual in Biochemistry. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New York.\r\n[23] Tsai, J.Y., Huang, J.K., Wu, T.T. and Lee, Y.H. (2005). Comparison of Oxalate Content inFoods and Beverages in Taiwan. JTUA, 16(3):93-98.\r\n[24] Kayode, A.P.P., Nout, M.J.R., Linnemann, A.R., Joseph, D., Hounhouigan, J.D., Berghofer, E.,andSiebenhandl-Ehn, S. (2011). Uncommonly high levels of 3-deoxyanthocyanidinsandantioxidant capacity in the leaf sheaths of dye sorghum. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 59: 1178\u20131184\r\n[25] Khachik, F., Beecher, G. R., Goli, M.B. and Lusby, W.R. (1992). Separation and Quantificationof Carotenoids in foods Methods enzymol. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2134:347- 359.\r\n[26] Mangels, A.R., Holden, J.M., Beecher, G.R., Forman, M.R. and Lanz, E. (1993). Carotenoids content of fruits and vegetable; an evaluation of analytic data. Journal of American Diet Association, 93: 284-296.\r\n[27] Manoharan, D.P. and Prathapkumar, H.S. (2012). Effect of Ingredients on Texture of FermentedFood, Idli. APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 190-198.\r\n[28] Markkar, A.O. and Goodchild, A.V. (1996). Quantification of tannins. A laboratory manual international centre for agricultural reserve in dry areas (ICARDA) Alleppo, Syria, IV p 25.\r\n\r\n[29] Meilgaard, M.C., Car, T.B. and Civille, G.V. (1991). Sensory evaluation technique, 2nd edition, CRC Press, Boca ration, FL., pp 76 \u2013 88.\r\n[30] Nwinuka, N.M., Iben, G.O., Fkeke, G.H. (2005). Proximate composition and levels of some toxicants in four commonly consumed spices. Journal of Applied ScienceEnvironmentalManagement, 9:150\u2013155.\r\n[31] Oboh, G and Elusiyan, A. (2004). Nutrient Composition and Antimicrobial of Sorrel Drinks (soborodo). Journal of Medicinal Food, 7:340 \u2013 342.\r\n[32] Obuzor, G.U and Ajaezi, N.E. (2010). The nutritional content of popular malt drinks produced in Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science, Vol. 4(9), pp. 585 &#8211; 590 2010\r\n[33] Ogbonna, A.C. (2011). Studies of malting parameters, purification and characterization of proteolytic enzymes from sorghum malt varieties. University of Nigeria.\r\n[34] Ologundudu, A., Ologundudu, A.O., Ololade, I.A., and Obi, F.O. (2009a). Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa anthocyanins on 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced hematotoxicity in rabbits. Africa Journal of Biochemistry Research. 3(4): 140-144.\r\n[35] Ologundudu, A., Ologundudu, A.O., Ololade, I.A., and Obi, F.O. (2009b). The effect ofHibiscusanthocyaninson 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced hepatotoxicity inrabbits.International Journal of Physical Science. 4(4): 233-237.\r\n[36] Oluwalana, I.B., Ade-Omowaye, B.I.O. and Adedeji, T.O. (2013). Proximate And Mineral Composition of a Sorghum Stem Sheath Beverage (Poporo) Spiced with Aframomummelegueta Extract. British Journal of Applied Science &amp; Technology,\r\n[37] Omemu, A.M., Edema, M.O., Atayese, A.O., Obadina, A.O. (2006). A survey of the microfloraof Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) and the resulting \u201cZobo\u201d juice. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5(3): 254-259.\r\n[38] Osuntogun, B. and Aboaba, O. (2004). Microbiological and physical-chemical evaluation of some non-alcoholic beverages. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.3:188-192.\r\n[39] Paul, R. and Ghosh, U. (2012). Effect of thermal treatment on ascorbic acid content ofpomegranate juice. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 11(3): 09\u201313.\r\n[40] Rai B, Anand SC (2008). Serum and Salivary Vitamin C in Periodontal Disease: Adv. Med.Dent. Sci., 2(2): 26.\r\n[41] Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W (2005). Health benefits of selected minerals, Can. FamPhysician, 51(5): 673\u2013675.\r\n[42] Singleton, V.L., Oruofer, R. and Lamula Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of phenol and other oxidation substrate and antioxidants using folin-Ciocalteau\u2019s reagent. Method ofenzymol. 299: 152-178.\r\n[43] Sp\u00ednola, V., Mendes, B., C\u00e2mara, J.S. and Castilho, P.C. (2013). Effect of Time andTemperature on vitamin C stability in Horticultural extracts. UHPLC-PDA vsiodometric titration as analytical methods. LWT &#8211; Food Science and Technology, 50(2):489\u201395.\r\n[44] United States Department of Agriculture (2009). Composition of Foods: Raw, Processed and Prepared. Agriculture Research Services, USDA Nutrient Database Laboratory. USDANational Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.\r\n[45] UPMC (2017). Low Oxalate Diet: Patient Education Materials. Affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Supplemental Content provided by Health-wise Incorporated.\r\n[46] Wood, C. and Pittler, M.H. (2000). Comparison of efficacy of ginger with various anti-motionssickness drugs. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3): 367 \u2013 71.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Idowu, A.O., Duduyemi, O., Abioye, A.O., Arinkoola A. O. and Ade-Omowaye, B.I.O &#8220;Development of a Functional non-Alcoholic Beverage from Sorghum Stem Sheath and Local Spices&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.20-28 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/20-28.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/20-28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/development-of-a-functional-non-alcoholic-beverage-from-sorghum-stem-sheath-and-local-spices\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Development of a Functional non-Alcoholic Beverage from Sorghum Stem Sheath and Local Spices<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479075c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"479075c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4790825 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4790825\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47909c2\" data-id=\"47909c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4790ae5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4790ae5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><i>Funaria hygrometrica<\/i> moss as Bio-indicator of Atmospheric Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Makurdi-Nigeria: Occurrence and Sources<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Peter Agorye Adie*, Akosu Andrew Kor, Ahola David Oklo and Chris Oche Ikese &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 29-35<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4790b7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4790b7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4790d59\" data-id=\"4790d59\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4790eb7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4790eb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The sixteen (16) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), compounds listed by the US EPA for priority attention were quantitated in moss samples in the study area to ascertain atmospheric pollution levels of these compounds. PAHs compounds in the digested samples were identified and quantitated by the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) technique using column injector in splitless mode. In many of the samples the machine returned Nd, revealing low levels of PAHs contamination in the area. Concentrations of PAHs in the samples ranged from, not detected (Nd) to 7.89 ng\/g. Naphthalene, a two-ring PAH showed the most dominance, occurring in 12 of the 15 samples, while benzo[a,h]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene were not detected in any of the samples. Ankpa and Gaadi recorded 0.00 ng\/g total PAHs concentration\/site, while sample from Modern Market showed highest total PAHs concentration of 11.54 ng\/g. Application of molecular ratios in source identification revealed that the PAHs fluxes in the samples derived from both pyrogenic and petrogenic origins.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 29-35\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8402<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Agorye Adie <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Benue State University, PMB 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akosu Andrew Kor<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Benue State University, PMB 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahola David Oklo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Benue State University, PMB 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chris Oche Ikese <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Benue State University, PMB 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Agorye Adie <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Benue State University, PMB 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdel-Shafy, H. I. (2016). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation&#8221;. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. 25 (1): 107\u2013123.\r\n[2] Adeniyi, A. O., Okoh, O. O. and Okoh , A. I. (2019). Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the water and sediment of Buffalo River Estuary, South Africa and their Health Risk Assessment. Arh. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 76(4): 657 \u2013 669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00244\u201419-00617-w\r\n[3] Adie, P. A., Torsabo, S. T,,Uno, U. O. and Ajegi, J. (2014). Funaria hygrometrica moss as Bio-indicator of atmospheric pollution of heavy metals in Makurdi and Environs, North Central Nigeria. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences. 4(10): 1-8\r\n[4] Amel, H-C. (2014). Usefulness of bioindicators and biometers in pollution biomonitoring Sfax University Tunisia, International Journal of Biotechnology for wellness industries, 3, 19-26.\r\n[5] Buck, W. R. and Bernard, G. (2000). &#8220;Morphology and classification of mosses&#8221;, pages 71-123 in A. Jonathan Shaw &amp; Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[6] Chen, Y., Zhu, L. and Zhou, R. (2007). Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in surface water and sediments from Qiantang River, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 141(1): 148 \u2013 155.\r\n[7] Choi, H., Harrison, R., Komulainen, H., and Delgado S. J. (2010). &#8220;Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons&#8221;. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. Geneva: World Health Organization.\r\n[8] da Silva, T. F., Azevedo, D. and Neto, F. R. (2007). Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments and waters from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society, 18(2): 628 \u2013 637.\r\n[9] Edokpayi, J. N., Odiyo, J. O.. Popoola, O. E. and Msagati, T. A. (2016). Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic htdrocarbons in rivers, sediments and wastewater effluents in Vhembe District, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ Health 13(387): 1 -12\r\n[10] Ekpo, B. O., Oyo-Ita, O. E., Offem, J. O. and Adie, P. A. (2012). Anthropogenic PAHs in Sediment-Dwelling Biota from Mangrove areas of the Calabar River, SE Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environment and Natural Resources Research. 2(4): 89-100.\r\n[11] EMEA (2006). Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology. European Medicines Agency, EMEA, International Conference on Harmonization, ICH Topic Q2(R1)\r\n[12] Goffinet, B. and Buck, W. R. (2004). Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification. Monographs in Systematic Botany. Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. 98. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 205\u2013239.\r\n[13] Guo, W., He, M., Yang, ZLin, C., Quan, X., and Wang, H. (2007). 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Pp 31 &#8211; 58.\r\n[17] Li, B., Feng C, Li X, Chen Y, Niu J and Shen Z (2012) Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs in surficial sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64 (3), 636\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.12.005\r\n[18] Li, J., Shang, X., Zhao, Z., Tanguay, R. L., Dong, Q. and Huang C (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment, soil, and plants of the Aojiang River waterway in Wenzhou, China. J. Hazardous Mater. 173 (1\u20133) 75\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j. jhazmat.2009.08.050\r\n[19] Lim, T. B, Xu, R, Tan, B. &amp; Obbard, J.P. (2006). Persistent ortganic pollutants in moss as bioindicators of atmospheric pollution in Singapore. Elsevier, 64, 596-602.\r\n[20] Liu, M., Feng, J., Hu, P., Tan, L., Zhang, X. and Sun, J. (2016). 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Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 97\u2013126.\r\n[27] Ravindra, K.; Sokhi, R.; Van Grieken, R. (2008). &#8220;Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation&#8221;. Atmospheric Environment. 42 (13): 2895\u20132921.\r\n[28] Santos, E., Souza, M. R. R., Vilela, A. R., Soares, L. S., Frena, M. and Alexandre, M. R. (2018). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in superficial water from a tropical estuarine system: distribution, seasonal variations, sources and ecological risk assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 127: 352 &#8211; 358\r\n[29] Sowles, J. (2005). Maine Environmental Priorities project issues: Toxic contamination of coastal waters. http:\/\/maine.gov\r\n[30] Srogi, K. (2007). Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 5 (4): 169\u2013195.\r\n[31] Tavakoly Sany, S. B., Hasim, R. Salleh A., Rezayi, M. and Mehdinia, A. (2014). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coastal Sediments of Klang Strait, Malaysia: Distribution Pattern, Risk Assessment and Sources. PLoS ONE 9(4): e94907. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0094907\r\n[32] US-EPA (2010). United State Environmental Protection Agency, Method 610, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons.\r\n[33] Wang, Z., Ma, X., Na, G., Lin, Z., Ding, Q., and Yao, Z. (2009) Correlations between physicochemical properties of PAHs and their distribution in soil, moss and reindeer dung at Ny-\u0139lesund of the Arctic. Environ Pollut. 157: 3132-3136. DOI:10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.05.01\r\n[34] Xu, J., Guo, J-Y., Liu, G-R., Shi, G-L., Guo, C-S., Zhang, Y and Fend, Y-C. (2014). Historical Trends of Concentrations, Source contributions and toxicities for PAHs in dated sediments cores from five lakes Western China. Science of the Total Environment, 470-471: 519 \u2013 526. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.10.022\r\n[35] Yan, B., Abrajano, T. A., Bopp, R. F., Benedict, L. A., Chaky, D. A., Perry, E., Song, J. and Keane, D. P. (2006). Combined application of \u03b413C and molecular ratios in sediment core for PAHs source apportionment in the New York\/New Jersey Harbor complex. Organic Geochemistry, 37: 674 &#8211; 687\r\n[36] Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W.,Brewer, R., Mitchell, R. H., Goyette, D. and Sylvestre, S. (2002). PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: a critical appraisal of PAHs source and composting. Organic Geochemistry, 33(4): 489 \u2013 515\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Peter Agorye Adie*, Akosu Andrew Kor, Ahola David Oklo and Chris Oche Ikese &#8220;<i>Funaria hygrometrica<\/i> moss as Bio-indicator of Atmospheric Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Makurdi-Nigeria: Occurrence and Sources&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.29-35 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8402<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/29-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/funaria-hygrometrica-moss-as-bio-indicator-of-atmospheric-pollution-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-pahs-in-makurdi-nigeria-occurrence-and-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><i>Funaria hygrometrica<\/i> moss as Bio-indicator of Atmospheric Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Makurdi-Nigeria: Occurrence and Sources<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4791c5c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4791c5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4791d45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4791d45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4791ecb\" data-id=\"4791ecb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4791fe5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4791fe5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pesticide Activity Improvement of Azadirachtin for Pests Control in Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Chibika Jacoba, Maseka Kakoma &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 36-43<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4792081 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4792081\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4792212\" data-id=\"4792212\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4792347 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4792347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Agriculture has proven to be one of the major economic drivers of any country\u2019s economy. Most developing countries have been failing to grow their economies through agriculture due to a number of problems; one of these problems is attributed to the damage pests cause on the crops. Examples of pests being tutaabsoluta and army worms which affect tomato and maize crops, respectively. Botanical pesticides have proved to be an effective method of protecting crops as they are cheaply sourced and their pesticide efficacy can be improved.The efficacy of an improved\/ modified pesticide of azadirachtin was determined in comparison with its original form on two different types of pests; viz., on army worms and tutaabsoluta. This was achieved by spraying army worms and tutaabsoluta with four solutions of azadirachtin obtained from the commercial source, extracted one, modified commercial one and modified extracted one. Modification of azadirachtin was done by replacing ester groups with amide groups. Unmodified commercial azadirachtin gave mortalities of 00.0% and 28.6% on army worms and tutaabsoluta respectively while its modified form gave mortalities of 28.6% and 42.9% on army worms and tutaabsoluta, respectively. Unmodified extacted azadirachtin gave mortalities of 28.6% on both army worms and tutaabsoluta while its modified form gave 85.7% and 100 % mortalities on armyworms and tutaabsoluta respectively. Botanical pesticides are a potential remedy to a lot of crop pests in our country and their efficacy can be made better by structural modifications.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 36-43\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chibika Jacoba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Mathematics and Natural Science, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maseka Kakoma <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChemistry Department, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Aggarwal, N., and Brar. 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First estimate of the damage of tutaabsoluta and evaluation of the efficacy of sex pheromone traps in greenhouses of tomato crops in the Bekalta Region. Tunisia: Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology.\r\n[7] Chomba, M., and Mudenda, M. (2016). Effects of tutaabsoluta on the growth of tomatoes. Lusaka: Zambia Agriculture Research Centre.\r\n[8] Conover, W. j. (2000). Practical nonparametric statistics (2nd ed.). Wiley: New York.\r\n[9] George, G. (2010). Insecticide resistance primer. San Diego: North Carolina State University.\r\n[10] Guedes, R. (2010). Occurrence and significance of insecticide-induced hormesis in insects. Washington: American Chemical Society.\r\n[11] Jan, H. (2016). Tutaabsoluta biology, damage and control, a South African Perspective. South Africa: Crop Watch Africa.\r\n[12] Johnson, M. (2011). Chromatographic finger print analysis of steroids in by HPTLC technique. Asian: Biomedicine.\r\n[13] Parveen kumar, C., and Grover, R. (2016). Economic analysis of tomato cultivation under poly house and open field conditions in Haryana. India: Journal of applied and Natural Science.\r\n[14] Petrikovszki, R., Doshi, P., Turoczi, G., Toth, F., and Nagy, P. (2019). Investigating the Side-Effects of Neem-Derived Pesticides on Commercial Entomopathogenic and Slug-Parasitic Nematode Products under Laboratory Conditions. Plants 2019,\r\n[15] Principe, P. (2005). Monetising the pharmacological benefits of plants. Washington: National Centre for Biotechnology Information.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chibika Jacoba, Maseka Kakoma &#8220;Pesticide Activity Improvement of Azadirachtin for Pests Control in Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.36-43 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/36-43.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/36-43.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pesticide-activity-improvement-of-azadirachtin-for-pests-control-in-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Pesticide Activity Improvement of Azadirachtin for Pests Control in Zambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47930bd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47930bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479318a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479318a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479331f\" data-id=\"479331f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4793453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4793453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Plight of Women during and After Floods. A Case Study of the Mbire District, Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Josphat Nyoni, Conilloois Gwatirisa, Yvette Nyasha Nyanzira, Martin Dandira, Elias Kandjinga &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 44-49<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47934f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47934f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479368e\" data-id=\"479368e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47937cd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47937cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this paper was to examine the impact of floods on women given their vulnerability and the inequalities inherent in the social construction of gender.The paper examined the impact of flooding on women in Mbire District\u2019s Ward 10 located along the Hunyani River Valley. The district is one of the most vulnerable areas to floods in Zimbabwe. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed and 5 focus group interviews conducted. Correlation analysis was used to analyse the repossess from questionnaires while thematic approach used to analyse data from interviews. The main findings were that women were overburdened by disasters in terms of addition responsibilities which creates excess burden. The study showed that women became emotionally overburdened; they become stressed and psychologically depressed in the absence of effective psycho social support initiatives especially during the disaster and post recovery phases of the disaster. After the migration by males, majority of whom abandons their families and start new families elsewhere leavingwomen to assume headship of their households, taking over most of the responsibilities.This often created emotional stress on women whowere still to recover from the disasters and without sustainable sources of livelihoods. Psychosocial or emotional stress were also reported and observed among women due to loss of property, family members and food reserves.The study also noted that women experienced feelings of fear, anxiety and insecurity as a result of their past experiences with the disasters in the Mbire district.The study concluded that women are generally vulnerable to disasters and hence suffer from emotional depression and stress during and after disasters. It is recommended that awareness campaigns be rolled out to women in disaster prone areas to prepare them mentally, socially and emotionally for future disasters.The study also recommends the setting up ofphysical or material reconstruction projects among women in disaster prone areas to economically empower them and ensure that they are not emotionally stressed before and after disaster period. Disaster preparedness skills and livelihoods lifekills in the three phases of the disaster namely, pre, during and post recovery phases be imparted to women to help them to copy with the impact and the effects of the disaster. The training would help reduce the various stresses that women undergo following disasters and help them to recover from the disaster. The paper recommends that policies be developed that allow women to participate in disaster planning activities and decision-making processes related to disaster risk reduction. It is also recommended that dedicated funds be made available for gender mainstreaming in disaster risk reduction policies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 44-49\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josphat Nyoni <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen University of Africa\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Conilloois Gwatirisa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen University of Africa\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yvette Nyasha Nyanzira <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen University of Africa\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Martin Dandira <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elias Kandjinga <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abeysekera, S. (2006). Tsunami aftermath, violations of women\u2019s human rights Sri Lanka. Colombo: Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development. All India Disaster Mitigation Institute. (2005, October 12). Tsunami, gender, and recovery (Special Issue for International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction). Southasiadisasters.net\r\n[2] Arma\u0219, I. &amp; Gavri\u0219, A., (2013) \u2018Social vulnerability assessment using spatial multicriteria analysis (SEVI model) and the social vulnerability index (SoVI model) \u2013 A case study for Bucharest, Romania\u2019, Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 13(6), 1481\u20131499.\r\n[3] Armas, I., Toma-Danila, D., Ionescu, R. &amp; Gavris, A., (2017) \u2018Vulnerability to earthquake hazard: Bucharest case study, Romania\u2019, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 8(2), 182\u2013195.\r\n[4] Attems, M., Thaler, T., Genovese, E. &amp; Fuchs, S., (2019). \u2018Implementation of property\u2010 level flood risk adaptation (PLFRA) measures: Choices and decisions\u2019, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 7(1), 1\u201319.\r\n[5] Ariyabandu, M. (2003). Women: The risk managers in natural disasters. \u2018Voice of Women\u2019: A Sri Lanka Journal for Women\u2019s Liberation, 6(1).\r\n[6] Ariyabandu, M. M., &amp; Foenseka, D. (2006). Do disasters discriminate? In D. Nivaran (Ed.), South Asia network for disaster mitigation: Tackling the tides and tremors (23-40). Islamabad: South Asia Disaster Report 2005.\r\n[7] Ariyabandu, M. (2009). Sex, gender and gender relations in disasters. In Women, gender, and disaster: Global issues and initiatives, ed. E. Enarson, and P.G.D. Chakrabarti, 5\u201317. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[8] Ariyabandu, M., and Foenseka, D (2006). Do disasters discriminate? In South Asia network for disaster mitigation: Tackling the tides and tremors, ed. D. Nivaran, 23\u201340. South Asia disaster report, 2005, Islamabad\r\n[9] Ba\u00b4canovi\u00b4c, V. (2014). Gender Analysis of the Impact of the 2014 Floods in Serbia. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).\r\n[10] Byrne, B. and Sally, B. (1995), Gender, Emergencies and Humanitarian Assistance, BRIDGE Report, IDS.\r\n[11] Chen, J.J., Mueller, V., Jia, Y. and Tseng, S.K.-H. (2017) Validating Migration Responses to Flooding Using Satellite and Vital Registration Data. Am. Econ. Rev. 2017, 107, 441\u2013445.\r\n[12] Cobian Alvarez, J.A.and Resosudarmo, B.P. (2019). The Cost of Floods in Developing Countries\u2019 Megacities: A Hedonic Price Analysis of the Jakarta Housing Market, Indonesia. Environ. Econ. Policy Stud, 21, 555\u2013577.\r\n[13] Enarson, E. and Betty, M (1998), \u201cWhy gender, why women?\u201d, in Elaine Enarson and Betty Morrow (eds.) The Gendered Terrain of Disasters, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut and London.\r\n[14] Enarson, E. (1999a). Violence against women in disasters: A study of domestic violence programs in the US and Canada. Violence against Women, 5(7), 742-768\r\n[15] Enarson, E., &amp; Meyreles, L. (2003). Working with women at risk: Practical guideline for assessing local disaster risk. International Hurricane Center and Florida International University, Dominican Republic. FAO\r\n[16] Goh, K. (2019). Urban Waterscapes: The Hydro-Politics of Flooding in a Sinking City. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res., 43, 250\u2013272.\r\n[17] Hennighausen, H. and Suter, J.F. (2020). Flood Risk Perception in the Housing Market and the Impact of a Major Flood Event. Land Econ, 96, 366\u2013383.\r\n[18] Ikeda, K. (1995). Gender differences in human loss and vulnerability in natural disasters: A case study from Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2(2), 171-193.\r\n[19] Kashyap, S.and Mahanta, R. (2018). Vulnerability Aspects of Urban Flooding: A Review. Indian J. Econ. Dev, 14, 578\u2013586.\r\n[20] Keating, A., Campbell, K., Mechler, R., Michel-Kerjan, E., Mochizuki, J., Kunreuther, H., Bayer, J., Hanger, S., McCallum, I. and See, L. (2014). Operationalizing Resilience against Natural Disaster Risk: Opportunities, Barriers, and a Way forward; Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance; IIASA: Zurich, Switzerland.\r\n[21] Madhuri. 2016. The impact of flooding in Bihar, India on women: A qualitative study.\r\n[22] McClymont, K., Morrison, D., Beevers, L. and Esther, C. (2020). Flood Resilience: A Systematic Review. J. Environ. Plan. Manag, 63, 1151\u20131176.\r\n[23] Nyakundi, H., Mogere, S., Mwanzo, I and Yitambe, A. (2010) Community perceptions and response to flood risks in Nyando District, Western Kenya. J\u00e0mb\u00e1 J. Disaster Risk Stud. 3, 346\u2013366.\r\n[24] Ogie, R.I., Adam, C. and Perez, P. (2000). A Review of Structural Approach to Flood Management in Coastal Megacities of Developing Nations: Current Research and Future Directions. J. Environ. Plan. Manag, 63, 127\u2013147.\r\n[25] Oosterhaven, J. and Tobben, J. (2018). Wider Economic Impacts of Heavy Flooding in Germany: A Non-linear Programming Approach. Spat. Econ. Anal. 2017, 12, 404\u2013428.\r\n[26] Parkinson, D.; Zara, C. (2013). The hidden disaster: Domestic violence in the aftermath of natural disaster. Aust. J. Emerg. Manag, 28, 28\u201335. 53.\r\n[27] Pereira, P., Barcel\u00f2, D. and Panagos, P. (2020). Soil and water threats in a changing environment. Environ. Res. 2020, 186, 109501.\r\n[28] Petrovi\u00b4c, A.M., Dragi\u00b4cevi\u00b4c, S.S., Radi\u00b4c, B.P., Milanovi\u00b4c.and Pe\u0161i\u00b4c, A.Z. (2015). Historical torrential flood events in the Kolubara river basin. Nat. Hazards 2015, 79, 537\u2013547.\r\n[29] Petrovi\u00b4c, A., Kostadinov, S. and Dragi\u00b4cevi\u00b4c, S. (20114). The inventory and characterization of torrential flood phenomenon in Serbia. Pol. J. Environ. Stud, 23, 823\u2013830.\r\n[30] Sam, C., and Hay, S. (2014). A report submitted to Action. Aid Cambodia. Flood impacts on women: exploring the possibility of gender sensitive dry planning\r\n[31] Scolobig, A., De Marchi, B and Borga, M. (2012). The missing link between flood risk awareness and preparedness: Findings from case studies in an Alpine Region. Nat. Hazards, 63, 499\u2013520\r\n[32] Shatkin, G. (2019) Futures of Crisis, Futures of Urban Political Theory: Flooding in Asian Coastal Megacities. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res, 43, 207\u2013226.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Josphat Nyoni, Conilloois Gwatirisa, Yvette Nyasha Nyanzira, Martin Dandira, Elias Kandjinga &#8220;The Plight of Women during and After Floods. A Case Study of the Mbire District, Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.44-49 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/44-49.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/44-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-plight-of-women-during-and-after-floods-a-case-study-of-the-mbire-district-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Plight of Women during and After Floods. A Case Study of the Mbire District, Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479459d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"479459d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4794668 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4794668\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4794800\" data-id=\"4794800\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4794928 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4794928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Neutrosophic-Based Decision Support System for Effective Diagnosis of Liver Disease<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Okpako, A.E, Omoghenemuko, G.I., Odikwa, H.N &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 50-57<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47949c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47949c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4794b4d\" data-id=\"4794b4d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4794ca6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4794ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Liver diseases have been shown to be highly correlated to excessive consumption of alcohol and other harmful or injurious substances such as drugs and toxins. The Nigeria social milieu cannot do away with excessive consumption of alcoholic-related substances and drugs, which are predominantly consumed on weekends either in parties or clubs. Most Nigeria teenagers and adults alike who are supposedly considered as socially correct indulge in excessive consumption of alcohol and other harmful substances leaving the alcoholic companies and shops smiling to the banks. This unpalatable trend has dire consequences as it raises the figure of liver disease patients, which is mostly confused with other tropical diseases like malaria and as such its manifestation cannot be predicted on time with certainty. Timely diagnosis is a panacea to the management of the disease but this is not the case most times as there are handful of hepatologists that can adequately diagnose this disease since General practitioner might not be able to diagnose them on time. This research seeks to comparatively analyze the performance of Neutrosophic-based Decision Support System and Multilayer Neural Network (Traditional Neural Network) in the classification of Indian Liver Patient Dataset (ILDP) as well as articulate its suitability in the classification or diagnosis of liver disease (ILPD). Object Oriented Analysis and Design methodology was used while the implementation was done using WEKA and Java on a Netbeans platform. Experimental results show that Neutrosophic-Based Decision Support System (NBDSS) with an accuracy of 96.41% using a confusability measurement threshold of 0.003278 performed better than the conventional neural network with an accuracy of 72.45%. This clearly shows that Neutrosophic-based Decision Support System is suitable for the diagnosis of liver diseases.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 50-57\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8403<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okpako, A.E <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo Delta State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Omoghenemuko, G.I. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, College of Education, Warri Delta State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Odikwa, H.N <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Abia State, University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adeniji K. A and Anjorin A.S. (2002). Histopathological Assessment of the pattern of liver cirrhosis in a tropical population. Afr J Med Sci 2002; 31: 367-9\r\n[2] Ansari A. Q, Biswas, R. and Aggarwal S. (2013) . Neutrosophic classifier: An extension of fuzzy classifier. Applied Soft Computing, 13(1) 563-573.\r\n[3] Ashwani, K and Neelam S.(2017). Categorization of Liver Disease Using Classification Techniques, International Journal for Research in Applied Science &amp; Engineering Technology (IJRASET) 826\r\n[4] Dhamodharan S. (2014). Liver Diseases Prediction Using Bayesian Classification. National Conference on Advanced Computing, Applications &amp; Technologies, ISSN: 2320-0790, 1-3, 2014.\r\n[5] Dr\u0103gulescu, D and Albu, A(2007). Medical Predictions System volume 4(3).\r\n[6] Gulia, V.R. and Rani P. (2014). Liver Patient Classification Using Intelligent Techniques, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5 (4) , 5110-5115\r\n[7] Jankisharan, P, Rajan, V, Jagdish, M and Sanjay, P. (2014). Liver Patient Classification Using Intelligence Techniques. International journal of advanced research in computer science and software enginerring.4 (2).\r\n[8] Javad. S and Sartakht, J. S. (2011). Hepatitis disease diagnosis using a novel hybrid method, Elsevier, 570-579.\r\n[9] Kavitha B., Karthikeyan S. and Sheeba M. P. (2011): An ensemble design of intrusion detection system for handling uncertainty using Neutrosophic Logic Classifier. 28 (2012) 88\u201396\r\n[10] Khorashadizade N and Rezaei, H. (2015): A New method for rapid diagnosis of Hepatitis disease based on reduction feature and machine learning-Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology . 4(1) 148-155\r\n[11] Mohammed, A. Alghambi, S. G. and Afshar M. A.(2015). Physician\u2019s decision process for disease diagnosis of overlapping syndrome in liver disease using soft computing. International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering.(IJSCE).4(6)28-33.\r\n[12] Nwokediuko S.C, Osuala P.C, Uduma U.V, Alaneme A.K, Onwuka C.C, and Mesigo C. (2013). Pattern of Liver disease in Nigeria Tertiary Hospital. Niger J Clin Pract. 16,339-42\r\n[13] Obeidat, I., Al-khasawneh, A, Bsoul M. (2013). Computer based clinical decision support system for hepatitis disease diagnosis-International journal of advancements in computing technology. 5; 15-22.\r\n[14] Okpako. A.E and Asagba P.O (2017). A Framework for Diagnosing Confusable Diseases using Neutrosophic-based Neural Network. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems. 16, 28-34.\r\n[15] Pooja. S and Yukti, K. (2016). An Efficient Classifier using Multilayer Perceptron for Classification of Liver patient. International Journal for Research in Applied Science &amp; Engineering Technology (IJRASET). 4(6); 646-648.\r\n[16] Ramana. B. V. and Surendra, P.B. (2012). Liver Classification Using Modified Rotation Forest. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 1( 6) 17-24, 2012.\r\n[17] Tahseen A. Jilani, H. Y and Madiha M. Y.(2011). PCA-ANN for classification of Hepatitis C patients- International journal of computer applications\r\n[18] Vijayarani S. and Dhayanand S. (2015). Liver Disease Prediction using SVM and Na\u00efve Bayes Algorithms. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) 4(4).\r\n[19] Zadeh L.A. (1996). Fuzzy logic = Computing with Words. IEEE Trans. on Fuzzy Systems, 4, 103\u2013111.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okpako, A.E, Omoghenemuko, G.I., Odikwa, H.N &#8220;Implementation of Neutrosophic-Based Decision Support System for Effective Diagnosis of Liver Disease&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.50-57 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8403<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/50-57.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-neutrosophic-based-decision-support-system-for-effective-diagnosis-of-liver-disease\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Implementation of Neutrosophic-Based Decision Support System for Effective Diagnosis of Liver Disease<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47959f8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47959f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4795ac0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4795ac0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4795c64\" data-id=\"4795c64\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4795d9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4795d9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>On The Exponential Diophantine Equation (7<sup>2m<\/sup> )+(6<sup>(r+1)<\/sup>+1)<sup>n<\/sup>=\u03c9<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Sudhanshu Aggarwal, Sanjay Kumar &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 58-60<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4795e42 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4795e42\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4795fd6\" data-id=\"4795fd6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479610d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"479610d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Diophantine equations are those equations of theory of numbers which are to be solved in integers. The class of Diophantine equations is classified in two categories, one is linear Diophantine equations and the other one is non-linear Diophantine equations. Both categories of these equations are very important in theory of numbers and have many important applications in solving the puzzle problems. In the present paper, author discussed the existence of the solution of exponential Diophantine equation (7<sup>2m<\/sup> )+(6<sup>(r+1)<\/sup>+1)<sup>n<\/sup>=\u03c9<sup>2<\/sup>, where m,n,r,\u03c9 are whole numbers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 58-60\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sudhanshu Aggarwal<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, National Post Graduate College, Barhalganj, Gorakhpur-273402, U.P., India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sanjay Kumar <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Professor, Department of Mathematics, M. S. College, Saharanpur-247001, U.P., India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Aggarwal, S., Sharma, S.D. and Singhal, H. (2020) On the Diophantine equation \u3016223\u3017^x+\u3016241\u3017^y=z^2, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 5 (8), 155-156.\r\n[2]. Aggarwal, S., Sharma, S.D. and Vyas, A. (2020) On the existence of solution of Diophantine equation \u3016181\u3017^x+\u3016199\u3017^y=z^2, International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &amp; Applied Science, 9 (8), 85-86.\r\n[3]. Bhatnagar, K. and Aggarwal, S. (2020) On the exponential Diophantine equation \u3016421\u3017^p+\u3016439\u3017^q=r^2, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies, 14(4), 128-129.\r\n[4]. Gupta, D. and Kumar, S. (2020) On the solutions of exponential Diophantine equation n^x+\u3016(n+3m)\u3017^y=z^2k, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies, 14(4), 74-77.\r\n[5]. Kumar, A., Chaudhary, L. and Aggarwal, S. (2020) On the exponential Diophantine equation \u3016601\u3017^p+\u3016619\u3017^q=r^2, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies, 14(4), 29-30.\r\n[6]. Kumar, S., Gupta, S. and Kishan, H. (2018) On the non-linear Diophantine equations \u301661\u3017^x+\u301667\u3017^y=z^2 and \u301667\u3017^x+\u301673\u3017^y=z^2, Annals of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 18(1), 91-94.\r\n[7]. Kumar, S., Gupta, D. and Kishan, H. (2018) On the non-linear Diophantine equations \u301631\u3017^x+\u301641\u3017^y=z^2 and \u301661\u3017^x+\u301671\u3017^y=z^2, Annals of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 18(2), 185-188.\r\n[8]. Mishra, R., Aggarwal, S. And Kumar, A. (2020) On the existence of solution of Diophantine equation \u3016211\u3017^\u03b1+\u3016229\u3017^\u03b2=\u03b3^2, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies, 14(4), 78-79.\r\n[9]. Mordell, L.J. (1969) Diophantine equations, Academic Press, London, New York.\r\n[10]. Sierpinski, W. (1988) Elementary theory of numbers, 2nd edition, North-Holland, Amsterdam.\r\n[11]. Sroysang, B. (2012) More on the Diophantine equation 8^x+\u301619\u3017^y=z^2, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 81(4), 601-604.\r\n[12]. Sroysang, B. (2012) On the Diophantine equation \u301631\u3017^x+\u301632\u3017^y=z^2, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 81(4), 609-612.\r\n[13]. Sroysang, B. (2012) On the Diophantine equation 3^x+5^y=z^2, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 81(4), 605-608.\r\n[14]. Sroysang, B. (2014) On the Diophantine equation 8^x+\u301613\u3017^y=z^2, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 90(1), 69-72.\r\n[15]. Goel, P., Bhatnagar, K. and Aggarwal, S. (2020) On the exponential Diophantine equation \u3016M_5\u3017^p+\u3016M_7\u3017^q=r^2, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies, 14(4), 170-171.\r\n[16]. Kumar, S., Bhatnagar, K., Kumar, A. and Aggarwal, S. (2020) On the exponential Diophantine equation (2^(2m+1)-1)+\u3016(6^(r+1)+1)\u3017^n=\u03c9^2, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies, 14(4), 183-184.\r\n[17]. Kumar, S., Bhatnagar, K., Kumar, N. and Aggarwal, S. (2020) On the exponential Diophantine equation (7^2m )+\u3016(6r+1)\u3017^n=z^2, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies, 14(4), 181-182.\r\n[18]. Aggarwal, S. and Sharma, N. (2020) On the non-linear Diophantine equation \u3016379\u3017^x+\u3016397\u3017^y=z^2, Open Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 4(1), 397-399. DOI: 10.30538\/oms2020.0129\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sudhanshu Aggarwal, Sanjay Kumar &#8220;On The Exponential Diophantine Equation (7<sup>2m<\/sup> )+(6<sup>(r+1)<\/sup>+1)<sup>n<\/sup>=\u03c9<sup>2<\/sup>&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.58-60 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8302<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/58-60.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/on-the-exponential-diophantine-equation-72m-6r11n%cf%892\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>On The Exponential Diophantine Equation (7<sup>2m<\/sup> )+(6<sup>(r+1)<\/sup>+1)<sup>n<\/sup>=\u03c9<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4796f2d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4796f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4797002 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4797002\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4797185\" data-id=\"4797185\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479729d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"479729d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Different Mixing Ratios on Biomethanation of Cattle Blood and Rumen Content<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Gyasi, P., Selormey, G. M., Darkwah, L, Amano, K. O. A. and Quarshie, S. D. &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 61-66<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4797355 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4797355\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47974d9\" data-id=\"47974d9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479760d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"479760d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Biomethane produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste is a renewable and sustainable energy that can supplement global energy needs. Existing literature shows that different mixing ratios of the same co-substrates have an impact on biomethane production. In this study, the impact of different mixing ratios of cattle blood and rumen contents on biomethane production was investigated. The physicochemical characteristics of seven samples with different blood and rumen contents were determined. Their biomethane yield was then assessed in laboratory-scale batch digesters at 37o C (mesophilic). The biomethane yields of the samples gave a mean value of 11.25\u00b113.34 which indicates significant variability (p &lt; 0.05). The sample containing 10 ml of bovine blood and 50 ml of rumen contents (S6) gave the highest biomethane yield and can be considered for optimization of biomethane production from these feedstocks.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 61-66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8404<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gyasi, P. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMechanical Engineering Department, K.N.U.S.T., Kumasi, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Selormey, G. M. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAgricultural Engineering Department, K.N.U.S.T., Kumasi, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Darkwah, L. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Process and Systems Engineering, Dept. of Plant Design and Process Safety, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amano, K. O. A. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Process and Systems Engineering, Dept. of Plant Design and Process Safety, Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Quarshie, S. D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of safety and environment engineering, Shandong Uni. Of Sci. and Tech., China\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Budiyono B., Seno J., Sunarso S. Study on slaughterhouse wastes potency and characteristic for biogas production. International Journal of Waste Resources (IJWR). 2011;1(2).\r\n[2]. International Energy Agency. Energy from biogas and landfill gas. Moss, Norway, vol. (37). (2019) [Online] Available from: http:\/\/www.iea-biogas.net. (Accessed on 12th, 2021).\r\n[3]. Schnurer A, Jarvis A. Microbiological handbook for biogas plants. Swedish Waste Management U. 2010 Dec; 2009:1-74\r\n[4]. Adelard L, Poulsen TG, Rakotoniaina V. Biogas and methane yield in response to co-and separate digestion of biomass wastes. Waste Management &amp; Research. 2015 Jan;33(1):55-62.\r\n[5]. Al Seadi T, Drosg B, Fuchs W, Rutz D, Janssen R. Biogas digestate quality and utilization. InThe biogas handbook 2013 Jan 1 (pp. 267-301). Woodhead Publishing.\r\n[6]. Gerardi MH. The microbiology of anaerobic digesters. John Wiley &amp; Sons; 2003 Sep 19.\r\n[7]. House, D. W. (ed.). The complete biogas handbook. [Online] Available from: http:\/\/www.completebiogas.com. (2010) (Accessed on 27th September, 2016).\r\n[8]. Zupan\u010di\u010d GD, Grilc V. Anaerobic treatment and biogas production from organic waste. Management of organic waste. 2012 Feb 1:1-28.\r\n[9]. Nwaneri, C. F., Foxon, K., Bakare, B. F. and Buckley, C. Biological degradation processes within a pi latrin. In WISA 2008 conference, Sun City.\r\n[10]. Poulsen T. G., Nizami A. S., Rafique R., Kiely G., Murphy J. D. How can we improve biomethane production per unit of feedstock in biogas plants?. Applied Energy. 2011 Jun 1;88(6):2013-8.\r\n[11]. Latifi P, Karrabi M, Danesh S. Anaerobic co-digestion of poultry slaughterhouse wastes with sewage sludge in batch-mode bioreactors (effect of inoculum-substrate ratio and total solids). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019 Jun 1;107:288-96.\r\n[12]. Manyi-Loh CE, Mamphweli SN, Meyer EL, Okoh AI, Makaka G, Simon M. Investigation into the biogas production potential of dairy cattle manure. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies. 2015 Sep;3(5):326-31.\r\n[13]. Wu X, Yao W, Zhu J. Biogas and CH4 productivity by co-digesting swine manure with three crop residues as an external carbon source. In2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20-June 23, 2010 2010 (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.\r\n[14]. Madigan, M. T. and Martinko, J. M. Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). London: Pearson Education TLD. (2006); pp. 149-152.\r\n[15]. D\u00edaz JP, Reyes IP, Lundin M, Horv\u00e1th IS. Co-digestion of different waste mixtures from agro-industrial activities: kinetic evaluation and synergetic effects. Bioresource Technology. 2011 Dec 1;102(23):10834-40.\r\n[16]. Ning Z, Zhang H, Li W, Zhang R, Liu G, Chen C. Anaerobic digestion of lipid-rich swine slaughterhouse waste: Methane production performance, long-chain fatty acids profile and predominant microorganisms. Bioresource technology. 2018 Dec 1;269:426-33.\r\n[17]. Wang X, Li Z, Bai X, Zhou X, Cheng S, Gao R, Sun J. Study on improving anaerobic co-digestion of cow manure and corn straw by fruit and vegetable waste: methane production and microbial community in CSTR process. Bioresource technology. 2018 Feb 1; 249:290-7.\r\n[18]. Ahmad MI, Ejaz O, Ali A, Durrani MA, Khan IA. Anaerobic digestion of waste from a slaughterhouse. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2014 Sep 1;2(3):1317-20.\r\n[19]. Bart, F. Feasibility study of pilot biogas plant at Kumasi Abattoir Company Limited, Ghana: final report. Prepared for UNIDO. 2014; pp. 1-90.\r\n[20]. Daniel U, Pasch KH, Nayina GS. Biogas in Ghana: sub-sector analysis of potential and framework conditions. GIZ, Berlin, Germany. 2014.\r\n[21]. Jeung J. H., Moon D. H., Chang S. W. Methane potential of various organic wastes: study of biochemical methane potential (BMP) test before co-digestion. InEnvironmental Science and Sustainable Development: International Conference on Environmental Science and Sustainable Development (ICESSD 2015) 2016 (pp. 283-288).\r\n[22]. Van Reeuwijk, L.P. Procedures for soil analysis. International Soil Reference and Information Centre Technical Paper 9. Wageningen, Netherlands. (2002). [Online] Available from: http:\/\/www.isirc.org. (Accessed on 15th January, 2016).\r\n[23]. Cioabla AE, Ionel I, Dumitrel GA, Popescu F. Comparative study on factors affecting anaerobic digestion of agricultural vegetal residues. Biotechnology for biofuels. 2012 Dec;5(1):1-9.\r\n[24]. Schumacher, B. A. Methods for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) in soils and sediments. Las Vegas, NV: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Science Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory.2002; pp. 30- 38.\r\n[25]. Weiland P. Biogas production: current state and perspectives. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2010 Jan;85(4):849-60.\r\n[26]. Karlsson A, Ejlertsson J. Addition of HCl as a means to improve biogas production from protein-rich food industry waste. Biochemical engineering journal. 2012 Feb 15;61:43-8.\r\n[27]. Fujishima S, Miyahara T, Noike T. Effect of moisture content on anaerobic digestion of dewatered sludge: ammonia inhibition to carbohydrate removal and methane production. Water Science and Technology. 2000 Feb;41(3):119-27.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gyasi, P., Selormey, G. M., Darkwah, L, Amano, K. O. A. and Quarshie, S. D. &#8220;Impact of Different Mixing Ratios on Biomethanation of Cattle Blood and Rumen Content&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.61-66 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8404<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/61-66.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-different-mixing-ratios-on-biomethanation-of-cattle-blood-and-rumen-content\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Different Mixing Ratios on Biomethanation of Cattle Blood and Rumen Content<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479845b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"479845b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4798528 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4798528\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47986c2\" data-id=\"47986c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47987e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47987e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Identification of Food Safety Practices among Street Food Vendors in Delta State Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Theophilus Miebi GBIGBI, Gloria Ekemena OKONKWO, Victor Azuka CHUKS-OKONTA &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 67-71<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479887b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479887b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47989ff\" data-id=\"47989ff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4798b48 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4798b48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The research looked into how street food sellers handled food. The method used was a multistage selection technique. An aggregate of 155 vendors were chosen at random for the survey, and data were composed with designed questionnaire. The study&#8217;s analytical instruments were descriptive statistics, likert scales and chi-square. High proportion of merchants were females, with an average age of 38 years. The respondents&#8217; educational levels revealed that 67.6% had only primary education with mean vending experience of 6 years. The food vendors had an awareness index of 80.2% with 64% usage index of recommended food practices. Washing food before cooking, covering food, storage in a hotspot, utensil cleanliness, a hot meal, well-cooked food, wash-kits with hygienic water, and reheating food were the frequently utilized methods. There was positive correlation between awareness and utilization of practices. It has become necessary that vendors are cognizant of all procedures necessary to maintain the safety and suitability of food.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 67-71\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Theophilus Miebi GBIGBI <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Delta State University Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gloria Ekemena OKONKWO <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Delta State Polytechnic Ogwashi-Uku\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Victor Azuka CHUKS-OKONTA<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Delta State University Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdalla, M. A., Suliman, S. E., Alien, Y.Y.H.Aand Bakhiet, O (2009). Food safety knowledge and practices of street food-vendors in Atbara City (NaherElneel State Sudan). African Journal of Biotechnology 2009; 8 (24): 6967- 6971.\r\n[2]. Abdalla, M.A., Siham, E.S., Alian, Y.Y.H.A. and Amel, O.B. (2008). Food safety knowledge and practices of street food-vendors in Khartoum city. Sudanese Journal of Veterinary Science &amp; Animal Husbandry, 47(182):123\u2013136.\r\n[3]. Akinbode, S., Dipeolu, A and Okuneye, P. (2011). Willingness to pay for street food safety in Ogun state, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Information, 12(2), 154-166.\r\n[4]. Annan-Prah, A., Amewowor, D.H.A.K., Amoono, S.E., Akorli, S.Y., Saka, E and Ndadi, H.A. (2011). Street foods: handling, hygiene and client expectations in a World Heritage Site Town, Cape Coast, Ghana. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(13): 1629-1634.\r\n[5]. Barro, N., Bello, A. R., Itsiembou, Y., Savadogo, A., Amadou, T. O. C., Niki\u00e9ma, P. A and Traor\u00e9, A. S. (2007). Street-vended foods improvement: contamination mechanisms and application of food safety objective strategy: critical review. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(1), 1\u201310.\r\n[6]. Canini, N. D., Bala, J. J. O., Maraginot, E. N and Mediana, B. C. B. (2013). Evaluation of Street Food Vending in Ozamiz City. Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1).\r\n[7]. Cortese, R. D. M., Veiros, M. B., Feldman, C. and Cavalli, S. B. (2016). Food safety and hygiene practices of vendors during the chain of street food production in Florianopolis, Brazil: A cross-sectional study. Food Control, 62, 178-186.\r\n[8]. Daniyan, S. Y. and Nwokwu, O. E. (2011). Enumeration of micro-organisms associated with the different stages of bread production in Futimm Bakery Nigeria. Int Res. J. Phar.: 2.88-91.\r\n[9]. FAO (2019). There is no food security without food safety. The future of food safety. Pp 8-13. http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/ca4289en\/CA4289EN.pdf.\r\n[10]. FAO. (2009). Good hygienic practices in the preparation and sale of street foods in Africa: tools for training. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/012\/a0740e\/a0740e00. htm\r\n[11]. Fellows, P. and Helmi, M. (2011). Selling street foods and snacks. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rural Infrastructure and agro-industries division. Rome: United Nations Organization.\r\n[12]. Gbigbi, T.M (2018). Does Market Infrastructure Improvement Developed Micro-Enterprises in Delta State, Nigeria? International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 21(1):3342-3347.\r\n[13]. Michael B. (2005). Primary health care for developing countries (2nded.). Enugu Institute for Development Studies CUNEP. P. 293.\r\n[14]. Monney, I., Agyei, D. and Owusu. W. (2013). Hygienic practices among food vendors in educational institutions in Ghana: the case of Konongo. Foods. 2: 282-294.\r\n[15]. Muinde, O.K and Kuria., E., (2005). Hygienic and sanitary practices of vendors of street foods in Nairobi, Kenyah. African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutritional Development(AJFAND), 5:1-15.\r\n[16]. Mwove, J., Imathiu, S., Orina, I and Karanja, P (2020). Food safety and practices of street food vendors in selected locations within Kiambu County, Kenya. African Journal of Food Science, 14(6):174-185.\r\n[17]. Njaya, T. (2014). Operations of street food vendors and their impact on sustainable urban life in high density suburbans of Harare, in Zimbabwe. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 2(1): 18-31.\r\n[18]. Rane, S. (2011). Street vended food in developing world: hazard analyses. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 51(1), 100-106.\r\n[19]. Reang T and Bhattacharjya H (2013). Knowledge of hand washing and food handling practices of the street food vendors of Agartala, a North Eastern City of India. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2 (43): 8318-8323.\r\n[20]. Roever S and Skinner C (2016). Street vendors and cities. Environ. Urban., 28 (2):359\u2013374.\r\n[21]. Steyn, D., Labadarios, L. and Nel, J. (2011). Factors which influence the consumption of street foods and fast foods in South Africa-a national survey. Nutrition Journal, 10, 2-10.\r\n[22]. Trafialek, J., Drosinos , E. H and Kolanowski, W. (2017). Evaluation of street food vendors\u201f hygienic practices using fast observation questionnaire. Food Control, 80: 350-359.\r\n[23]. Van Toder (2007). The personal and general hygiene of food handlers in the delicatessen section of retail outlet in South African (International perspective) (Report). Journal of Environmental Health\r\n[24]. WHO (2010). Basic steps to improve safety of street vended food. INFOSAN Information Note.\r\n[25]. WHO (2015). Food Safety: The Five Keys to Safer Food Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Theophilus Miebi GBIGBI, Gloria Ekemena OKONKWO, Victor Azuka CHUKS-OKONTA &#8220;Identification of Food Safety Practices among Street Food Vendors in Delta State Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.67-71 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/67-71.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/67-71.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/identification-of-food-safety-practices-among-street-food-vendors-in-delta-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Identification of Food Safety Practices among Street Food Vendors in Delta State Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47998e9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47998e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47999b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47999b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4799b8f\" data-id=\"4799b8f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4799cc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4799cc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Marketing Strategies Used in Marketing the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Products: A Case of the Midlands Campus<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Abigirl Lumbe &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 72-79<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4799d64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4799d64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4799f04\" data-id=\"4799f04\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479a03a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"479a03a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the marketing strategies adopted by Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), Midlands campus in the marketing of its products. A mixed research design was used because of its flexibility and convenience, which allowed fusion of two different, approaches that is, the quantitative and qualitative method to be used in one study. Because of its interactive nature, the qualitative approach allowed the researcher to draw as much information as possible from the participants. The quantitative approach on the other hand facilitated the presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. Purposive sampling was used to select eighty (80) participants who were drawn from the freshers in the August 2019 intake. Despite many strategies used by the institution, the word of mouth proved to be dominant. Findings further revealed that some people were not aware of the existence of the institution. The study recommends vigorous marketing, that is, the university needs to work hard in order to enhance brand visibility. Study further recommends the need for the institution to evaluate its marketing strategies as well as investing in result oriented marketing strategies. Thus, focus should be directed more on outcome rather than process.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 72-79\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abigirl Lumbe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Media and Journalism Studies, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Barker, M. (2019) Perspectives on Marketing Management. Amazon.\r\n[2]. Brenkert, G.G (2020). Marketing Ethics. (Edition 1), George Washington: Willey, John &amp; Sons.\r\n[3]. Brown, J., Broderick, A. J., &amp; Lee, N. (2007). Word of mouth communication within online communities: Conceptualizing the online social network. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 21(3), 2-20.\r\n[4]. Chris, J. (n.d) Importance of Signage in a Business. https:\/\/smallbusiness.com\/\r\n[5]. Doyle, P. (2008). Value Based Marketing: Marketing strategies for corporate growth and shareholder value, John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.\r\n[6]. Ewah, S. (2007). Foundation of Marketing Principles and Practice. Pafelly Printers and Publishers Ogoja, Nigeria. Reprint Edition.\r\n[7]. Gross, J. (2016). Why marketing is SO important. https:\/\/movingtargets.com\/\r\n[8]. Montull, L. (2016) Marketing Strategies for Universities . www.bullseye-magazine.eu\r\n[9]. Inge, S. (2018). Times Higher Education (THE). www.timeshighereducation.com\r\n[10]. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2001). Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall of India, Private Limited New Delhi- 110001, Ninth Edition.\r\n[11]. Kotler, P and Armstrong, (2018) Principles of Marketing. New York. Prentice Hall\r\n[12]. Kotler,P and Armstrong, (2010). Principles of Marketing. New YorkL Prentice Hall\r\n[13]. Kotler, P. (2008) Principles of Marketing, (12th Ed.) New York: Prentice Hall\r\n[14]. Kotler, P and Keller, (2005) Marketing Management, New York: Prentice Hall\r\n[15]. Weimann, G (1991). The Influentials: Back to the Concept of Opinion Leaders. The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 2 . Summer. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2749294\r\n[16]. Randazzo, G.W (2013). A Manager\u2019s Guide to building a Successful Business. Business Expert Press.\r\n[17]. Sanchez, D. (2019). \u201cA man who stops advertising to save money is like a man who stops a clock to save time\u201d. www.clipboardconfidence.com\r\n[18]. Schelegelmilch, B (2017) Marketing Ethics, An International Perspective, (Edtion 1) Amazon.com\r\n[19]. Swaim, R.W (2009). The Strategic Drucker: Growth Strategies &amp; Marketing Insights from the works of Peter Drucker. Chicago. John Wiley &amp; Sons Incorporated.\r\n[20]. Ning Rong Liu (2010). Decentralisation &amp; Marketisation: The changing landscape of China\u2019s Adult and Continuing Education. Finland. Nova Science Publishers Incorporated.\r\n[21]. Steinbock. D, (2010). Winning Across Global Markets: How Nokia creates strategic advantage in a fast changing world. John Wiley &amp; Sons Incorporated.\r\n[22]. Solomon, et al. (2009). Misconceptions About Marketers. Aspx. http:\/\/blog.hubspot.com\/blog\/tabid\/6307\/bid\/8728\/5\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abigirl Lumbe &#8220;Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Marketing Strategies Used in Marketing the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Products: A Case of the Midlands Campus&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.72-79 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/72-79.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/72-79.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-the-marketing-strategies-used-in-marketing-the-zimbabwe-open-university-zou-products-a-case-of-the-midlands-campus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Marketing Strategies Used in Marketing the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Products: A Case of the Midlands Campus<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479aeb4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"479aeb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479af84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479af84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479b180\" data-id=\"479b180\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479b2d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"479b2d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improvement of Fuel properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil after Refining Processes<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Aliru O. Mustapha, Rasidat A. Adepoju, Rofiat Y. Ajiboye, Yemisi T. Afolabi, Samsudeen O Azeez and Abdulfatai T Ajiboye &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 80-87<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479b3a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479b3a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479b58f\" data-id=\"479b58f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479b71f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"479b71f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This work compares the physicochemical properties and fatty acid (FA) compositions of waste cooking oil (WCO) collected after deep frying periods from local restaurant with samples of refined cooking oil (RCO) produced after degumming, alkaline and bleaching treatments. The refined oil were initially kept\/stored in the refrigerator at 4oC and the biodiesel produced was subjected to gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) for FA profile, and to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyses to monitor esterification reactions. The degree of oil usage affected WCO properties and fatty acid composition. Density of refined cooking oil RCO and WCO varied between 0.90 and 0.93 (g\/cm3), and of  refined cooking methyl ester (RCME) and waste cooking methyl ester (WCME) between  0.88 and 0.91 (g\/cm3). The pH of RCO and WCO varied between 7.36 and 8.61 and that of RCME and WCME between 5.11 and 5.59. The results of RCO and RCME showed corresponding improvements over the WCO and WCME in recovery yield, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, pour, smoke, flash, and fire points.  Fatty acids analyses similarly showed comparable differences between the RCO and WCO with percent increase in octanoic ethyl acid (276.54%), benzoic acid, butyl ester (69.79%), hexadecanoic acid 15- methyl esters (267.33%) and reduction in 9,17-Octadecanoic acid (99.20%), and 9- octadecenoic acid(35.98%), respectively. The hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (54.10%) was the most abundant. This result confirms the suitableness of WCO as feedstock for biodiesel.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 80-87\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8405\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8405<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aliru O. Mustapha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical, Geological &#038; Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University Malete, PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rasidat A. Adepoju<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical, Geological &#038; Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University Malete, PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rofiat Y. Ajiboye<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical, Geological &#038; Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University Malete, PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yemisi T. Afolabi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical, Geological &#038; Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University Malete, PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samsudeen O Azeez <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical, Geological &#038; Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University Malete, PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdulfatai T Ajiboye<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical, Geological &#038; Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University Malete, PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tSharma, A, K; Sharma, P.K; Chintala, V; Khatri, N; Alok Patel. \u201cEnvironment-Friendly Biodiesel\/Diesel Blends for Improving the Exhaust Emission and Engine Performance to Reduce the Pollutants Emitted from Transportation Fleets,\u201d International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, (17), 3896. doi:10.3390\/ijerph17113896\r\n[2].\tMustapha, A.O., Adepoju R.A; Afolabi, Y.T. \u201cOptimization of Vegetable Oil Based Biodiesels by Multi-Response Surface Methodology (MRS) using Desirability Functions\u201d. Journal of the Chemical Society of Nigeria, JCSN, 2020, 45 (5); 917 \u2013 924. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46602\/jcsn.v45i5.517  \r\n[3].\tTabatabaei, M; Aghbashlo, M; Dehhaghi, M; Panahi, HKS, \u201cMollahosseini A., Hosseini M., Soufiyan M.M. Reactor technologies for biodiesel production and processing: A review:\u201d, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2019, 74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pecs.2019.06.001\r\n[4].\tAkubugwo,I.E; Chinyere, V; Ugbogu, A.E. \u201cComparative Studies on Oil from Some Common Plant Seeds in Nigeria\u201d. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2008, 7(4), 570-573.\r\n[5].\tKataria, J; Mohapatra, S.K; Kundu, K \u201cBiodiesel production from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalysts and its operational characteristics on variable compression ratio CI engine\u201d Journal of the Energy Institute. 2019, 92, (2): 275-287.\r\n[6].\tPrafulla, D.P; Veera, G; Harvind, K.R; Tapaswy, M; Shuguang, G\u201cBiodiesel Production for Waste Cooking Oil Using Sulfuric Acid and Microwave Irradiation Process\u201d Journal of Environmental Protection. 2012, (3): 107-113. \r\n[7].\tMarta, M; Ana, P.S D; Jaime, F;  Gomes, P and Jo\u00e3o, C.B. \u201cBiodiesel Production Processes and Sustainable Raw Materials\u201d Energies 2019, 12, 4408; doi:10.3390\/en12234408\r\n[8].\tOlaoluwa,R.O;  Abolanle,S.A; AJohn, A.O.O; Efere, M.O; Olatunji, S.O; Adedayo, M.S; Muib, A.A; Oyedare, M.A. \u201cRefining, Toxicology Study and Biodiesel Potentials of Used Vegetable Oils\u201d, American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2017, 5, (3): 78-88.\r\n[9].\tAbukhadra,M.R; Salam, M.A; Ibrahim, S.M.\u201cInsight into the catalytic conversion of palm oil into biodiesel using Na+\/K+ trapped muscovite\/phillipsite composite as a novel catalyst: Effect of ultrasonic irradiation and mechanism\u201d, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019, 115.\r\n[10].\tSilva,G.F;  Camargo,F.L; Ferreira,A.L. \u201cApplication of response surface methodology for optimization of biodiesel production by transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol\u201d,  Fuel Processing Technology. 2011, 92, 407\u2013413.\r\n[11].\tMeilana, D.P; Chairul, I; Udiantoro,Y.R;  Iryanti, F.N.\u201cA cleaner process for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using waste materials as a heterogeneous catalyst and its kinetic study\u201d Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 195,1249-1258\r\n[12].\t Juan, F.G.M; Carmen,C; Barrios, F.J; Al\u00e9s-\u00c1lvarez; Aida, D.S; Paloma, A.M. \u201cBiodiesel production from waste cooking oil in an oscillatory flow reactor. Performance as a fuel on a TDI diesel engine\u201d Renewable Energy, 2018, 125, 546-556.\r\n[13].\t Kulkarni,M.G; Dalai, A.K. \u201cWaste cooking oil- An Economical Source for Biodiesel: A Review\u201d, Industrial &#038; Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45 (9): 2901-2913.\r\n[14].\tTabatabaei, M; Aghbashlo, M; Dehhaghi, M; Panahi, H.K.S; Mollahosseini, A; Hosseini,M;  Soufiyan, M.M; Mollahosseini, A; Hosseini;  Soufiyan,M.M; \u201cReactor technologies for biodiesel production and processing: A review\u201d, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2019,74.\r\n[15].\tZheng, S; Kates, M; Dube, M.A. \u201cAcid-catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste frying oil\u201d, Biomass &#038; Bioenergy, 2009, 30, 267.\r\n[16].\tBencheikh, K;  Atabani,A.E; Shobana, S; Mohammed,M.N;  U\u011fuz,G;  Arpa, O; Kumar,G; Ayano\u011flu, A; Bokhari, A. \u201cFuels properties, characterizations and engine and emission performance analyses of ternary waste cooking oil biodiesel\u2013diesel\u2013propanol blends\u201d Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2019, 35. \r\n[17].\t Canakci, M  and Gerpen, V. \u201cBiodiesel Production from Oils and Fats with High Free Fatty Acids,\u201d  Journal of American Society of Agricultural and Engineers, 2001, 44, (6): 1429-1436.\r\n[18].\tAmerican Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). ASTM Standards Methods: ASTM pub; Philadelphia. (2003)\r\n[19].\tAbdul Raqeeb, M and Bhargavi, R. \u201cBiodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(12):670-681.\r\n[20].\tOmojola, A; Emmanuel,I.O;  Freddie, L.I. \u201cComparative study of properties and fatty acid composition of some neat vegetable oils and waste cooking oils\u201d International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 2019,14, 417\u2013425.\r\n[21].\tDuhan, A; Duhan, S; Kumari, B. \u201cEffect of Chemical Refining on Citrullus Colocynthis and Pongamia Pinnata Seed Oil\u201d African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 2012, 12: 3.\r\n[22].\tAdewuyi, A; Oderinde, R.A; Ajayi, I.A.\u201cThe metal composition, proximate properties and the effect of refining on the physico-chemical characterization of Baphia nitida and Gliricidia sepium seed and seed oil\u201d Journal of Food Technology, 2009, 7(2):43\u201349.\r\n[23].\tRyan, T.W; Dodge,L.G; Callahan, T.J.\u201cThe effects of vegetable oil properties on injecti.on and combustion in two different diesel engines\u201d Journal American Oil Chemical Society, 1984, 61, 1610\u20131619. \r\n[24].\tMaurizio, C; Sonia, C; Silvia, C. \u201cA Pilot-Scale Study of Waste Vegetable Oil Transesterification with Alkaline and Acidic Catalysts\u201d Energy Procedia. 2014, 45, 198 \u2013 206.\r\n[25].\tCODEX Alimentarius Commisions. Recommended International Statndards For Edible Arachis Oil\u2019. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation. World Health Organizaton, Geneva, Switzerland. 1992, 1; 6-19.\r\n[26].\tEN14214. Automotive fuels-fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines requirements and test methods, Berling, Germany: Beuth-Verlag, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3403\/30176475\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aliru O. Mustapha, Rasidat A. Adepoju, Rofiat Y. Ajiboye, Yemisi T. Afolabi, Samsudeen O Azeez and Abdulfatai T Ajiboye &#8220;Improvement of Fuel properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil after Refining Processes&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.80-87 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8405<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/80-87.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improvement-of-fuel-properties-and-fatty-acid-composition-of-biodiesel-from-waste-cooking-oil-after-refining-processes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Improvement of Fuel properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil after Refining Processes<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479c801 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"479c801\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479c92e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479c92e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479cb18\" data-id=\"479cb18\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479cc6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"479cc6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Minerals and Vitamins Composition of Some Fermented Food Condiments and Complex Salt &#8211; Potassium Sesquioxide<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Mustapha, Aliru Olajide, Samson Oladapo Bello and Abdulrauf Bola Lukman &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 88-91<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479cd37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479cd37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479cf09\" data-id=\"479cf09\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479d078 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"479d078\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Selected vitamins and minerals composition of some indigenous African fermented food condiments: parkia clappertoniana (Nigerian name:\u2018Irugba&#8217;), coloynnthis citrullens (Nigerian name:&#8217;Ogiri), piper quineanes (Nigerian name:&#8217;lyere&#8217;) and complex salt &#8211; potassium sesquioxide (Nigerian name:&#8217;Kaun&#8217;) using the methods described by the Association of Officials of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and Pearson have been studied. The results for vitamins A, E and K showed the mean values of 76.67, 92.31, 116.92 (mg\/100g of sample) for parkia clappertoniana respectively; 52.00, 15.64, 87.42 (mg\/100g of sample) for coloynnthis citrullens respectively; and 10.00, 13.33, 28.95 (mg\/100g of sample) for complex salt &#8211; potassium sesquioxide respectively. The piper quineanes was found to be highly deficient in vitamin A and E but has only 50.00 mg\/100g of sample of vitamin K. The condiments have ash contents between 1.7 &#8211; 2.2 mg\/100g, but significant variations in the minerals occurred in the profile of the different condiments with calcium (25.120 ppm\/100g of sample) and potassium (12.330 ppm\/100g of sample) were the abundant minerals present   in  complex salt &#8211; potassium sesquioxide followed by parkia clappertoniana (1.510 ppm\/100g of sample),  while  Na  Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn  were  in  micro  levels  in the other samples suggesting that condiments can sufficiently contribute to our daily minerals and vitamins needs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 88-91\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8406<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mustapha, Aliru Olajide <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical, Geological &#038; Physical Sciences, Kwara State University Malete,  PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samson Oladapo Bello <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Industrial Chemistry, University of Ilorin P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdulrauf Bola Lukman <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical, Geological &#038; Physical Sciences, Kwara State University Malete,  PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdeyeye, A and Ajewole, K (1992). Chemical composition and fatty acid profiles of cereals in Nigeria. Food Chemistry. 44: 41-44.\r\n[2].\tAmarteifio, J.O and Moholo, D (1998). The Chemical Compo-sition of Four Legumes Consumed in Botswana,\u201d Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 11, 4, (1): 329-332. \r\n[3].\tAOAC (2012). Official methods of analysis, Association of official analytical chemist 19th Ed.; Washington D.C., USA\r\n[4].\tArmand, A.B., Nicolas, A.B., Harquin, S.F., Joel, S.D and Carl, M.F (2012). Proximate Composition, Mineral and Vitamin Content of Some Wild Plants Used as Spices in Cameroon. Food and Nutritional Science 3:423-432\r\n[5].\tArmand, A.B., Nicolas, N., Harquin, S. F., Joel, S. D. M., Carl, M and Mbofung, F (2012) Proximate Composition, Mineral and Vitamin Content of Some Wild Plants Used as Spices in Cameroon. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 3, 423-432\r\n[6].\tEze, V.C., Onwuakor, C.E and Ukeka, E (2014). Proximatecomposition, biochemical and microbiological changes associated with fermenting African oilbean (Pentacle thramacrophylla) American Journal of Microbiology. 2:674 \u2013681.\r\n[7].\tEzeagu, I.E and Ibegbu, M.D. (2010). Biochemical and Nutri-tional Potential of Ukpa: A Variety of Tropical Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus) from Nigeria\u2014A Short Re-port. Poland Journal of Food Nutrition Science. 60, (3): 231-235. \r\n[8].\tFranke, A.A., Custer, J.L., Arakaki, C and Murphy, P.C (2004). Vitamin C and Flavonoid Levels of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed in Hawaii. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 17, (1): 1-35. \r\n[9].\tGaniyu, O (2006). Nutrient and antinutrient composition of condiments produced from some fermented underutilized legumes. Journal of Biochemistry 30, (5):579-588\r\n[10].\tGreen, B.O., Nworgu, F.C and Obazee, M.N (2012). Spices and food condiments in Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. 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Microbiological Study Of The Fermentation Of Ugba, A Nigerian Indigenous Fermented Food Flavour. Journal of Plant Foods. 6:155 \u2013 163.\r\n[17].\tOdunfa, S.A. (1985). Ugba, the Fermented African Oilbean Seeds; its Production, Chemical Composition, Preservation, Safety and Health Benefits. Journal of Food Technology 20:173 \u2013 188.\r\n[18].\tOgbadu, G.H., Aina, M.A and Olanrewaju, J.D (1989). Tropical vegetables and their Genetic Resources. Tropical Science 28:151 \u2013 155\r\n[19].\tOguntoyinbo, FA (2014). Safety challenges associated with traditional foods of West Africa. International Food Review. 30: 338\u2013358.\r\n[20].\tOkorie, P. C.; Olasupo, N. A (2014). Effect of processing method and fermentationon the antinutritional factors\/phytochemical contents of African oil bean seed. International Journal Science and Engineering Research. 5, 1535\u20131553. \r\n[21].\tOkorie, P.C and  Olasupo, N.A (2013b). Controlled fermentation and preservation of ugba\u2013an indigenous Nigerian fermented food. Springerplus. 2:470\u2013478.\r\n[22].\tOkorie,P.C and Olasupo, N.A (2013a). Growth and extracellular enzyme production by microorganisms isolated from Ugba- an indigenous Nigerian fermented food. African Journal of Biotechnology. 12:4158\u20134167. \r\n[23].\tOlakunle, M.M and Adebayo A (2012). Effect of natural fermentation on the nutritive value and mineral composition of African locust beans. Pakistan Journal of  Nutrition. 11:11\u201313.\r\n[24].\tOlaofe, O and Sanni, C.O (1988). Mineral contents of Agriculture products. Food Chemistry. 30:73 \u2013 79\r\n[25].\tOlasupo, N.A (2014). Effect of processing method and fermentation on the antinutritional  factors\/phytochemical contents of African oil bean seed. International Journal of Science and Engineering Research.  5:1535\u20131553.\r\n[26].\tPearson, D (1991). Composition and Analysis of Foods. 9th Ed.; By Ronald S. Kirk, Ronald Sawyer.London \r\n[27].\tRamasastri, B.V (1983). Calcium, iron and oxalate content of some condiments and spices. Qual. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition, 3, 11 &#8211; 15.\r\n[28].\tTaylor, J. R. N and Duodu, K. G (2015). Effects of processing sorghum and millets on their phenolic phytochemicals and the implications of this to the health-enhancing properties of sorghum and millet food and beverages.  Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture. 225-237\r\n[29].\tTchiegang, C and Mbougueng, D (2005). Composition Chi- mique des Epices Utilis\u00e9es dans la Pr\u00e9paration du na\u2019a poh et du kui de l\u2019Ouest Cameroun. Tropicultura, 23,(4):193-200. \r\n[30].\tVogel, A.I (1962).Quantitative inorganic analysis including elemental instrumental analysis. 2nd Ed. Longmans, London \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mustapha, Aliru Olajide, Samson Oladapo Bello and Abdulrauf Bola Lukman &#8220;Minerals and Vitamins Composition of Some Fermented Food Condiments and Complex Salt &#8211; Potassium Sesquioxide&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.88-91 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8406<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/88-91.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/minerals-and-vitamins-composition-of-some-fermented-foodcondiments-and-complex-salt-potassium-sesquioxide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Minerals and Vitamins Composition of Some Fermented Food Condiments and Complex Salt &#8211; Potassium Sesquioxide<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479e04b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"479e04b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479e126 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479e126\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479e2dc\" data-id=\"479e2dc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479e424 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"479e424\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Early Childhood Education and Social Economic Status<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Patience Gontor &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 92-99<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479e4d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479e4d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479e673\" data-id=\"479e673\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479e7ad elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"479e7ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the early childhood education and social economic status of children between 2 \u2013 5 years of agein Emuoha Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The results provide evidence of a significant linear relationship between family income and early childhood education. However, there is no evidence of a significant relationship between mothers\u2019 employment status and early childhood education. The study recommends that government educational policies should focus on children at the grass root level and provide unlimited access to quality education regardless of their family socio-economic conditions. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 92-99\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patience Gontor <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, Rivers State University, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAcharya, J., VanvanTeijlingen, E., Murphy, J., &#038; Hind, M. (2015). Study on nutritional problems in preschool aged children of kaski district of Nepal.\r\n[2].\tAlderman, H., Hoddinott, J., &#038; Kinsey, B. (2003). Long-Term Consequences of Early Childhood Education Malnutrition, International Food Policy Research Institute, Paper 168\r\n[3].\tAmosu, A., Degun, A., Atulomah, N., &#038;Olanrewju, M. (2011). A study on nutritional status of under-5 children of low-income earners in a south-western Nigerian community. Nigeria, Maxwell Scientific Organization,\r\n[4].\tBall, J., Bindler, R., &#038; Cowen, K. (2010). Concepts of growth and development. Child Health Nursing: Partnering with Children &#038; Families, , 141-154.\r\n[5].\tBarry, U., Brun, K., &#038;Baeyens, S. (2000, April). The Dakar framework for action. In World Education Forum.\r\n[6].\tChilton, M., Chyatte, M., &#038; Breaux, J. (2007). The negative effects of poverty &#038; food insecurity on child development. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 126(4), 262.\r\n[7].\tde Onis, M., &#038;Blossner, M. Borghi, Elaine. Prevalence and trends of stunting among pre-school children, 1990\u20132020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011. Growth Assessment and Surveillance Unit.\r\n[8].\tEngle, P. L., &#038; Maureen, M. Black. (2008). \u201cThe effect of poverty on child development and educational outcomes.\u201d. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1136(1), 243-256.\r\n[9].\tFerguson, H., Bovaird, S., &#038; Mueller, M. (2007). The impact of poverty on educational outcomes for children.Paediatrics&#038; Child Health, 12(8), 701-706.\r\n[10].\tHaddad, L. (2011). Ending under nutrition: Our legacy to the post 2015 generation. Public Health Nutrition, 1, 1-7.\r\n[11].\tHassan, A., Idu, A. Y., Uyo, A. J., &#038;Ogbole, O. J. (2012). Rethinking poverty reduction and sustainable development in Nigeria: An advocacy for the buttom-top paradigm. Canadian Social Science, 8(6), 78-90.\r\n[12].\tKristjansson, E., Francis, D. K., Liberato, S., BenkhaltiJandu, M., Welch, V., Batal, M., . . . Shea, B. (2012). Feeding interventions for improving the physical and psychosocial health of disadvantaged children aged three months to five years. The Cochrane Library,\r\n[13].\tNicklas, T. A., &#038; Hayes, D. (2008). Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition guidance for healthy children ages 2 to 11 years. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(6), 1038-44.\r\n[14].\tOjose, B. (2008). Applying piaget&#8217;s theory of cognitive development to mathematics instruction. The Mathematics Educator, 18(1)\r\n[15].\tPrendergast, A. J., &#038; Humphrey, J. H. (2014). The stunting syndrome in developing countries. Paediatrics and international child health, 34(4), 250-265.\r\n[16].\tSimatwa, E. M. (2010). Piaget&#8217;s theory of intellectual development and its implication for instructional management at pre-secondary school level. Educational Research and Reviews, 5(7), 366.\r\n[17].\tTreanor, M. (2012). Impacts of poverty on children and young people. Scottish Child Care and Protection Network (SCCPN).\r\n[18].\tUNICEF. (2013). Improving child nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress.United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund.\r\n[19].\tValdez, J. (2015). Effects of poverty on children\u2019s education. Nebraska College Preparatory Academy Senior Capstone Projects. Paper 23.\r\n[20].\tWeibell, C. J. (2011). Principles of learning: A conceptual framework for domain-specific theories of learning.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Patience Gontor &#8220;Early Childhood Education and Social Economic Status&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.92-99 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/92-99.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/92-99.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/early-childhood-education-and-social-economic-status\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Early Childhood Education and Social Economic Status<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479f558 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"479f558\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479f623 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479f623\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479f7bd\" data-id=\"479f7bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479f8de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"479f8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Nutrition on Learning among Preschool Children in Chemoge Zone<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Winrose Cherret, Wycliffe Mugun &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 100-104<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479f97c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479f97c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-479faf8\" data-id=\"479faf8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479fc34 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"479fc34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Nutrition is an important element in children\u2019s growth and development which includes: physical, cognitive and emotional development. The problem of the malnutrition and its effect on brain development, physical and intellectual functioning has tremendous implications. However, owing to the fact that there are limited studies on nutrition and learning, various studies indicate divergent views on the effect of nutrition on learning among preschool children. For this reason, it is not clear whether or not nutrition affects learning in chemoge zone. The main purpose of the study was to find out the effect of nutrition on learning among preschool children in Chemoge Zone. Thirteen public schools and seven private schools, a total of twenty were sampled out in the study. The study findings on the status of nutrition on learning among preschool children revealed that 25%   of children took their meals in the kitchen, 50 % of the children took their meals in the makeshift structure and 25 % in the classrooms. Results on extent of nutrition on learning indicated that zero was being financed by the school and NGO, a quarter by parents and NGO, a half by parents and a quarter by the school. Also, the figure indicated that 25% of the school feeding program was financed by the school, parents 50 %, parents and NGO 25 % and school and NGO zero percent. The study concluded that when food is balanced, served in appropriate quantity and within the recommended intervals or frequency children are able to grow, develop well and attain their potential. The study thus recommended that parents should be sensitized on the importance of feeding programs so that they would pay for the meals especially for those in schools that do not provide feeding program.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 100-104\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Winrose Cherret <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood, District Centre for Early Childhood Education, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wycliffe Mugun <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Kaimosi Friends University College, Kenya \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAkoth, M,S. (2017). Effect of nutrition on performance of children in numberwork activitiesin preschool in MoibenConstituency, Uasin Gishu county Kenya. (Unpublished Masters Thesis) University of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n[2].\t Bellisle, F. (2004). Effects of diet on behavior and cognition in children. British Journal of Nutrition, 92, PP.227-232.\r\n[3].\tMbunje, N. (2018). Impact of feeding program on preschool children\u2019s selected        performance     parameters in Kabarezone, (Unpublished Masters Thesis) Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n[4].\tMoyo,B,B. (2011). Children practice morbidity status and nutrition status of preschool children (24-59 months) living in orphanage in Kwale County, Kenya. (Unpublished Masters thesis), KenyattaUniversity, Kenya\r\n[5].\tMukundi, E. (2004). Education for all a framework for addressing the persisting illusion for the Kenyacontext, International Journal of Education Development.\r\n[6].\tMuthomi, N, M.(2018). Influenceof children\u2019s feeding status on school attendance in Early Child hood Development Program in Meru County, Kenya. (Unpublished Masters Thesis) Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n[7].\tNduku, J,M.(2006). Relationship between nutrition, knowledge and practice of preschool teachers from Mumbunizone, Machakos District, Kenya (Unpublished Masters Thesis) Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n[8].\tSukla and Borkar (2018). Nutrition status of preschool children 1-5 years in rural areas of Chhattisgarhstate. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health,5(5),pp.2099-2103\r\n[9].\tUNICEF (2012 a). Fact sheet New York: UNICEF.\r\n[10].\tUNICEF (2012 b). Mercy-USA for aid and development. New York; UNICEF.\r\n[11].\tWaswa (2005). Factors influencing nutrition status of preschool children in Kimilili Division, Bungoma County,Kenya,(Unpublished Masters Thesis),Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n[12].\tWangui, L. (2013). Influence of parental involvement in feeding program on nutrition status of children age below 5 years in Isiolo District Kenya. (Unpublished Masters Thesis) University of Nairobi,Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Winrose Cherret, Wycliffe Mugun &#8220;Effect of Nutrition on Learning among Preschool Children in Chemoge Zone&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.100-104 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/100-104.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/100-104.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-nutrition-on-learning-among-preschool-children-in-chemoge-zone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Nutrition on Learning among Preschool Children in Chemoge Zone<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a097e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47a097e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a0a48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a0a48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a0bea\" data-id=\"47a0bea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a0d15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a0d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Role of botanical essential oils as a therapy for controlling coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ravindra B. Malabadi, Kiran P. Kolkar, Neelambika T. Meti, Raju K. Chalannavar &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 105-118<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a0db8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a0db8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a0f91\" data-id=\"47a0f91\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a112e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47a112e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This review paper presented on the basis of extensive literature survey updated the importance of plant essential oils in controlling many diseases, particularly coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease outbreak. Plant essential oils are valuable natural products, and used as a raw materials in aromatherapy, phytotherapy, perfumery, cosmetics, spices and nutrition. Aromatic plants produced a diversity of chemical constituents with the potential to inhibit viral replication.   Essential oils have several biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing and anti-cancer effects in in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, essential oils have been analyzed and described as good antiviral agents against respiratory tract viral infections, hence are excellent prospective candidate against coronavirus. Thus, essential oils and their constituents can hopefully be considered in near future for more clinical assessment and possible applications in controlling the coronavirus pandemic. However, some of the plant essential oils are very toxic and poisonous and therefore, oral consumption should be avoided. Further detailed clinical trial experiments should be conducted for the scientific validation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 105-118\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8407<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ravindra B. Malabadi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kiran P. Kolkar <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Botany, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, Karnataka state, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Neelambika T. Meti<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPlant Biotechnology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Katraj, Pune &#8211; 411046, Maharashtra State, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raju K. Chalannavar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbdel-Naime WA,   Fahim JR,    Fouad MA,   Kamel MS (2016) Botanical studies of the leaf of Melissa officinalis L., Family: Labiatae, cultivated in Egypt. 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(DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.22270\/jddt.v9i1.2218).\r\n[31].\tKumar A, Choudhir G, Shukla SK, Sharma M, Tyagi P, Bhushan A, Rathore M (2020) Identification of phytochemical inhibitors against main protease of COVID-19 using molecular modeling approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn. (https :\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07391102.2020.17721 12).\r\n[32].\tKulkarni SA, Nagarajan SK, Ramesh V, Palaniyandi V, Selvam SP, Madhavan T (2020) Computational evaluation of major components from plant essential oils as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein. J. Molec Struct. 1221:128823. (https :\/\/doi. org\/10.1016\/j.molst ruc.2020.12882 3).\r\n[33].\tLi X, Duan S, Chu C, Xu J et al., (2013) Melaleuca alternifolia concentrate inhibits in vitro entry of influenza virus into host cells. Molecules. 18: 9550-66.   (https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/18\/8\/9550). \r\n[34].\tLoizzo MR, Saab AM, Tundis R, Statti GA, Menichini F, Lampronti I, Gambari R, Cinatl J,  Doerr HW (2008) Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species. Chemistry &#038; Biodiversity. 5(3): 461-70. \r\n[35].\tOjah EA (2020) Exploring essential oils as prospective therapy against the ravaging Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).  IBEROAMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 04 : 322-330.                  ( http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3903594).\r\n[36].\tMa L, Yao L (2020) Antiviral effects of plant-derived essential oils and their components: an updated review. Molecules 25:2627.\r\n[37].\tMalabadi RB,  Meti  NT,  Chalannavar RK (2021a)  Role of herbal medicine for controlling coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19). International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovations.   8(2): 135-165.\r\n[38].\tMalabadi RB,  Meti  NT, Chalannavar RK (2021b) Applications of nanotechnology in vaccine development for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19). International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovations.  8(2): 191-198.\r\n[39].\tMalabadi RB, Kolkar KP, Meti NT, Chalannavar RK (2021c) Recent updates on role of herbal medicine for Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (Dementia). International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology. 8(1), xxx-xxx. (doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20546\/ijcrbp.2020.801.xxx).\r\n[40].\tMalabadi RB, Chalannavar RK (2020) Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological updates. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 7(11): 25-31.\r\n[41].\tMalabadi RB (2008) Production of edible vaccines for oral immunization in transgenic plants, current and future prospective. Journal of Phytological Research. 21(1): 1-10.\r\n[42].\tMalabadi RB, Vijaykumar S (2008) Evaluation of antifungal property of medicinal plants. Journal of Phytological Research. 21(1):139-142.\r\n[43].\tMalabadi RB, Mulgund GS, Nataraja K (2009) Triacontanol induced somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in Catharanthus roseus. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences. 31: 147-151.\r\n[44].\tMalabadi RB, Mulgund GS, Nataraja K (2010a) Evaluation of antifungal activity of selected medicinal plants. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences. 32(1):42-45.\r\n[45].\tMalabadi RB, Parashar A, Ganguly A, Suresh MR (2010b) Expression of dengue virus envelope protein in a different plant system. Faculty Research and Development day, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 19th November 2010. Abstract No-69, page.\r\n[46].\tMalabadi RB, Ganguly A, Teixeira da Silva JA, Parashar A, Suresh MR, Sunwoo HH (2011a) Overview of plant-derived vaccine antigens: dengue virus. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 14: 400\u2013 413.\r\n[47].\tMalabadi RB, Vijayakumar S, Mulgund GS, Nataraja K (2011b) Induction of somatic embryogenesis in papaya (Carica papaya). Research in Biotechnology. 2(5):40-55.\r\n[48].\tMalabadi RB, Chalannavar RK, Meti NT, Mulgund GS, Nataraja K, Vijayakumar S (2012a) Synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles by callus cultures and in vitro derived plants of Catharanthus roseus. Research in Pharmacy. 2(6);18-31.\r\n[49].\tMalabadi RB, Meti NT, Mulgund GS, Nataraja K, Vijayakumar S (2012b) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from in vitro derived plants and callus cultures of Costus speciosus (Koen.); Assessment of antibacterial activity. Research in Plant Biology. 2(4):32-42.\r\n[50].\tMalabadi RB, Mulgund GS, Meti NT, Nataraja K, Vijayakumar S (2012c) Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by using whole plant extracts of Clitoria ternatea. Research in Pharmacy. 2(4):10-21.\r\n[51].\tMalabadi RB, Lokare-Naik S, Meti NT, Mulgund GS, Nataraja K, Vijayakumar S (2012d) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from in vitro derived plants and callus cultures of Clitoria ternatea; Evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Research in Biotechnology. 3(5): 26- 38.\r\n[52].\tMalabadi RB, Chalannavar RK, Sowmyashree K, Supriya S, Nityasree BR, Gleiser RM, Meti NT, Vijayakumar S, Mulgund GS, Gani RS, Nasalapure A, Chougale R, Masti S, Chougale A, Divakar MS, Kasai D, Odhav B, Baijnath H (2016a) Ebola virus: Updates on plant made vaccine development. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovations. 3(6):4-12.\r\n[53].\tMalabadi RB, Chalannavar RK, Meti NT, Gani RS, Vijayakumar S, Mulgund GS, Masti S, Chougale R, Odhav B, Sowmyashree K, Supriya S, Nityasree BR, Divakar MS (2016c) Insulin plant, Costus speciosus: Ethnobotany and pharmacological updates. Int.J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 3(7): 151-161.\r\n[54].\tMalabadi RB, Chalannavar RK, Meti NT, Vijayakumar S, Mulgund GS, Gani RS, Supriya S, Sowmyashree K, Nityasree BR, Chougale A, Divakar MS (2016d) Antidiabetic Plant, Gymnema sylvestre R. Br., (Madhunashini): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological updates. International Journal of Current Trends in Pharmacobiology and Medical Sciences. 1(4): 1-17.\r\n[55].\tMalabadi RB, Chalannavar RK, Supriya S, Nityasree BR, Sowmyashree K, Mulgund GS, Meti NT (2017a) Dengue virus disease: Recent updates on vaccine development. 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International Journal of Nanomedicine. 6 :623\u2013649.\r\n[96].\tZhang D, Zhang B, Lv JT, Sa RN, Zhang XM, Lin ZJ (2020a) The clinical benefits of Chinese patent medicines against COVID-19 based on current evidence. Pharmacol. Res. 157:104882. (doi: 10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104882).\r\n[97].\tZhang E, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang XL, Hu B, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Yan B, Shi ZL, Zhou P (2020b)  Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: Implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerging Microbes and Infections.  9: 386-89.\r\n[98].\tZhang R, Lib Y, Zhangc AL, Wangd Y, Molinae MJ (2020c) Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117(26): 14857\u201314863.\r\n[99].\tZheng N, Xiaa R, Yang C, Yin B, Li Y,  Duan C, Liang L, Guo H, Xie Q (2009) Boosted expression of the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in tobacco and its immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine. 27: 5001\u20135007.\r\n[100].\tZhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W et al., (2020a) Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. Nature. 579: 270\u2013273. (doi: 10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7). \r\n[101].\tZhou P, Yang XL, Wang  XG, Hu B,  Zhang L, Zhang W et al., (2020b) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579: 270\u2013273.\r\n[102].\tZhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al., (2020) China novel coronavirus investigation research team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China 2019. N Engl J Med. 382:727-33.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ravindra B. Malabadi, Kiran P. Kolkar, Neelambika T. Meti, Raju K. Chalannavar &#8220;Role of botanical essential oils as a therapy for controlling coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.105-118 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8407<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/105-118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/role-of-botanical-essential-oils-as-a-therapy-for-controlling-coronavirus-sars-cov-2-disease-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Role of botanical essential oils as a therapy for controlling coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a1f6f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47a1f6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a2036 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a2036\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a21b7\" data-id=\"47a21b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a22fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a22fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Usage of English Communicative Skills in the Workplace Context<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Bundit Anuyahong &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 119-122<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a23a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a23a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a251c\" data-id=\"47a251c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a2641 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47a2641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate usage of English communicative skills in the workplace context, and 2) to study additional suggestions from respondents. The research samples were 350 staff working in different fields and organizations in Bangkok derived through Simple Random Sampling technique. The instruments used for collecting the data were the rating-scale and open-ended questionnaire. Frequency, percentage,  mean, standard deviation and content analysis were used for data analysis. The research findings presented that usage of English communicative skills in the workplace context was at the highest level. The highest usage communicative skill was Listening skills and the lowest one was Reading skills. The additional suggestions from the respondents highly concerned on a training for making or receiving business phone call, interpreting and translating documents in English, English workshop or seminar, and socializing formally with business partners.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 119-122\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8408<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bundit Anuyahong <\/strong><\/span>\r\nEnglish Department, College of General Education and Languages, Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBest, J. (1981). Research in education (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.\r\n[2].\tCotton, D., David, F. and Simon, K.. (2000). Market Leader. Spain: Mateu Cromo, S.A. Pinto. (Madrid).\r\n[3].\tDewaele, J.M., Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2008). Effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals: a review and empirical investigation. Language and Learning, 59, 911-960 (2008).\r\n[4].\tFirth, A. (2009). Doing not being a foreign language learner: English as a lingua franca in the workplace and (some) implications for SLA. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 47, 127\u2013156.\r\n[5].\tGufey, M. E. &#038; Loewy, D. (2010). Business Communication: Process and Product. USA: Cengage Learning.\r\n[6].\tHofstede, G. and Hofstede, G. (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. McGraw-Hill.\r\n[7].\tKankaanranta, A., &#038; Planken, B. (2010). BELF competence as business knowledge of internationally operating business professionals. The Journal of Business Communication, 47(4), 380\u2013407. \r\n[8].\tMalicka, A., Gilabert, R., &#038; Norris, J. M. (2017). From needs analysis to task design: insights from an English for specific purposes context. Language Teaching Research. \r\n[9].\tWitchaiyutphong, K. (2011). English Barriers for Thai Employees Working in an International Setting, A Study at Thomson Reuters Company in Thailand. Unpublished Master\u2019s research paper, Thammasat University.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bundit Anuyahong &#8220;Usage of English Communicative Skills in the Workplace Context&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.119-122 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8408<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/119-122.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/usage-of-english-communicative-skills-in-the-workplace-context\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Usage of English Communicative Skills in the Workplace Context<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a336c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47a336c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a3435 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a3435\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a35ae\" data-id=\"47a35ae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a36db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a36db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Constraints to Implementation of Educational Planning and Its Implications for the Management of Educational Institutions in Kogi State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ibrahim Christopher, Adamu Mohammed Omale, Shaibu Leonard Phd. &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 123-130<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a3778 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a3778\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a38ec\" data-id=\"47a38ec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a3a23 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47a3a23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper examined constraints to implementation of educational planning and its implications for the management of educational institutions in Kogi state, Nigeria. Two research questions and two research hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. 794 staff comprised of principals and other staffers from various state educational agencies served as the population of the study. 318 (40%) staffers were purposefully sampled for the study. Educational Agencies Implementation Predictor (EAIP) served as instrument for data collection. The research questions were analyzed with the aid of mean and standard deviation while the null hypotheses were analyzed with t- test statistic. From the analysis of data collected, mean and standard deviation for RQ1 shows 3.34 and 0.72 for principals while 3.30 and 0.94 for other educational agencies. These show the existence of significant relationship in their opinions. RQ2 shows 3.36 and 0.68 for principals while 3.19 and 1.13 for other educational agencies showing the existence of significant relationship in their opinions. It was revealed by hypothesis 1 that the t-cal values of 3.32 yielded 0.0001 at 0.05 level of significance indicating that significant relationship existed between the opinions of principals and other educational agencies on factors responsible for non implementation of educational plans. (2) The t-cal values of 3.04 yielded 0.0004 at 0.05 level of significance indicating that significant relationship existed between the opinions of principals and other educational agencies on the strategies to be taken in actualization of educational plans in Kogi east education zone, Nigeria. It was concluded that funding, political, statistical, implementation factors and the use mediocre in education planning are factors responsible for non implementation of educational plans in Kogi East Education Zone. While provision of adequate funds, implements stable administration, timing implementation of educational policies amongst others are recommended as measures to be taken for the actualization of educational plans in Kogi East Education Zone.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 123-130\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibrahim Christopher <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Abia State University, Uturu\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adamu Mohammed Omale <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Abia State University, Uturu\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shaibu Leonard Phd<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management and Business Education, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAchufusi, J. N. Ezenduka, C. U and Ume M. O (2009). Filling the Gaps Between Theory and Practice for Qualitative Education Through Innovation Teaching Technique in Secondary School Biology. The Nigeria Academic Forum, 17 (2) 128-135.\r\n[2]\tAdepoju, T. I (2000). Planning for Effective Educational Policy in Nigeria. A planners view in J. o. Fachipe and E. E Oluchu kwu (ed) Educational Planning and Administration in Nigeria in the 21st Century Ibadan, NIEPA.\r\n[3]\tAdesina, S. (1981) What is Educational Planning? Introduction to Educational Planning. Ile-Ife University Press.\r\n[4]\tAkpa, C. P (2000). Effective Planning: A Pre-requisite for Successful Implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) Scheme. International Journal of Research in Basic and Life-Long Education (182) 103-109.\r\n[5]\tCombs P.H (1974) What is Educational Planning? Paris UNESCO HED.\r\n[6]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2009). National Policy on Education: Lagos. Federal Ministry of Information https:\/\/punchng.com\/2019-budget-education-gets-n620-5bn-against-unescos-advice\/\r\n[7]\tLong Man, H. (2009). Pearson Educational Limited Ediburgh Gate Harlow. Essay Cm 20 21E England.\r\n[8]\tMaduewesi, F. J (2005) Quality of Education in the 21st Century Nigeria. Trends in Education Benin: Zekol Graphics.\r\n[9]\tMgbodike, (2007), The Dynamic Educational Planning. Ephrate Press. 12 Orba Road, Nsuka, Enugu State.\r\n[10]\tNelson, O. (2012). Foundation of Education Finance. Hallman Publishers, Nuska Enugu State.\r\n[11]\tOgbonnaya, N. O (2000). Foundation of Education Finance. Hallman Publishers, Nuska Enugu State.\r\n[12]\tOkwori, A. (2011). Conception and Practical Approach to Educational Planning: Ibadan: Aboki Publishers.\r\n[13]\tOlolube, N. P. (2013). The Problems and Approaches to Educational Planning in Nigeria: A Theoretical Observation, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(12),41-48. \r\n[14]\tSanda, M. U. (2006). Issues and challenges of educational planning in Nigeria in the 21sl century. In: Farfaru Journal of Multi-Disciplinary studies. Vol, I (1). P453-458.\r\n[15]\tTarget, R. A (2003). Passages in Academic Life and the Field of Finance. Journal of Applied Finance 13, Spring Isummer 72-76.\r\n[16]\tUdeme, S. U, (2017). Planning Nigerian Education: Problems, Issues, and Proposed Solutions. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/316682135 25th March,2020.    \r\n[17]\tYawe, A. A. (2010). Educational Management. Katsina Alla: Eddison publishers:\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ibrahim Christopher, Adamu Mohammed Omale, Shaibu Leonard Phd. &#8220;Constraints to Implementation of Educational Planning and Its Implications for the Management of Educational Institutions in Kogi State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.123-130 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/123-130.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/123-130.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/constraints-to-implementation-of-educational-planning-and-its-implications-for-the-management-of-educational-institutions-in-kogi-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Constraints to Implementation of Educational Planning and Its Implications for the Management of Educational Institutions in Kogi State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a4747 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47a4747\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a4809 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a4809\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a497f\" data-id=\"47a497f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a4ab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a4ab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Celebrity Endorsement and Customer Patronage<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Monday Odili, Ukpai K. Ukpai &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 131-139<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a4b50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a4b50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a4cd1\" data-id=\"47a4cd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a4e1b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47a4e1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study, we examined the effect of celebrity endorsement on customer patronage in consumer goods manufacturing industry in Rivers State Nigeria using cross-sectional regression approach. The study also considered the moderating role of brand image in the relationship between celebrity endorsement and customer patronage. Celebrity endorsement were measured using three dimensions; namely,celebrity fit, celebrity credibility and celebrity expertise. On the other hand, customer patronage was measured in terms of brand choice, repeat purchase and customer referral. All variables were measured using the Likert scale with five ordered options from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Seventy-Six (76) final year marketing students from the three universities (University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State University and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education) in Rivers state constitute the sample. The students were randomly selected, and the response rate is 86%. The results show evidence that the three dimensions of celebrity endorsement; celebrity fit, celebrity credibility and celebrity, all have positive relationship with customer patronage.  However, while the effect of celebrity fit and celebrity credibility both are highly statistically significant, the effect of celebrity expertise is significant only at 10% level. Also, the joint effects of celebrity fit, celebrity credibility and celebrity expertise is highly significant and explain approximately 82% of the variance of customer patronage. The results also show evidence of a highly significant positive effect of brand image on customer patronage both directly and through its interaction with celebrity endorsement. Therefore, we conclude that brand image enhances the relationship between celebrity endorsement and customer patronage in the consumer goods industry in Rivers State.Based on these findings, we recommend that consumer goods companies in Rivers State should advertise their products using only well-known celebrities that are credible, trustworthy, knowledgeable and whose physical appearances match with the products that are being promoted. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 131-139\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Monday Odili<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Marketing, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ukpai K. Ukpai<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Marketing, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbbas, A., Afshan, G., Aslam, I., &#038;Ewaz, L. (2018). The effect of celebrity endorsement on customer purchase intention: A comparative study. Current Economics and Management Research, 4(1), 1-10.\r\n[2]\tAdiele, K. C., Grend, M. D., &#038;Ezirim, C. A. (2015). Physical evidence and customer patronage: An empirical study of Nigeria banking sector. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 188-199.\r\n[3]\tBergkvist, L., Hjalmarson, H., &#038;M\u00e4gi, A. W. (2016). A new model of how celebrity  endorsements work: attitude toward the endorsement as a mediator of celebrity source and endorsement effects. International Journal of Advertising, 35(2), 171-184.\r\n[4]\tBoon, S. D., &#038;Lomore, C. D. (2001). Admirer-celebrity relationships among young adults: Explaining perceptions of celebrity influence on identity. Human communication research, 27(3), 432-465\r\n[5]\tChan, K., Leung Ng, Y., &#038;Luk, E. K. (2013). Impact of celebrity endorsement in advertising on brand image among Chinese adolescents. Young Consumers, 14(2), 167-179.\r\n[6]\tChekima, F. Z., Wafa, S. A. W. S. K., &#038;Sulong, R. S. (2018). The impact of celebrity credibility on purchase intention of cosmetic products: The moderating role of ethnocentrism. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 1-10.\r\n[7]\tChoi, S. M., &#038;Rifon, N. J. (2012). It is a match: The impact of congruence between celebrity image and consumer ideal self on endorsement effectiveness. Psychology &#038; Marketing, 29(9), 639-650.\r\n[8]\tErdogan, B. Z. (1999). Celebrity endorsement: A literature review. Journal of marketing management, 15(4), 291-314.\r\n[9]\tHanzaee, K. H., &#038;Farsani, F. T. (2011). The effects of brand image and perceived public relation on customer loyalty. World Applied Sciences Journal, 13(2), 277-286.\r\n[10]\tHu, H. H., Parsa, H. G., &#038; Self, J. (2010). The dynamics of green restaurant patronage. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(3), 344-362.\r\n[11]\tLam, S. Y., Shankar, V., Erramilli, M. K., &#038; Murthy, B. (2004). Customer value, satisfaction, loyalty, and switching costs: an illustration from a business-to-business service context. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 32(3), 293-311.\r\n[12]\tIbok, N. I. (2013). Factors determining the effectiveness of celebrity endorsed advertisements: The case of Nigerian telecommunication industry. American Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), 233-238.\r\n[13]\tIlicic, J., &#038; Webster, C. M. (2011). Effects of multiple endorsements and consumer\u2013celebrity attachment on attitude and purchase intention. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 19(4), 230-237.\r\n[14]\tKoernig, S. K., &#038; Boyd, T. C. (2009). To catch a tiger or let him go: The match-up effect and athlete endorsers for sport and non-sport brands. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 18(1), 25.\r\n[15]\tKumar, S., &#038; Patra, S. (2017). Celebrity advertising and its role to brand equity: A review. Asian J. Management, 8(3), 925-929.\r\n[16]\tLynch, J., &#038; Schuler, D. (1994). The matchup effect of spokesperson and product congruency: A schema theory interpretation. Psychology &#038; Marketing, 11(5), 417-445.\r\n[17]\tNnamocha, O. A., &#038;Chukundah, T. T. (2018). Celebrity Endorsements and Customer Patronage. Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, p45-p45.\r\n[18]\tOgbuji, C. N., Onuoha, O. A., &#038; Abdul, U. (2016). Spatial layout and customer patronage of cinema firms in port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Research, 44.\r\n[19]\tPark, C. W., Jaworski, B. J., &#038;MacInnis, D. J. (1986). Strategic brand concept-image management. Journal of marketing, 50(4), 135-145.\r\n[20]\tRoy, S. (2006). An exploratory study in celebrity endorsements. Journal of creative communications, 1(2), 139-153.\r\n[21]\tSeock, Y. K. (2009). Influence of retail store environmental cues on consumer patronage behavior across different retail store formats: An empirical analysis of US Hispanic consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 16(5), 329-339.\r\n[22]\tSpry, A., Pappu, R., &#038; Bettina Cornwell, T. (2011). Celebrity endorsement, brand credibility and brand equity. European journal of marketing, 45(6), 882-909.\r\n[23]\tZorBari-Nwitambu, B., &#038; Kalu, S. E. (2017). Celebrity Endorsement and Customer Loyalty in the Telecommunications Industry in Port Harcourt. International journal of managerial studies and research, 5(9), 57-71.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Monday Odili, Ukpai K. Ukpai &#8220;Celebrity Endorsement and Customer Patronage&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.131-139 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/131-139.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/131-139.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/celebrity-endorsement-and-customer-patronage\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Celebrity Endorsement and Customer Patronage<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a5b56 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47a5b56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a5c19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a5c19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a5d9d\" data-id=\"47a5d9d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a5eb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a5eb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Appraisal of Consumers Restaurant Food Quality in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. &#038; Poronakie, N.B. PhD &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 140-147<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a5f4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a5f4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a60cd\" data-id=\"47a60cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a6219 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47a6219\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed at the appraisal of consumers\u2019 restaurant food quality in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State with a view to unraveling the reasons behind poor quality and standard of service in the study area through the various opinions of respondents and recommending sustainable strategies to improve the standard. Random social survey and quasi experimental research design were adopted and the opinion on quality and standard of foods from 400 adult respondents were sampled through well-structured questionnaire and oral interviews. Statistical application of simple percentages proved that there is a significant level of poor health standard occasioned by poor food handling practices by the operators of restaurants. It concluded that unhygienic practices such as the use of unsafe water; unhealthy food exposure and underage service personnel predispose restaurants food to contamination. Recommendations include registration of all public food outlets with government authorities; regular inspection and enforcement of food regulations so as to ensure that all restaurants operate at a healthy environment with portable water supply and proper waste disposal system; Sensitization and public enlightenment campaign by relevant government bodies to leave the public with healthy choices; and education and training of restaurant operators on good hygiene practices.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 140-147\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogbumgbada, E.C.W<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Poronakie, N.B. PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAchalu, E. I. (2003). Environmental Health Pollution Control.Simarchnig. ltd., lagos pp.26-29.   \r\n[2]\tAdoki A. and Adoki A. (1998). An introduction of the Ecology of the Niger Delta. Port Harcourt, Hanging Gardens Publishers.\r\n[3]\tAguilera, J .M. and Stanley, D. W. (1999) Micro- Structural principle of food processing and engineering.Springer ISBN 0-8342-1256-0.\r\n[4]\tAkpaudo, U. E. (2016). Assessment of Health Implication of Hawked Food in Uyo Municipality. Unpublished M.Sc Dissertation, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt.Choba, Port Harcourt.\r\n[5]\tBell-Gam, W.I. (1990). Development of Coastal and Estuarine Settlements in the Niger Delta.The case of Bonny L.G.A. New York \u2026.\r\n[6]\tEde, P. (1995). Analysis of the Atmospheric Impacts of Gas Flaring in Rivers State.Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Dept of Geography, University of Port Harcourt. \r\n[7]\tFAO and Food Basket Foundation International (1991) Street foods in Nigeria.Comparative study of socioeconomic characteristics of food vendors and consumers in Ibadan, Lagos and Kaduna, Nigeria.Rome and Ibadan FAO &#038; Food Basket Foundation International. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online) Vol.41, 2015 \r\n[8]\tHawkes, S. R. (1992). The effects of peer influence on disordered eating behavior&#8212; A need assessment of Latino men\u2019s health concern. Pg 62(3).\r\n[9]\tKiefer, N.M (2002). Economics and the origin of the Restaurant.Cornell hotel and Restaurant Administration. Quarterly 43(4):5-7\r\n[10]\tKicklighter, J. (2003). Nutrition: Concept and Controversial 9th ediion. Thompson Learning, USA. pp. 10-11.\r\n[11]\tLucas, A. O. and Gills, H. M. (2003).Short textbook of Public Health medicine.Bookpower, India, pp 61-83.\r\n[12]\tNDDC (2006).Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan; Final Report, Waste Management Sector, Abuja-Nigeria. (pp 64 &#8211; 65).   \r\n[13]\tNicki, R. C., Brain, R. W. and Stout, H. R. (2010).Davidson\u2019s Principles and Practices of Medicine.Churchill livingstone, Toronto, pp. 125-131.\r\n[14]\tNPC (2016). National Population Commission \u2013 Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, 2016 \r\n[15]\tNPC (2006). National Population Commission \u2013 Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, 2006 \r\n[16]\tNwaogazie, I.L. (2006). Water supply for all who cares. An Inaugural Lecture Series No. 52,july 27, 2006,University of Port Harcourt Press.\r\n[17]\tOgbumgbada, E.C.W. (2018). Assessment of Health Implications of Restaurant Food in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria.Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Dept of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt.\r\n[18]\tOnwuka, G  (2005). Food Analysis and Instrumentation.Napthali Press. Lagos. Pp6- 22.\r\n[19]\tOyegun, C.U. And Akpoghomeh, O.S. (2009). The challenges of Environmental and Economic Development of Nigeria\u2019s Coastal Belt: Port Harcourt. Journal of Social Sciences. A publication of the faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1(2) July.\r\n[20]\tOyegun, C. U. (2007). Climate Change and Nigeria\u2019s Coastal Resources. Inaugural Lecture Series No. 56, University of Port Harcourt Press.\r\n[21]\tOyegun, C.U. And Arokoyu,S.B. (2003). \u201cEnvironmental Degradation, Resource Alienation and Peasant Activities in the Eleme Local Government Area of Rivers State. Nigeria.\u201d J.  Geogrop. Environ. Technol, (JOGET), 5(1).\r\n[22]\tPoronakie, N.B. Charles, V. O. and Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. (2018): Environmental Laws and Enforcement in Nigeria. Environmental Management Association of Nigeria (EMAN) 2018 Annual Conference. Book of Proceedings. Abuja, Nigeria. \r\n[23]\tPoronakie, N.B. (2015). Spatial Variations of Poverty and Inequality in Ogoni Land, Rivers State, Nigeria.Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt.Choba, Port Harcourt.\r\n[24]\tSunday, E.O. (2001).Fundamental principles of Healthy Living. Afranedoh (Nig.), Ltd., Calabar, pp, 70-71.\r\n[25]\tTamuno, T.T. (2008). The Geographical Niger Delta (GND), Proceedings of the International Conference on the Nigerian State, Oil Industry and the Niger Delta, March 11-13, 2008. Port Harcourt, Havey Publications Company.\r\n[26]\tTinker, I. (1987). The Case for Legalizing Street Foods Ceres 20(5)2631 Street Food in Developing Country Lesson from Asia.http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrepu3550E\/U3550t08.htm.\r\n[27]\tUmeuduji, J.E. (2001). An introduction to the Science of landforms. Minna, Jodges and Associates.\r\n[28]\tWardlaw, G. M. and Kessel, M. W. (2002).Perspective in Nutrition. (5th edition) McGraw-Hill, Toronto.p.823.\r\n[29]\t      WHO. (2009). Application of the WHO key of safer food to improve food handling practices of food vendors in Poor resource community in Ghana.Int j. envron.pers.public2009\/Nove.,6(11):2833 \u2013 44.\r\n[30]\tWorld bank (1995). Defining an Environmental Development Strategy for the Niger Delta (2). Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogbumgbada, E.C.W. &#038; Poronakie, N.B. PhD &#8220;Appraisal of Consumers Restaurant Food Quality in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.140-147 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/140-147.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/140-147.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/appraisal-of-consumers-restaurant-food-quality-in-obio-akpor-local-government-area-of-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Appraisal of Consumers Restaurant Food Quality in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a6f6a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47a6f6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a702e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a702e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a71b9\" data-id=\"47a71b9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a72da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a72da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Using <i>Jatropha curcas<\/i> in Soils Contaminated with Spent Engine Oil<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Donatus, F.N. and Akogwu, R. D.- April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 148-153<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a7378 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a7378\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a7526\" data-id=\"47a7526\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a765e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47a765e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Soil contamination with spent engine oil (a petroleum-based product) is a growing concern in many countries, especially in Nigeria. Phytoremediation of soils using a non-edible plant able to grow on tropical soils such as Jatropha curcas offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective method of remediating contaminated soils. This study focuses on the Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in soils contaminated with 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% (w\/w) Spent Engine Oil using Jatropha curcasfor a period of 80 days. The physiochemical parameters of the soil samples were analyzed. Thereafter the seeds were planted and grown in 2kg of contaminated soils amended with poultry droppings under field conditions including the control samples. The hydrocarbon loss in soils were periodically assessed at 20 days interval for a duration of 80 days. Results showed that the physiochemical parameters of soil samples were significantly impacted due to contamination with Spent Engine Oil. Furthermore, the percentage degradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) was higher (52%)insoil samples amended withpoultry droppings compared to the non-amended soils (45%). The Translocation factor (TF) of Jatropha curcas was greater than one. This suggests that Jatropha curcas is suitable for the Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in soils contaminated with Spent Engine Oil at 0.25,0.5 and 0.75% contamination levels and organic amendments enhanced the phytoremediation potential of Jatropha curcas.    <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 148-153\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Donatus, F.N. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBotany Department, College of Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akogwu, R. D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBotany Department, College of Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAgamuthu, P., Abioye, O.P., and AbdulAziz, A. (2010) Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with used lubricating oil using Jatropha curcas. Journal of Hazardous Materials; 1 (9): 891\u2013894.\r\n[2]\tAgbogidi, O. M. and Enujeke, E.C. (2012).Effects of spent motor oil on soil Physico-chemical properties and growth of ArachishypogaeaL. Global   Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology,1 (1): 71-74.\r\n[3]\tAgbogidi, O.M. and Egbuchua, C.O. (2010) Heavy metal concentrations of soil contaminated with spent engine oil in Asaba, Delta State. ActaAgronomicaNigeriana10 (1): 65-69.\r\n[4]\tAdesodun, J.K. and Mbagwu, J.S.C. (2008). Biodegradation of waste-lubricating petroleum oil in a tropical alfisol as mediated by animal   droppings. Bioresource Technology, 99(13): 5659\u20135665.\r\n[5]\tAnhwange,  B.A., Agbaji, E. B.  and Gimba, E.C.(2012). Assessment of  top soil of some selected areas within Makurdi Metropolis. Archives of Applied Science Research, 4 (4): 1585-1592.\r\n[6]\tBalasubramaniyam, A.(2015).The Influence of Plants in the Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon- Contaminated Sites.Journal  of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry,Vol.1(1).\r\n[7]\tDadrasnia,A. and  Agamuthu P.(2016). Phyto-enhanced remediation of soil co-contaminated with lead and diesel fuel using biowaste and Dracaena reflexa:A laboratory study. Waste Management and Research Journal, 34(3) 246\u2013253.\r\n[8]\tLuter, L., Terngu, A. J. and Attah, S.(2011).Heavy Metals in soils of Auto-mechanic shops and refuse dumpsites in Makurdi Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. Vol. 15 (1),207 \u2013 210.\r\n[9]\tMaduka, U.S.(2014) phytoremediation of hydrocarbon polluted soilusing kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus l.) plant. Unpublished Masters thesis, University of Nigeria, Nnsuka, Enugu, Nigeria,1-60.\r\n[10]\tMarinescu, M., Toti,M., Tanase, V. and  Carabulea,V.(2010). An assessment of the effects of crude oil pollution on soil properties, analysis of food science and technology, 11(1): 94 \u2013 99.\r\n[11]\tNwite, J. N. and Alu, M. O. (2015)Effect of different levels of spent engine oil on soil porperties, grain yield of maize and its heavy metal uptake in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of soil science and environmental management, 5(4): 44-51. \r\n[12]\tOkonokhua, B. O., Ikhajiagbe, B., Anoliefo, G. O. and Emede, T. O. (2007). The Effects of Spent Engine Oil on Soil Properties and Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 11 (3) 147 \u2013 152.\t\r\n[13]\tOmoni, V. T., Aguoru, C.U., Edoh, E. O. and Makinde, O. (2015). Biostimulationof  hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in soil contaminated with spent engine oil using banana and plantain agro-wastes. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management,Vol. 6(8), pp. 225-233.\r\n[14]\tOnwu, A. C. ,Osujieke, N. D. , Gani, A. T and Ali, A.(2018). Influence of Organic Fertilizer (Nomau\u00ae) on Soil,Leaf Nutrient Content, Growth and Yield of PhysicNut (Jatropha curcas) in Makurdi, North Central,Nigeria. Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 3(2): 1-11.\r\n[15]\tOnwusiri, K.C., Aguoru, C.U. and Akomolafe, G.F.(2017). Effect of spent Engine oil on germination and growth parameters of fluted pumpkin(Telferiaoccodentalis) in Makurdi. Journal of research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 9(4) : 1-8 .\r\n[16]\tPalmroth, M. R. T., Koskinen, P. E. P., Pichtel, J., Vaajasaari, K., Joutti, A., Tuhkanen, T. A. and Puhakka, J. A. (2006). Field-scale assessment of phytotreatment of soil contaminated with weathered hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 6: 128\u2013136.\r\n[17]\tUchendu, U. and Ogwo, P. (2014).The effect of Spent Engine Oil discharge on soil properties in n utomobileMechnic Village in Nekede, Imo State, Nigeri, Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 8:28 \u2013 32.\r\n[18]\tUmanu, G.  and  Babade, M. F.(2013).Biological degradation of kerosene in soil amended with poultry droppings, International Journal of Advanced Biological research, 3(2) 2013: 254-259.\r\n[19]\tWaziri, M., Abdullahi, U., Audu, A. A.  and   Kalimullah (2016). Phytoremediation potentials of Selected Plants in Industrially Contaminated Soils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, (7):10.\r\n[20]\tZHUO, Q., Cia, Z., Zhang, Z. and Liu, W. (2011). Ecological Remediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils with Weed Plant.Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2(2): 97-105.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Donatus, F.N. and Akogwu, R. D., &#8220;Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Using <i>Jatropha curcas<\/i> in Soils Contaminated with Spent Engine Oil&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.148-153 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/148-153.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/148-153.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/phytoremediation-of-petroleum-hydrocarbons-using-jatropha-curcas-in-soils-contaminated-with-spent-engine-oil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Using <i>Jatropha curcas<\/i> in Soils Contaminated with Spent Engine Oil<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a8396 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47a8396\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a8469 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a8469\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a85dc\" data-id=\"47a85dc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a86f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of contemporary literature on Common Communication Difficulties and Recommended Research Based Intervention Strategies.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Adam Said Mang\u2019ombe and George Mathenge Wairungu (Ph.D). &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 154-163<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a878f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a878f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a894a\" data-id=\"47a894a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a8a9f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47a8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this paper is to conduct a general review of contemporary literature about communication difficulties affecting learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It further reviews the recommended research based intervention strategies on the same. To achieve this, articles and research findings   published in international peer reviewed journals were objectively scanned through. The target beneficiaries of this study are parents of learners with ASD, educators, speech therapists related service providers and other relevant stake holders. Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder exhibit a series of communication challenges.  Although not every child with ASD has a language problem, their ability to communicate varies across the spectrum. It is dictated by severity, cognitive ability and social development of the individual. Majority of individuals have challenges in both receptive and expressive language. Further, almost all learners with ASD have difficulties understanding body language. Failure to understand context, abstract and figurative language is also a common barrier to communication in individuals with ASD. Majority individuals with ASD also struggle with meaning and rhythm of words. Many concentrate on the key word and not the entire statement during conversations. Other communication challenges include echolalia, lack of reciprocity and turn taking difficulties. To address the above challenges, researchers have come up with evidence based intervention strategies. They include AAC, manual signing, pantomime intervention, eye gaze intervention, picture exchange communication and facilitated communication. Interventions fall into two categories. the ones speech therapist use and those they train family and caregivers to use. No one intervention technique works perfectly across board. Speech Therapists must therefore understand the needs and behavior of the individual child before using or recommending a strategy. This will reduce possibility of system abandonment. Some interventions are hi-tech while others are low tech, cheap to make and easy to use. For positive results, family members and peers need to be incorporated in the interventions. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 154-163\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adam Said Mang\u2019ombe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood and Special needs Education, Kenyatta University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> George Mathenge Wairungu (Ph.D).<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood and Special needs Education, Kenyatta University\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbrahams, B. &#038; Geschwind, D. (2008). Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nat Rev Genet 9, 341\u2013355  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg2346\r\n[2]\tAlshurman, W., &#038; Alsrea, I. (2015). The Efficiency of Peer Teaching of Developing Non Verbal Communication to Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Journal of Education and Practice Vol.6, No.29.https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/234637985.pdf\r\n[3]\tAmerican Psychiatric Association  (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5thed.).Arlington, VA: Author. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596\r\n[4]\tAmerican Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2015).Speech-Language Pathology Medical Review Guidelines.Retrieved from http:\/\/www.asha.org\/practice\/reimbursement\/SLP-medical-review-guidelines\/\r\n[5]\tArizona State University (ASU). ( March 21, 2021). Why do some people with ASD have such difficult communicating? 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( March 21, 2021). Facilitated Communication.\r\nAssociation for Science in Autism Treatment. Retrieved from https:\/\/asatonline.org\/for-parents\/learn-more-about-specific-treatments\/facilitated-communication\/\r\n[11]\tCenter for Disease control and Prevention. (CDC) (2020). CDC newsroom: Autism Prevalence Rises in Communities Monitored by CDC. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2020\/p0326-autism-prevalence-rises.html#7s8d6f87\r\n[12]\tCommunication Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (March 21, 2021).https:\/\/www.nidcd.nih.gov\r\n[13]\tCox, A., &#038; AFIRM Team.(2018). Video Modeling. Chapel Hill, NC: National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, FPG Child Development Center, University of North Carolina. Retrieved from http:\/\/afirm.fpg.unc.edu\/video-modeling\r\n[14]\tCritchley, L., &#038;  Brereton, A. (2021). Paying attention: children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).https:\/\/raisingchildren.net.au\/autism\/therapies-guide\/incidental-teaching\r\n[15]\tDa Fonte, M.A., Boesch, M.C. &#038;Clouse, K. (2020). &#8220;Aided Communication Systems: Using Assistive Technology to Support Individuals with Complex Communication Needs&#8221;, Chambers, D. (Ed.) Assistive Technology to Support Inclusive Education (International Perspectives on Inclusive Education, Vol. 14, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 69-91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/S1479-363620200000014008\r\n[16]\tDenworth, L. (2018). Social communication in autism, explained. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.spectrumnews.org\/news\/social-communication-autism-explained\/\r\n[17]\tDouglas, S. N., &#038;Gerde, H. K. (2019). A Strategy to Support the Communication of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Intervention in School and Clinic, 55(1), 32\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1053451219833021\r\n[18]\tFabbri-Destro, M., Gizzonioa, V., Bazzinia, M.C., Cevallos, C., Cheron, G., &#038;Avanzini, P.(2019). The relationship between pantomime execution and recognition across typically developing and autistic children.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 61.22-32 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.01.008\r\n[19]\tFonger, A. M., &#038;Malott, R. W. (2018).Using Shaping to Teach Eye Contact to Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behavior analysis in practice, 12(1), 216\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40617-018-0245-9\r\n[20]\tFranzone, E., &#038; Collet-Klingenberg, L. (2008). Overview of video modeling. Madison, WI: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin.\r\n[21]\tFulks, B. (2017). High Tech AAC devices.Special Kids Therapy and Nursing center.https:\/\/www.specialkidstn.com\/therapyandnursingblog\/2017\/4\/10\/high-tech-aac-devices#7s8d6f87\r\n[22]\tGanz, J., Simpson, R., &#038; Lund, E. (2012). The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS): A Promising Method for Improving Communication Skills of Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 47(2), 176-186. Retrieved February 26, 2021, from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23880098\r\n[23]\tGeiger, K. B., Carr, J. E., Leblanc, L. A., Hanney, N. M., Polick, A. S., &#038;Heinicke, M. R. (2012). Teaching receptive discriminations to children with autism: a comparison of traditional and embedded discrete trial teaching. Behavior analysis in practice, 5(2), 49\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03391823\r\n[24]\tGeorge Town University Centre for Children and human Development (March 21, 2021). Contemporary Practices in Early Interventions for Children birth to five. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Communication Intervention. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.teachingei.org\/autism-spectrum-disorder\/09-communication-interventions.php#7s8d6f87\r\n[25]\tGirolametto, L., Pearce, P. S., &#038; Weitzman, E. (1996). Interactive focused stimulation for toddlers with expressive vocabulary delays. Journal of speech and hearing research, 39(6), 1274\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jshr.3906.1274\r\n[26]\tHapp\u00e9, F., &#038; Vital, P. (2009). What aspects of autism predispose to talent?. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B, Biological sciences, 364(1522), 1369\u20131375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2008.0332\r\n[27]\tHarris, J. (2018). Leo Kanner and autism: a 75-year perspective. International Review of Psychiatry, 30(1), 3-17. DOI: 10.1080\/09540261.2018.1455646\r\n[28]\tIacono, T., Trembath, D., &#038;  Erickson, S. (2016). The role of augmentative and alternative communication for children with autism: current status and future trends. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 12, 2349\u20132361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S95967\r\n[29]\tIntegrated treatment services client centred therapy, Hanen approach(March 21, 2021).http:\/\/integratedtreatmentservices.co.uk\/wpcontent\/uploads\/_mediavault\/2015\/01\/Hanen-approach.pdf\r\n[30]\tJurgens, A. (2017). Augmentative communication: children with autism spectrum disorder.https:\/\/raisingchildren.net.au\/autism\/development\/language-development\/augmentative-communication-asd\r\n[31]\tJurgens, A. (2020). Communication: children with autism spectrum disorder.https:\/\/raisingchildren.net.au\/autism\/communicatingrelationships\/communicating\/communication-asd\r\n[32]\tKuzminskaite, E., Begeer, S., Hoekstra, R. A., &#038; Grove, R. (2020). Short report: Social communication difficulties and restricted repetitive behaviors as predictors of anxiety in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism : the international journal of research and practice, 24(7), 1917-1923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320934218\r\n[33]\tLim, P. (2018). Specific Language Impairment in Children with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. Inquiries Journal,10(05),1. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.inquiriesjournal.com\/a?id=1739\r\n[34]\tLofland, K. (2014). Evidence-based practices for effective communication and socialintervention.Retrievedfrom https:\/\/iidc.indiana.edu\/irca\/articles\/evidence-based-practices-for-effective-communication-and-social-intervention.html\r\n[35]\tLongard, J., Brian, J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Duku, E., Moore, C., Smith, I. M., Garon, N., Szatmari, P., Vaillancourt, T., &#038; Bryson, S. (2017).Early expressive and receptive language trajectories in high-risk infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism &#038; Developmental Language Impairments. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2396941517737418\r\n[36]\tLowry, L. (2015). Gestures use in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.The Heinen Centre Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.hanen.org\/SiteAssets\/Articles&#8212;Printer-Friendly\/Research-in-your-Daily-Work\/Gesture-Use-in-Children-with-Autism-Spectrum-Disor.aspx\r\n[37]\tLyons, V., and  Fitzgerald, M. (2013). Critical Evaluation of the Concept of Autistic Creativity.Recent Adv Autism Spectum  DisorderVol,I.   https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/recent-advances-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-volume-i\/critical-evaluation-of-the-concept-of-autistic-creativity\r\n[38]\tMacdonald, L., Trembath,D, Ashburner,J., Costley, D., &#038; Keen, D.(2018). The use of visual schedules and work systems to increase the on\u2010task behaviour of students on the autism spectrum in mainstream classrooms.Nasen Helping Everyone to Achieve, 18 (4), 254\u2013266  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-3802.12409\r\n[39]\tMcPartland, J.C. &#038; Law, K. (2016).Autism Spectrum Disorder.Encyclopedia of Mental Health, Volume, 1. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-12-397045-9.00230-5\r\n[40]\tMedeiros, K., &#038;Winsler, A. (2014).Parent-child gesture use during problem solving in autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorder, 44(8), 1946-1958. DOI: 10.1007\/s10803-014-2069-y\r\n[41]\tMeuris, K., Bea Maes, M., De Meyer, A., &#038;  Zink, I.(2014). Manual signing in adults with intellectual disability: Influence of sign characteristics on functional sign vocabulary. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 57 (3), 990\u20131010. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-L-12-0402\r\n[42]\tMody, M., &#038;Belliveau, J. W. (2013). Speech and Language Impairments in Autism: Insights from Behavior and Neuroimaging. North American journal of medicine &#038; science, 5(3), 157\u2013161.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7156\/v5i3p157\r\n[43]\tNam, S., Kim, J.&#038; Sparks ,S. (2018). An Overview of Review Studies on Effectiveness of Major AAC systems for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities Including Autism.  Journal of special education  apprenticeship 7 (2).\r\n[44]\tNational Institute of Mental Health  (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd\/index.shtml\r\n[45]\tParsons, L., Cordier, R., Munro, N., Joosten, A., &#038; Speyer, R., (2017). A systematic review of pragmatic language interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder.PLoS ONE 12(4): e0172242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172242\r\n[46]\tPaul, R. (2008). Interventions to improve communication in autism. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 17(4), 835\u2013x. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2008.06.011\r\n[47]\tPictureexchange communication systems (March 21, 2021). https:\/\/raisingchildren.net.au\/autism\/therapies-guide\/pecs\r\n[48]\tRay-Subramanian, C. E., &#038; Ellis,Weismer, S. (2012). Receptive and expressive language as predictors of restricted and repetitive behaviors in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 42(10), 2113\u20132120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-012-1463-6\r\n[49]\tSam, A., &#038;Afirm T. (2015).Peer-mediated instruction and intervention. Chapel Hill, NC: National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder, FPG Child Development Center, University of North Carolina. Retrieved from http:\/\/afirm.fpg.unc.edu\/Peer-mediated-instruction-and- intervention\r\n[50]\tSu YE, Naigles, L.R., &#038; Su, L.Y. (2018).  Uneven Expressive Language Development in Mandarin-Exposed Preschool Children with ASD: Comparing Vocabulary, Grammar, and the Decontextualized Use of Language via the PCDI-Toddler Form. Journal  ofAutism Developemental  Disorders, 48 (10) 3432-3448. doi:10.1007\/s10803-018-3614-x. PMID: 29781066.\r\n[51]\tSuhrheinrich, J., Chan, J., Melgarejo, M. Reith, S., Stahmer, A., &#038; AFIRM Team. (2018). Pivotal response training. Chapel Hill, NC: National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder, FPG Child Development Center, University of North Carolina. Retrieved from http:\/\/afirm.fpg.unc.edu\/Pivotal-response-training\r\n[52]\tSicile-Kira, C. (2014). Autism spectrum disorder: The complete guide to understanding Autism. (Ed.) Penguine group. New York, NY. Retrieved https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Autism-Spectrum-Disorder-revised-Understanding\/dp\/0399166637\r\n[53]\tSouthern, L. ( Oct,2017)Social Narratives Support Individuals with Autism https:\/\/www.autismsociety-nc.org\/social-narratives-guidelines\/\r\n[54]\tSnyder-McLean, Lee K., Solomonson, Barbara, McLean, James E., Sack, Sara.Structuring Joint Action Routines: A Strategy for Facilitating Communication and Language Development in the Classroom. Seminars in Speech and Language 1984; 5(3): 213-228. DOI: 10.1055\/s-0028-1085179\r\n[55]\tTsai, CH.,  Chen,K.L., Li, H.J.,  Chen, K.H.,  Hsu, C.W.,  Lu, C.H.,  Hsieh, K.Y.  &#038;  Huang, C.Y. (2020).The symptoms of autism including social communication deficits and repetitive and restricted behaviors are associated with different emotional and behavioral problems. Sci Rep 10, 20509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-76292-y\r\n[56]\tVan- Santen, J. P., Sproat, R. W., &#038; Hill, A. P. (2013).Quantifying repetitive speech in autism spectrum disorders and language impairment. Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 6(5), 372\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1301\r\n[57]\tVicker, B. (March 21, 2021). Social communication and language characteristics associated with high functioning, verbal children and adults with autism spectrum disorder.  Indiana Resource Center for Autism. Retrieved from https:\/\/iidc.indiana.edu\/irca\/articles\/social-communication-and-language-characteristics.html\r\n[58]\tWhat is Theory of Mind and How Does it Relate to Autism? ( March 21, 2021). Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.appliedbehavioranalysisedu.org\/what-is-theory-of-mind-and-how-does-it-relate-to-autism\/\r\n[59]\tWittke, K., Mastergeorge, A. M., Ozonoff, S., Rogers, S. J., &#038;Naigles, L., R. (2017). Grammatical Language Impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Language Phenotypes Beyond Standardized Testing .Frontiers in Psychology (8) 532. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00532     \r\n[60]\tWorld Health Organization (November, 7, 2019). Autism spectrum disorders.Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/autism-spectrum-disorders \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adam Said Mang\u2019ombe and George Mathenge Wairungu (Ph.D). &#8220;Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of contemporary literature on Common Communication Difficulties and Recommended Research Based Intervention Strategies.&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.154-163 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8301<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/154-163.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/autism-spectrum-disorder-a-review-of-contemporary-literature-on-common-communication-difficulties-and-recommended-research-based-intervention-strategies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of contemporary literature on Common Communication Difficulties and Recommended Research Based Intervention Strategies.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a9918 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47a9918\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a99e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a99e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a9b60\" data-id=\"47a9b60\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a9c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a9c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Practical Approach to Implement Koha Data Backup through Cloud Computing In Benue State University<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>IGBUDU Murphy Tersoo, ASEN Anita Tersur, VER Akuhwa &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 164-169<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a9d31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a9d31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a9ea4\" data-id=\"47a9ea4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a9fdd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47a9fdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study is designed to document the Practical Approach to implement koha data backup through cloud computing at Benue State University. The study is guided by three objectives. The research is anchored on the experience of staff of Benue State University Library. This research made use of Linux cronjob command to schedule an automatic process that runs every 30 minutes to take koha data backup to a dropbox account that was created and synchronized with the koha server system. The focus of this research is to secure the koha database through cloud computing and render it less prone to data loss. Also, to enable librarians have a better knowledge of koha databackup, and implement cloud backup themselves without consulting a paid vendor. Screenshots of practical measures used during the data backup and retrieval are shown below from figure 1-13. Figure 1-8 shows the implementation of koha cloud backup and 9-13 shows retrieving koha database from cloud backup. In conclusion, this research work has brought out a simple approach to ensure the security of the koha database by using cloud computing to backup the koha database and retrieve the same through any computer connected to the internet..<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 164-169\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8409\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8409<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>IGBUDU Murphy Tersoo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHead of Virtual Library, Benue State University Library\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ASEN Anita Tersur <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHead of Cataloguing and Classification, Benue State University Library\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> VER Akuhwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nVirtual Library, Benue State University Library\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tGosavi N. and Shinde S.S (2012). Use of Cloud Computing in Library and Information Science Field. International Journal of Digital Library Sciences. 2(3). Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.ijodls.in\/uploads\/3\/6\/0\/3\/3603729\/51-60.pdf on 22\/02\/2020\r\n[2]\tDas, A. K and Mandal, S (2013). Development of cloud computing in Integrated Library Management and Retrieval System. International Journal of Library and Information Science. 5(10), 394-400. DOI: 10.5897\/IJLIS2013.0367\r\n[3]\tKisaulu, K. (2015). A Survey of Computer Data Backup Strategies Adopted by firms listed on the Nairobi Stoch Exchange. A Research Project Presented to School of Business, University of Nairobi. Retrieved from: http:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke\/bitstream\/handle\/11295\/13672\/Kisaulu_A%20Survey%20of%20Computer%20Data%20Backup%20Strategies%20Adopted%20by%20Firms%20Listed%20on%20the%20Nairobi%20Stock%20Exchange.pdf?sequence=3 on 22\/02\/2020\r\n[4]\tKoha (2017). https:\/\/koha-community.org Retrieved on 22\/02\/2020\r\n[5]\tLibrary Handbook(2019). Benue State University. Mark-On Press Nig. Ltd. Makurdi.\r\n[6]\tMuller, T. (2011). How to choose a free and open-source integrated library system. International digitallibraryperspectives.27(1):57-78.Retrievedfrom http:\/\/emeraldinsight.com\/1065-075X.htm  on 22\/02\/2020\r\n[7]\tSambrani, Y and Rajashekarappa (2016). Efficient Data Backup Mechanism for Cloud Computing. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering. 5(7) DOI 10.17148\/IJARCCE.2016.5719.\r\n[8]\tVimal, K. V. (2020). koha geek Blogspot. Retrieved from http:\/\/kohageek.blogspot.com\/ on 22\/02\/2020\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">IGBUDU Murphy Tersoo, ASEN Anita Tersur, VER Akuhwa &#8220;Practical Approach to Implement Koha Data Backup through Cloud Computing In Benue State University&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.164-169 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8409<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/164-169.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/practical-approach-to-implement-koha-data-backup-through-cloud-computing-in-benue-state-university\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Practical Approach to Implement Koha Data Backup through Cloud Computing In Benue State University<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47aad01 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47aad01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47aadc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47aadc9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47aaf66\" data-id=\"47aaf66\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ab089 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47ab089\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sustainable Use of Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Sourabh Soni, Er. R.S. Shekhawat &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 170-176<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ab12c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ab12c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ab2ae\" data-id=\"47ab2ae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ab3f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47ab3f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as a partial substitute for fine aggregates (natural sand) on concrete mixtures was investigated using an experimental program. The 28-day compressive strength of control concrete mixtures (M25) was engineered to be 31.60 MPa, respectively. The fine aggregate (natural sand) was then replaced with a replacement ratio (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) of WFS by weight. \r\nThe focus of this study is to prevent sandpits from being dug up, as a result of the construction industry&#8217;s rapid production of a variety of fine aggregates. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, carbonation depth, water absorption, were used to investigate the performance of concrete for up to 56 days. In this analysis, 105 concrete specimens were cast. The specimens were prepared for concrete mixes of M25 grade, with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.50. This research looked at the impact of waste foundry sand on various properties of concrete. The properties of fresh and hardened concrete were determined by testing specimens of concrete mixes.Mechnaical properties and durablity Properties of M25 grade concrete increased with the up to 15% replacement ratio, however there is a small declination found at above 15% replacement ratio.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 170-176\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sourabh Soni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nM.Tech.student, Civil Engineering Department, College ofTechnology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Er. R.S. Shekhawat<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, College of Technologyand Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBhardwaj, B. and Kumar, P. 2017. Waste foundry sand in concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials156: 661-674.\r\n[2]\tBinicia, H., Shah, T., Aksogan, O. and Kaplan, H. 2008. The durability of concrete made with granite and marble as recycle aggregates. Journal of Materials Processing Technology208: 299-308.\r\n[3]\tCoppio, G., de Lima, M., Lencioni, J. and Silva, S. 2019. Surface electrical resistivity and compressive strength of concrete with the use of waste foundry sand as aggregate. Construction and Building Materials212: 514-521.\r\n[4]\tGuney, Y., Sari, Y., Yalcin, M., Tuncan, A. and Donmez, S. 2010. Re-usage of waste foundry sand in high-strength concrete. Waste Management30: 1705-1713.\r\n[5]\tGurumoorthy, N. and Arunachakam, K. 2016. Micro and mechanical behavior of Treated Used Foundry Sand concrete. Construction and Building Materials123: 184-190.\r\n[6]\tIS 4031-2014 METHODS OF PHYSICAL TESTS FOR HYDRAULIC CEMENT New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards. \r\n[7]\tIS 1199-2018 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards.\r\n[8]\tIS 10262 \u2013 2009 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING \u2013 GUIDELINES New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards.\r\n[9]\tIS 516-1959 METHODS OF TESTS FOR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards.\r\n[10]\tIS 383-2016 COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE- SPECIFICATION New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards.\r\n[11]\tJadhav, S., Tande, S. and Dubal, A. 2017. Beneficial Reuse of Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications07: 299-308: 74-95.\r\n[12]\tKaur, G., Siddique, R. and Rajor, A. 2012. Properties of concrete containing fungal treated waste foundry sand. Construction and Building Materials29: 82-87.\r\n[13]\tKhatib, J., Baig, S., Bougara, A. and Booth, C. 2010. Foundry sand utilization in concrete production. \r\n[14]\tMonosi, S., Sani, D. and Tittarelli, F. 2013. Used Foundry Sand in Cement Mortars and Concrete Production. The Open Waste Management Journal03: 18-25.\r\n[15]\tPrabhu, G., Bang, J., Lee, B. and Hyun, J. and Kim, Y. 2014. Effects of foundry sand as a fine aggregate in concrete production. Construction and Building Materials2014: 514-521.\r\n[16]\tSalokhe, E. and Desai, D. 2013. Application of foundry waste sand in manufacture of concrete. Civil engineering (IOSR-JMCE) 43-48.\r\n[17]\tSandhu, R. and Siddique, R. 2019. Strength properties and microstructural analysis of self-compacting concrete incorporating waste foundry sand. Construction and Building Materials225: 371-383.\r\n[18]\tSiddique, R., Schutter, G. and Noumowe, A. 2009. Effect of used-foundry sand on the mechanical properties of concrete. Construction and Building Materials23: 976-980.\r\n[19]\tSiddique, R., Singh, G. and Singh, M. 2018. Recycle option for metallurgical by-product (Spent Foundry Sand) in green concrete for sustainable construction. Journal of Cleaner Production172: 1111-1120.\r\n[20]\tSiddique, R. and Singh, G. 2011. Utilization of waste foundry sand (WFS) in concrete manufacturing. Resources. Conservation, and Recycling55: 855-892.\r\n[21]\tSingh, M., Srivastava, A. and Bhunia, D. 2017. An investigation of the effect of partial replacement of cement by waste marble slurry. Construction and Building Materials134: 471-488\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sourabh Soni,Er. R.S. Shekhawat &#8220;Sustainable Use of Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.170-176 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/170-176.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/170-176.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/sustainable-use-of-waste-foundry-sand-in-concrete\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Sustainable Use of Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ac137 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47ac137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ac1fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ac1fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ac38e\" data-id=\"47ac38e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ac4ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47ac4ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Modelling Theft Criminal Offence in Kwara State Using ARIMA<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>AKINYEMI, Emmanuel K, OGUNLEYE, Abiodun O, GUNSOLA, Obaseye A. Olaoye, Hakeem O &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 177-182<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ac549 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ac549\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ac6d2\" data-id=\"47ac6d2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ac800 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47ac800\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A time series modeling approach (Box-Jenkins\u2019 ARIMA model) has been used in this study to forecast theft criminal offence in Kwara state. This study is centered on Time Series Analysis of Data on theft criminal Offences in Kwara State from 2006\u2013 2015 which is restricted to only theft criminal offences in the state.  \r\nThe best model is the model with the least AIC Value which is SARIMA (0,1,1)(2,0,0)[12] having its AIC Value to be 898.98. The ACF of Residual showed that nearly all the spikes are within the line of boundary and the Ljung-Box statistics showed that all p-value points are above 0.05 thereby showing the accuracy of the model is good to forecast. The histogram showed that residual for the forecast which reveal that the error term for the forecast satisfies the assumption of normality, i.e. residual of the forecast is normally distributed. It was concluded that there is no residual autocorrelation i.e. there is evidence of non-zero autocorrelations in the forecast errors at lags 1 to 21. It recommend that Government is therefore advised to aside Security operatives engage Landlords, Household heads, market women, communities\/street leaders and elders as an extended mediums of getting security information.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 177-182\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8410<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AKINYEMI, Emmanuel K <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Statistics, Federal School of Statistics, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OGUNLEYE, Abiodun O <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Statistics, Federal School of Statistics, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>GUNSOLA, Obaseye A <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Statistics, Federal School of Statistics, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olaoye, Hakeem O <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Statistics, Federal School of Statistics, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlexandra Vaughn; Columbia University QMSS 5999 Thesis, Spring 2012; Crime Rate and Concern for Time Series Analysis.\r\n[2]\tBecker, G. (1968); Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Journal of Political Economy 76, 169\u2013217.\r\n[3]\tCantor, D. and K. C. Land (2001); Unemployment and crime rate fluctuations: A comment on Greenberg. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17 (4), 329\u2013342.\r\n[4]\tChatfield, C. (2004); The Analysis of Time Series, Chapman &#038; Hall.\r\n[5]\tCommandeur, J. J. F. and S. J. Koopman (2007); An Introduction to State Space Time Series Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[6]\tGabor, T. (1978); Crime Displacement: the literature and strategies for its investigation. Crime and Justice, 6:100-7.\r\n[7]\tGreenberg, D.F. (2001); Time series analysis of crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17 (4), 291\u2013327.3\r\n[8]\tHarvey, A. C. (1989); Forecasting, Structural Time Series Models and the Kalman Filter.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press\r\n[9]\tHarvey, A. C. and C. Fernandes (1989); Time series models for count or qualitative observations. Journal of Business &#038; Economic Statistics 7 (4), 407\u2013417.\r\n[10]\tHird, C. and C. Ruparel (2007); Seasonality in recorded crime: Preliminary findings. Home Office Online Report (02\/07).\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">AKINYEMI, Emmanuel K, OGUNLEYE, Abiodun O, GUNSOLA, Obaseye A. Olaoye, Hakeem O &#8220;Modelling Theft Criminal Offence in Kwara State Using ARIMA&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.177-182 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8410<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/177-182.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/modelling-theft-criminal-offence-in-kwara-state-using-arima\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Modelling Theft Criminal Offence in Kwara State Using ARIMA<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ad5b3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47ad5b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ad697 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ad697\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ad818\" data-id=\"47ad818\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ad92f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47ad92f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Land use and Land cover Pattern of Stubbs Creek, Akwa Ibom State between 1986 and 2019 using Geospatial Techniques<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Akpan, U.E. , Obafemi, A.A. and Tanee F.B.G &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 183-188<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ad9c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ad9c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47adbb6\" data-id=\"47adbb6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47adcfa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47adcfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assessed the land use\/land cover patterns in Stubbs Creek, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria from 1986 to 2019. The study used Landsat imageries of 1986, 2000 and 2019 to determine the spatial extent, trend and percentage of changes of different land use\/land cover in the study area.  Supervised classification using maximum likelihood algorithm was used to classify the imageries into different major land use\/land cover in Arc GIS 10.6. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that between 1986 and 2019, water bodies, flood plain\/riparian\/mangrove and thick vegetation land use types reduced by 43.87%, 70.60%, and 93.19% respectively. On the other hand, built-up area and Nypafructicans\/Sparse Vegetation increased by 1425.03%, and 1855.25% respectively. The study concluded that majority of Stubbs Creek is presently dominated by Nypafructicans and human activities. It is therefore recommended that the increase in built up area representing urban growth has enormous implication on the ecosystem balance of the study area; thus there is therefore the need to enact laws against forest encroachment and expansion so as to protect the ecosystem; and there is need for periodical monitoring of the vegetation status in the Stubbs Creek, Akwa Ibom State for sustainable forest resource management and biodiversity in the entire study area to mitigate the associated risk of global climate change.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 183-188\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akpan, U.E.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Natural Resources and, Environment and Sustainable Development, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obafemi, A.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tanee F.B.G<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAhmed N. (2016). Application of NDVI in Vegetation Monitoring Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Northern Ethiopian Highlands. Abyss. J. Sci. Technol. 1(1):12-17, 20`6\r\n[2]\tArowolo, A.O., and Deng, X. (2016). Land use\/land cover change and statistical modelling of cultivated land change drivers in Nigeria. Reg Environ Change18, 247\u2013259 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10113-017-1186-5\r\n[3]\tBaker, I. R. (2003).Report on A Survey of Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve. CERCOPAN, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. 22p \r\n[4]\tBalogun, I. A., Adeyewa, D. Z., Balogun A. A., Morakinyo T. E. (2011). Analysis of urban expansion and land use changes in Akure, Nigeria, using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 4(9), 533-541.\r\n[5]\tBerhan G., Hill S., Tadesse T. and Atnafu S. (2011). Using Satellite Images for Drought Monitoring: A Knowledge Discovery Approach. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 7(1): 135-153\r\n[6]\tCongalton, Rusell G., (1991). A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, 37; 35-46\r\n[7]\tDesanker P.V., Frost P.G.H., Justice C.O., and Scholes R.J. (1997). The Miombo Network: Frameworks for a terrestrial transect study of Land Use and land Cover Change in the Miombo ecosystems of Central Africa. IGBP Report 41.\r\n[8]\tEjide S., Onome I. O. and Vivian C N., (2017), Environmental law and practice in Nigeria: Overview. www.practicallaw.com\/environment-guide.\r\n[9]\tEkpeyoung, R. (2015). Analysis of the Location of Land cover changes in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 5(8): 180-193. \r\n[10]\tEl Bastawesy, M., Ramadan Ali, R., Faid, A., El Osta, M., 2013. Assessment of water logging in agricultural megaprojects in the closed drainage basins of the Western Desert of Egypt. J. Hydro. Earth Sys. Sci. 17, 1493\u20131501. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-17- 1493-2013\r\n[11]\tEllis, E.A. and Porter-Bolland, L. (2008) Is Community-Based Forest Management More Effective than Protected Areas? A Comparison of Land Use\/Land Cover Change in Two Neighboring Study Areas of the Central Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 1971-1983. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.07.036 \r\n[12]\tELRI (2018) A Synopsis of Laws and Regulations on the Environment in Nigeria. Environmental Law Research Institute (ELRI). Accessed 2018.\r\n[13]\tEnaruvbe G.O., Atafo O.P. 2014. Analysis of Deforestation Pattern in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Journal of Land use Science, 1-18DOI: 10.1080\/1747423X.2014.9652\t\r\n[14]\tEnaruvbe, G. O., Atedhor, G. O 2015. Spatial Analysis of Agriculturalland useChange in Asaba, Southern Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 17(1), 65-74.\r\n[15]\tEzeomedo, I. and Igbokwe, J. (2013). Mapping Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover for A Sustainable Development Using High Resolution Satellite Images and GIS. FIG Working Week 2013 Environment of Sustainability, Abuja, Nigeria. 18p. \r\n[16]\tFasona M.J. and Omojola A.S. (2005). Climate Change, Human security and Communal Clashes in Nigeria. Paper presented at an International Workshop on Human Security and Climate Change, Asker, Norway, 21-23 June, 2007.\r\n[17]\tGadsby, E. L. (1989). Cross River Basin Primate Survey: Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve. Pp10.Pandrillus, Unpublished report. \r\n[18]\tJacob, D. E., Nelson, I. U., Okoh, K. S. and A. A. Tom (2015): Trend In Land Use\/Cover Changes In Stubbs Creek Forest, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal for Research in Business, Management and Accounting, 1(1):123-130.\r\n[19]\tJacob, D.E and O. Olajide (2011). Relevance and challenges of Geographic information system (GIS) in the management of protected forest in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 7(2): 63-66 \r\n[20]\tJensen, J. R. (2005). Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective. Pearson Education, Inc., New Jersey. \r\n[21]\tJohn G. Lyon, Ding Yuan, Ross S. Lunetta, and Chris D. Elvidge 1998. Photogrammetric Engineering &#038; Remote Sensing, 64 (2) :143-150.February 1998.\r\n[22]\tKarnieli A., Agam N, Pinker R.T., Anderson M., Imhoff M.I., Gutman G.G., and Panov N. (2010). Use of NDVI and Land Surface Temperature for Drought Assessment: Merits and Limitations. Journal of Climate, 23(3):618-633.\r\n[23]\tLand Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LPDAAC) (2014). Science Data Sets for MODIS Terra Vegetation indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V005 (MOD13Q1). Available at https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/ . Accessed on 12\/07\/2017. \r\n[24]\tLillesand T.M., Kieffer, R.W. 1994. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation.3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, NewYork.750P.\r\n[25]\tManandhar R., Odeh I.O.A., Ancev T. 2009. Improving the Accuracy of Land Use and Land Cover Classification of Landsat Data Using Post-Classification Enhancement Remote Sens.1,330-344; doi:10.3390\/rs1030330.\r\n[26]\tNDES (1997). Niger Delta Environmental Survey Phase 1 Report: Volume IV\u2014Biodiversity. Environmental Resources Managers Limited, Lagos. \r\n[27]\tNdoho, J. T., Umoren, V. E. andAdu, E. (2009). Spatial Analysis of Illegal Resource Extraction In Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve In Akwa Ibom State. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 5(2-4): 72-78.\r\n[28]\tNwankwoala H.O., and Warmate T. (2014). Subsurface Soil Characterization of a Site for Infrastructural Development Purposes in D\/Line, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(6):139-148.\r\n[29]\tPettorelli, N., Vik, J. O., Mysterud, A., Gaillard, J. M., Tucker, C. J. &#038;Stenseth, N. C. (2005). Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 20, 503\u2013510.\r\n[30]\tReis, S. (2008). Analysing Land Use\/Land Cover Changes Using Remote Sensing in Rize, North-East Turkey.Sensors, 8: 6188-6202 \r\n[31]\tRoberts D.A., Bastita G.T., Pereria S.L.G., Waller E.K., Nelson B.W (1998). Change Identification Using Multitemporal Spectral Mixture Analysis \u2013 Applications in eastern Amazonia in LunettaRS, Elvidge CD (eds) Remote Sensing and 21 Change Detection Environmental Monitoring Methods and applications. Sleeping Bear Press Inc, Michigan\r\n[32]\tRouse, J. W., Jr., Haas, R. H., Deering, D. W., Schell, J. A., and Harlan, J. C., 1974. Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation  (green wave effect) of natural vegetation, NASA\/GSFC type III final report: Greenbelt, Maryland, NASA, 371 p.\r\n[33]\tSarp G. (2012). Determination of Vegetation Change Using Thematic Mapper Imagery in Af\u015fin-Elbistan Lignite Basin; SE Turkey. Procedia Technology 1, 407-411. 2012.\r\n[34]\tTarpley, J. D., Schneider, S. R., &#038; Money, R. L. (1984). Global Vegetation Indices from the NOAA-7 Meteorological Satellite. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 23(3), 491-494.\r\n[35]\tUdo, E. O., Olajide, O. and Umotong, S. E. (1997).Conservation of Nigerian Mosaic Coastal Vegetation: Akwa Ibom State Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve in Perspective. In: Environment and Resource Development.Oduwaiye, E. A., Obiaga, P. C. And Abu, J. E. (eds.) Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria held in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, 22nd-26th September 1997 Pp. 35-43. \r\n[36]\tVerburg P.H., Chen Y., Soepboer W., Veeldkamp T.A. (2000). GIS-based modeling of human-environment interactions for natural resource management applications in Asia. Proceeding 4th International Conference on integrating GIS and Environmental Modelling: Problems, Prospect and Research Needs, Banff, Alberta, Canada. \r\n[37]\tVerburg P.H., Veldkamp W.S.A. and Espaldon R.L.V. and  Mastura S.S.A. (2002). Modeling the spatial dynamics of regional landuse: The CLUE-S Model. Environ. Manage. 30 (3): 301-405, Springer-Verlag, New York Inc.\r\n[38]\tWerre, J. L. R. (2001). In review.Cross-Niger transition forests (AT0106). Report to the World Wildlife Fund. \r\n[39]\tZubair, A. O. (2006). Change Detection in Land Use and Land Cover Using Remote Sensing Data And GIS (A Case Study of Ilorin and Its Environs In Kwara State). An M.Sc Project Submitted to the Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, 54P.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akpan, U.E. , Obafemi, A.A. and Tanee F.B.G &#8220;Land use and Land cover Pattern of Stubbs Creek, Akwa Ibom State between 1986 and 2019 using Geospatial Techniques&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.183-188 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/183-188.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/183-188.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/land-use-and-land-cover-pattern-of-stubbs-creek-akwa-ibom-state-between-1986-and-2019-using-geospatial-techniques\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Land use and Land cover Pattern of Stubbs Creek, Akwa Ibom State between 1986 and 2019 using Geospatial Techniques<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47af15c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47af15c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47af237 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47af237\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47af3e6\" data-id=\"47af3e6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47af50c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47af50c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Prevalence and Coinfectivity of <i>Chlamydia Trachomatis<\/i> and Syphilis Infections among HIV Seropositive Women in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ezema, James1 N., Imanyikwa, Olaedo E and Dibua, Maria-Esther &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 189-194<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47af5c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47af5c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47af74a\" data-id=\"47af74a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47af876 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47af876\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Objectives: To study the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection as well as its coinfectivity with Syphilis among HIV-seropositive women(test group) and sero-negative women (control group) of child-bearing age in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.\r\nStudy Design: A total of 100 tests and 100 control groups attending antenatal and routine medical services were used in the study Informed consents were obtained from the participants attending antenatal and routine medical care in Bishop Shanahan Hospital, All Saints Medical Centre, Primary health Centre, Nsukka, Adonai Medical Laboratory and Nsukka District Hospital. \r\nMethods: Questionnaire was used in the first phase to obtain demographic information of the sample population. Two ml of the participants\u2019 plasma samples were used in the phase two of the study. HIV antibodies were detected using the Determine (Alere, Japan) and the Gold (Trinity, Ireland). C. trachomatis antibodies were detected using CT IgG EIA kit (Xema, Russia) while syphilitic antibodies were detected using Syphilis Ultra Rapid Test Strip Package Insert, (Global USA). Statistical significance was determined using SPSS 16.0. Those at risk were established using attributable and relative risks.\r\nResults: A preponderance of HIV infection among individuals aged 26-40 years (63%). Single infection with C. trachomatis and Syphilis were 6% and 2% respectively for test group, and 11% and 8% respectively for control group. A high prevalence of the dual infection was observed in the test group with no statistical significance (\u03b1 = 0.05). Age distribution of both infections indicated preponderance among 16-35 years age bracket. \r\nConclusion: HIV infection with low CD4+ count and high viral load is a strong risk factor for the infections in the study area.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 189-194\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezema, James N.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Imanyikwa, Olaedo E<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dibua, Maria-Esther<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlvares-Travassos, A. G., Brites C., Netto, E. M., Fernandes, S. A., Rutherford, G. W. and Queiroz, C. M. (2012). Prevalence of Sexually-Transmitted Diseases among HIV-infected Women in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16(6) \r\n[2]\tApea-Kubi, A. K., Yamaguchi, S., Sakyi, B., Kisimoto, T., Ofori-Adeji, D. and Hagiwara, T. (2004) Neisseria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis and Treponema palladium infection in antenatal and gynecological patients at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Journal of Infectious Diseases.2004; 57, 253-256.\r\n[3]\tCDC (2012). A guide to conducting your own youth risk behavior survey\r\n[4]\tChun, H. M., Carpenter, R. J., Macalino, G. E. and Crum-Cianflone, N. F. (2013). The Role of Sexually-Transmitted Infections in HIV-1 Progression: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2013 \r\n[5]\tIkeme, A. C., Ezegwu, H. U., Ikeako L. C., and Agbata E. (2011). Seroprevalent of Chlamydia trachomatis in Enugu, Nigeria.\r\n[6]\tIsiabor, J.O., Ugbomoiko, D., Nwobu, G. O., Ekundayo, A. O., Enweani, I. B. and Okogun, G. R. A. (2005). Detection of Chlamydia Antigen in Cervical specimen From Antenatal Clinic Attenders in Benin City, Nigeria.\r\n[7]\tJacobson, D. L., Peralta, L. and Graham, N. M. (2000). Histologic development of cervical ectopy: relationship to reproductive hormones. Sexually Transmitted Disease. 27: 252-258.\r\n[8]\tKlovstad, H., Grjibovski, A. and Aavitsland, D. (2012). Population-based Study of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Prevalence and Associated Factors in Norway: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2012; 2;12: 1471-2334.\r\n[9]\tKrznaric, I., Ingiliz, P., Wienbreyer, A., Baumgarten, A., Carganico, A., Dupke, S., Ehret, R. and Obermeir, M. (2012). M\u00e9nage \u00e0 trois: increased prevalence of syphilis infection in HIV-positive MSM with acute hepatitis C. Journal of International AIDS society,2012; 15(4). 129\r\n[10]\t Kucinskiene V, Sutaite I, Valiukeviciene S, Milasauskiene Z, Domeika M.(2006). Prevalence and risk factors of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection.  Medicina (Kaunas) 2006; 42(11): 885-94.\r\n[11]\tMalhotra, M., Bala, M., Muralidhar, S., Khunger, N. and Puri, P. (2011). Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and its association with other Sexually-Transmitted Infections in a Terciary Case Center in North India. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Disease. 2011; 29, 82-5.\r\n[12]\t Manju, B., Jhinuk, B., Mullick, S. M., Joginder, K. and Ramesh, V. (2011).  Gonorrhoea and its co-infection with other ulcerative, non-ulcerative sexually transmitted &#038; HIV infection in a Regional STD Centre.  Indian Journal of Medical Research.2011; 133(3): 346\u2013349.\r\n[13]\tMarangoni, A., Foschi, C., Nardini, P., D\u2019 Antueno, A., Banzola, N., Di Francesco, A., Ostanello, F., Russo, I., Donati, M. and Cevenini, R. (2011). Chlamydia trachomatis serovar distribution and Other sexually-transmitted Coinfections in Subjects attending an STD Outpatients Clinic in Italy. New Microbiologica. 2011; 35: 215-219 \r\n[14]\tMathew, P. S., Sepehr, N. T., Rosanne, M., Vicki, K., and Suzanne M. G. (2004). Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis omp1 Genotypes Detected in Eye Swab Sample from Remote Australian Communities \u2013 Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004; 42 (6): 2501 \u2013 2507.\r\n[15]\tParikh, P. P. (2013) Sexually Transmitted Diseases\r\n[16]\tSheringham, J., Mann, S., Simms, I., Stafford, M., Hart, G. J. and Raine, R. (2011). It Matters What You Measure: A Systematic literature Review Examining Whether Young People in Poorer Socio-economic Circumstances are More at risk of Chlamydia. Sexually Transmitted Infections.2011; 1136 -050223\r\n[17]\tTurkur, J., Shittu, S. O., Abdul, A. M. (2006). A case study of Active Genital Chla-mydia Infection among patients with Tubal Infection in NorthernNigeria. Tropical. Document. 2011; 1: 14-16.\r\n[18]\tWard, H. and Ronn, M. (2010). Contribution of sexually transmitted infections to the sexual transmission of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010; 5:305\u201310.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ezema, James1 N., Imanyikwa, Olaedo E and Dibua, Maria-Esther &#8220;Prevalence and Coinfectivity of <i>Chlamydia Trachomatis<\/i> and Syphilis Infections among HIV Seropositive Women in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.189-194 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/189-194.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/189-194.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/prevalence-and-coinfectivity-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-and-syphilis-infections-among-hiv-seropositive-women-in-nsukka-enugu-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Prevalence and Coinfectivity of <i>Chlamydia Trachomatis<\/i> and Syphilis Infections among HIV Seropositive Women in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b05eb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47b05eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b06b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b06b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b0843\" data-id=\"47b0843\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b0982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47b0982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of dye on to <i>saccharum officinarum<\/i> waste adsorbents<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Yunus, M.M. and Garba, I. B. &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 195-200<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b0a26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b0a26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b0ba7\" data-id=\"47b0ba7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b0cd5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47b0cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This work investigated the potential use of activated carbon produced from saccharum officinarum waste as an adsorbent for the removal of dye stuff from aqueous solution. The activated carbon was impregnated using Orth-phosphoric acid for chemical activation. Some physicochemical parameters of the activated carbon studied include, pH, bulk density, ash and moisture content. Adsorption experiments were conducted at varying contact times, initial dye concentration and temperature. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in less than 40 minutes of contact time. Adsorption of dyes increased with increasing temperature. Thermodynamic characteristics which include free energy, enthalpy and entropy values were assessed using van\u2019t Hoff equation. Negative free energy and positive enthalpy values indicate the feasibility as well as endothermic nature of the adsorption event. Positive entropy suggests increased disorderliness at the solid\/solution interface during adsorption process. The kinetic study shows that pseudo-second-order model is best fit for the experimental data obtained<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 195-200\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 June 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8411<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Yunus, M.M.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Yobe State University, Damaturu; Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Garba, I. B.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Yobe State University, Damaturu; Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbazied, H. (2016). Problems and Solutions in Colors, Dyes and Pigment chemistry. Chemistry International, 3(2), pp. 97-105.\r\n[2]\tAli, R.M., Hamad, H.A., Hussein, M.M., and Malash, G.F., (2016) Potential of using green adsorbent for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions: adsorption kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamic, mechanism and economic analysis. Ecol.Eng 91, pp. 317\u2013332.\r\n[3]\tAOAC. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 16th ed. Arlington, Virginia: AOAC International. \r\n[4]\tAsif, Z. and Chen, Z. (2017). Removal of arsenic from drinking water usingrice husk. Appl Water Sci 7(3), pp. 1449\u20131458\r\n[5]\tASTM (1999). ASTM Book of Standard Test Methods: American Society for Testing Materials. Philadelphia PA.\r\n[6]\tBandary, B. Hussain, Z. and Kumar, R. (2016).  Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on Escherichia coli bacteria in removing dyes. Materials Today: Proceedings 3, pp. 4\u201923\u20134\u201928.\r\n[7]\tBelay, K. and Hayelom, A. (2014). Chemistry and materials research 6. (7): 31&#8211; 40\r\n[8]\tDijali, C., Zaghdoudi, R. and Djazi, F. (2015). Adsorption of dyes on activated carbon Prepared from apricot stones and commercial activated Carbon. J. of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 53, pp. 112-121.\r\n[9]\tDiouri, K., Kherbeche, A. and Chaqroune, A. (2015). Kinetics of Congo Red Dye Adsorption onto marble powder sorbent. Inter. J. of Innov. Research in Sci., Eng. and Technol. 4(2),pp. 2347-2351.\r\n[10]\tFatima, M., Farooq, R., Lindstr\u00f6m, R.W. and Saeed, M. (2017). A Review on Biocatalytic Decomposition of Azo Dyes and Electrons Recovery. J. of Molec. Liquids 246, pp. 275\u2013281.\r\n[11]\tHalder, J. N. and Islam, M. N., (2015).Water Pollution and Its Impact On the Human Health,\u201d J. of Environ. and Human, 2(1), pp. 36\u201346. \r\n[12]\tHo,Y.S. and McKay, G.(1999). Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process biochemistry,344: 51-65 \r\n[13]\tKhan, T.A., Dahiya, S. and Ali, I. (2012). Use of kaolinite as adsorbent: Equilibrium, dynamics and thermodynamic\r\nstudies on the adsorption of Rhodamine B from aqueous solution. Appl. Clay Sci.69, pp. 58\u201366.\r\n[14]\tKim, T.Y., and Cho, S.Y. (2015). Adsorption equilibria of reactive dye onto highly polyaminated porous chitosan beads. Korean Journal Chemical Engineering, 22, 691\u2013696.\r\n[15]\tKyas, G. (2013). The change from past to future for adsorbent material in Treatment of dyeing wastewaters. Materials, 6, 5131-5158\r\n[16]\tMohammad, S. A., Khanom, R. and Mohammad, A.R. (2015). Removal of Congo Red dye from Industrial Wastewater by Untreated Saw dust. American J. of Environ. Protection. 4 (5),pp. 207-213.\r\n[17]\tNa, L.v., Xiaoli W., Shitao P., Huaqin, Z.and Lei, L. (2018). Study of the Kinetics and Equilibrium of Adsorption of Oils onto Hydrophobic Jute Fiber Modified via the Sol-Gel Method. Int.J. Environ. Res. Public Health.(15), 969\r\n[18]\tOkiemmen, F., Okiemen, C. andWuana, A. (2008). Preparation andCharacterization of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 32, 126-136\r\n[19]\tSingha, B. and Das, S.K.(2011).Biosorption of Cr(VI) ions fromaqueous solutions: Kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics and desorption studies.Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 84 (1) pp. 221\u2013232,\r\n[20]\tSolener, M., Tunali, S.,Ozean, A. and Gedikbey, T. (2008).Adsorption characteristics of Lead (II) Ions onto the Clay\/poly(methoxyethyl) acrylamide (PMEA) Composite from AqueousSolutions. Desalination 223, 308-322.\r\n[21]\tTasar, S., Kaya, F., and Ozer, A. (2014).Bio sorption of lead(II) ions from aqueous solution by peanut shells: equilibrium, thermodynamic andkinetic studies. J. Environ ChemEng (2), 1018\u20131026\r\n[22]\tZakir, H., Rakesh, K., and Deepa, M., (2018). Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Adsorption Process Using a Spent-FCC Catalyst. Int. J. Engineer. &#038; Technol.7 (4.5), 284-287\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yunus, M.M. and Garba, I. B. &#8220;Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of dye on to <i>saccharum officinarum<\/i> waste adsorbents&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.195-200 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8411<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/195-200.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/kinetic-and-thermodynamic-studies-of-the-adsorption-of-dye-on-to-saccharum-officinarum-waste-adsorbents\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of dye on to <i>saccharum officinarum<\/i> waste adsorbents<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b1a2e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47b1a2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b1b1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b1b1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b1cce\" data-id=\"47b1cce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b1df3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47b1df3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impacts of Foreign Education Intervention Programmes On the Performance of Basic Science and Technology Teachers in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Katcha, M.A &#038; Mukaddas, T.M- April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 201-204<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b1e8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b1e8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b2010\" data-id=\"47b2010\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b215d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47b215d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the perceived impacts of foreign education intervention programmes on the performance of Basic Science and Technology teachers in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was employed for the study and a sample of eighty-nine teachers were randomly selected out of two hundred and sixty-two basic science and technology teachers from one hundred and sixty-one junior secondary schools in FCT, Nigeria. Data was collected personally in FCT Junior Secondary schools through the use of classroom Observation-checklist. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings from the study revealed that; Basic Science Teachers\u2019 performance was positively impacted through regular in-service training, workshops, and seminars organized by foreign organizations in Nigeria. On the basis of findings and conclusion, the study recommended that, FCT should partner with other international organizations to create opportunities for all teachers to attend teacher training programmes since their performance is enhanced through foreign education intervention training.  <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 201-204\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Katcha, M.A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mukaddas, T.M <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAremu, A. O. (2014). Improving access and quality education at the sub-national level. Paper Presented at the Third Retreat of Nigeria Governors\u2019 Forum, Eko Hotel and Suites, Nigeria. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nie.edu.sg\/files\/OER-NIE-ReEd9_Finalforweb.pdf\r\n[2]\tAzkiyah D., Simon, Bert P.M and Creemers L. (2014). Using the dynamic approach to school improvement to promote quality and equity in education; a European study\u2019 Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 01(8), 9289-1\r\n[3]\tDahar, R.T and Faize, F.A (2011). The challenge of effective science teaching in Nigerian secondary schools\u2019\u2019 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,  vol. 2(185)1\r\n[4]\tDahlman, C., Westphal, L. E., &#038; Kim, L., (1985). Reflections on Korea\u2019s Acquisition of technological capacity, in N. Resenbergnd C. Frisctaak , international technology transfer: concepts, measures and comparisons. New York: pagamon\r\n[5]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria, (2007) 9-year Basic Education curriculum. Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools 1-3.\r\n[6]\tMonga, C., and Lin, J., (2010). Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics, Policies and implementation. 2(4)45-49\r\n[7]\tMomeke, C.O. (2007). Effects of the learning cycle and expository instructional approaches on students\u2019 learning outcome in secondary biology.  PhD thesis university of Benin, Benin city, 2017 \r\n[8]\tNwideeduh, S. B. &#038;Adieme, F. G., (2016). The dynamics of re-engineering university education in Nigeria:The admission dimensions. Journal of Trends in Educational Studies (TRES), 9(1 &#038; 2) 100-110.\r\n[9]\tOmosewo, E.O. (2009). Views of physic teachers on the need to train and retrain physics teachers in Nigeria, African research review, 3 (1), 314-325.\r\n[10]\tOkeke, O.C, (2009). Training science for capacity. A paper presented for Anambra state stanlunchheon and award at choice hotel awka, July 30.\r\n[11]\tOkorie, N. C. &#038;Uche, C. M. (2004). Tri-dimensional concept of educational administration: The profile of a leader. In P. O. M. Nnabuo, N. C. Okorie, O. G. Agabi&#038; L. E. B. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences 6(4)2056-5852.\r\n[12]\tPatricia C., ukaigwe&#038;Adieme (2018). Teachers\u2019 training needs for sustainable functional secondary Education in Nigeria. European journal of research and reflection in educational sciences. 6(4) 2056-5852.\r\n[13]\tSMASE, (2005), Strengthening Mathematics and Science Education Project (SMASE) Nigeria. Retrieved July 27, 2018 fromhttps:\/\/www.jica.go.jp\/nigeria\/english\/activities\/basic02.html. \r\n[14]\tUSAID, (2019). USAID collaborates with the government of Nigeria to strengthen education systems the state and local government levels in select northern states.Retrieved February 19, 2019 fromhttps:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/nigeria. \r\n[15]\tUNESCO, (2010). Developing the use of information and communication technology to enhance teaching and learning in the east African schools: review of literature department of international education. University of Cambridge. Accessed October 23, 2018  https:\/\/www.educ.com.ac.uk.cce. \r\n[16]\tUwaifo, V.O (2009). Technical education and its challenges in Nigeria the 21st century, international NGO journal Vol. 5(2)pp.40-44.\r\n[17]\tWasagu, H., wushishi, D.I&#038;kubo, B.G. (2011). Challenges and prospects in the teaching of basic science at the upper basic level in Nigeria. Journal of Qualitative Education, Vol. 11(4) 0331-4790.\r\n[18]\tWorld Bank (2008). Nigeria today. A Review of the Costs and Financing of Public Education; vol.1 executive summary. Retrieved September, 24 2019. 2018  https:\/\/www.openknowledge.worldbank,org\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Katcha, M.A &#038; Mukaddas, T.M, &#8220;Impacts of Foreign Education Intervention Programmes On the Performance of Basic Science and Technology Teachers in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.201-204 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/201-204.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/201-204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impacts-of-foreign-education-intervention-programmes-on-the-performance-of-basic-science-and-technology-teachers-in-the-federal-capital-territory-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impacts of Foreign Education Intervention Programmes On the Performance of Basic Science and Technology Teachers in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b2ec5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47b2ec5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b2fb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b2fb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b3170\" data-id=\"47b3170\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b328f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47b328f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Performance Analysis of Diesel Engine with Blends of Waste Vegetable Oil and Diesel<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Sangem Sarangapani &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 205-209<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b3356 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b3356\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b34f7\" data-id=\"47b34f7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b3622 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47b3622\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Diesel engines are generally heavy duty vehicles used in transportation and agricultural sectors. Diesel engines meet their energy requirement from natural petroleum products. The problems associated with diesel fuels are their increasing price, atmospheric pollution and lack of sufficient availability in next few years. The vegetable oils stands as alternate fuels for natural fuels as physical and combustion properties are close to the diesel fuel. However the viscosity of the vegetable oils is higher than diesel fuel. In the present investigation waste sunflower oil is taken as alternate fuel. The high viscosity of sun flower oil is decreased by blending with diesel in various proportions and heated prior to the combustion in the cylinder. The fuel blends were heated by means of the cooling water of the engine. The blends of the varying proportions of sunflower oil and diesel were prepared, analysed and compared with diesel fuel. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of fuel blends was also studied. The performance of the engine using fuel blends were evaluated in a single cylinder C I engine and compared with the performance obtained with the pure diesel. The experiments were performed on the four stroke engine at various loads by maintaining constant speed. The fuel blends supplied to the engine are S 10 (10% of sunflower oil and 90% of diesel), S 25, S 50.It is observed that the performance of the engine is almost same up to S 25 fuel blend without much preheating, compared to pure diesel engine. The maximum brake thermal efficiency obtained is 30.3% for S 25 blend while it is 32.6% for pure diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption and maximum exhaust temperature obtained were 0.262 kg\/kWh and 292 C respectively for S 25 fuel blend, while they are 0.248 kg\/kWh and 242 C for pure diesel.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 205-209\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 June 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sangem Sarangapani<\/strong><\/span>\r\n Senior Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering, Government polytechnic Kataram, India \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tMc.Donnel, S.M.Ward \u201cResults of engine and Vehicle testing of semi refined rapeseed oil\u201d ASAE43(6):1309-16.\r\n[2]\tT.L.Peterson,D.L Aulid,V.M.Thomas \u201cVegtable oils as an agricultural fuel\u201d Bulletin No.596 Uni.Idaho,1(1981).\r\n[3]\tPishinger, \u201cMethylesters of Plant Oil as Diesel fuels,Either Straight or in blends\u201dASAE (1981)198-208.\r\n[4]\tH.Yong, \u201cExperimental Research on Cottonseed Oil as Alternate fuel for Diesel Engines\u201d AMA 29(1998)51-54.\r\n[5]\tVander Watt Hugo \u201cThe utilisation of sunflower seed oil as alternate fuel in Diesel Engines\u201d ASAE,4-81.\r\n[6]\tV.Ganeshan \u201cInternal Combustion Engines\u201d Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publications.\r\n[7]\tSrinivasa Rao, S.Rammoham Rao, SitaRama Rao\u201dJatropa Oil as an alternate fuel for Diesel Engines\u201dNational Conferance on Alternate and Renewable Energy,10-17. (1997).\r\n[8]\tM.L.Mathur and R.P.Sharma \u201cA course in Internal Combustion Engines\u201d Dhanpat Rai Publications.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sangem Sarangapani &#8220;Performance Analysis of Diesel Engine with Blends of Waste Vegetable Oil and Diesel&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.205-209 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/205-209.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/205-209.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/performance-analysis-of-diesel-engine-with-blends-of-waste-vegetable-oil-and-diesel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Performance Analysis of Diesel Engine with Blends of Waste Vegetable Oil and Diesel<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b43d2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47b43d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b44f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b44f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b46bd\" data-id=\"47b46bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b4814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47b4814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Video-Taped Instruction and Gender on Senior Secondary Students\u2019 Performance in Physics Practical in Port- Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Shedrack Tamunoiyowuna, Nduudee, Joy Nenalebari  &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 210-215<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b48bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b48bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b4a88\" data-id=\"47b4a88\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b4c0c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47b4c0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was carried out to investigate the effect of video-taped instruction and gender on Senior Secondary Students\u2019 performance in practical physics. The design for the study is quasi-experimental, of the type, pretest-posttest control group design. The population of the study comprised of all SS3 physics students in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State.  One hundred and three   (103) students in 2 co-educational schools made up the sample size. Two groups namely the experimental group and control group were used for the study. The experimental group was taught practical physics using video-taped instruction (VTI) while the control group was taught practical physics using the conventional (real handling of apparatus) teaching method (CM). Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The instrument used for the study was Physics Practical Skills Rating Scale (PPSRS).  The data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while t-test and two-way analysis of variance (2 x 2 \u2013 ANOVA) were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that use of video-taped instruction does not have any significant effect on gender. The following  recommendations, among others were also made :  that video-taped instruction as a method of teaching should be included  in the physics curriculum because it raised students\u2019 interest thereby improving performance irrespective of gender, use of ICT facilities and modern instructional materials should be encouraged in our schools, use of video taped instruction by teachers and students in the classrooms should be encouraged, teachers should be trained and retrained through in service programmes, workshops, conferences and seminars to keep them abreast with modern innovative teaching strategies. Implication of this study is that if VTI is fully implemented in our physics classes which improves performance irrespective of gender, there will be adequate manpower to provide for functional living in the society.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 210-215\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 June 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shedrack Tamunoiyowuna <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nduudee, Joy Nenalebari  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumoulumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdya, M. &#038; Kaiser, K.M. (2005).  Early determinants of women in the IT workforce: A model of girls\u2019 career choices.  Information Technology People, 18, 230 \u2013 259.\r\n[2]\tAgommouh, C. P. (2015).Enhancing the Teaching of Physics through the use of ICT in Senior Secondary Schools. 56th annual proceedings of STAN, PP 274-283. \r\n[3]\tAgommouh, C.P. &#038; Ndirika C.M. (2016). Assessment of Senior Secondary Teachers\u2019 Training and Usage of Information, Communication Technology (ICT) in Science Teaching.  STAN Proceedings,PP 553-561. \r\n[4]\tAgommouh, C.P. &#038; Ndirika C.M. (2017).Strategies for Promoting Gender Equality in STEM Education Towards Sustainable Development. 60th Annual proceedings of STAN      PP 298-303.\r\n[5]\tAjeyalemi, D. (2011). Practical work in school science: A re the aims and objectives being achieved? Memorial lecture in the 52nd annual conference proceedings of science teachers\u2019 association of Nigeria.\r\n[6]\tApata, F.S. (2017). Physics Teachers\u2019 Awareness and Attitude to Innovative Teaching Strategies: Implication for Capacity Building in Science and Technology. STAN Proceedings, PP 335-3468.\r\n[7]\tBerry, A., Mulhall, P., Gunstone, R. &#038; Loughran, J. (2010). Helping students learn from laboratory work. Australian Science Teachers\u2019 Journal, 45 (1), 27-31.\r\n[8]\tBourne, L., Dominowski, R. Loftus, E. &#038; Healy, A. (1986). Cognitive processes.  Eagle wood cliffs. NJ: prentice hall. \r\n[9]\tCampbell, R (2006). Teenage girls and cellular phones: discourses of independence, safety and \u2018\u2019rebellion\u201f. Journal of Youth Studies, 9, 195-212.\r\n[10]\tFederal Ministry of Education (1985). National curriculum for senior secondary schools, volume 3, Science Lagos: Federal Ministry of Education.\r\n[11]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2007). National Policy on Education. Lagos: \tNERDC press. \r\n[12]\tGrahame, J. &#038; Simons, M. (2004).Media Studies in the UK. Unpublished report. London Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. \r\n[13]\tHodson, D. (2004). A Critical look at practical work in school science. School Science Review. 71(256), 33-44.\r\n[14]\tHofstein, A., Navon, O., Kipnis, N. &#038; Mamlok-Naanan, R. (2005).  Developing students\u2019 ability to ask more and better questions resulting from inquiry-type chemistry laboratories.  Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 42 (32), 791-806.\r\n[15]\tHolzner, S. (2006). Physics for Dummies. Wiley. Retrieved July 23, 2009, from htt:www.amazon.com\/gp\/reader\/0764554336. \r\n[16]\tHsin, W. J., &#038; Cigas, J. (2013). Short videos improve student learning in online education. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 28(5), 253-259.\r\n[17]\tHoney, M. &#038; Moeller, B. (1996). Teacher\u2019s beliefs and technology integration: different values, different understandings. Retrieved June 15, 2001, from   http.ww.edc.org\/cct\/ccthone\/reports\/tr6.tml \r\n[18]\tIsrael, O.S. (2007). Effects of video-taped instruction on secondary school students\u2019 achievement in history. International Journal of African   American Studies, 6(1), 26-34.\r\n[19]\tJegede, O.J., Okota, O.E. &#038; Eniayeju, P.A. (1992).Raising the Standard of Performance in Public Examination in Science,Technology and Mathematics.\r\n[20]\tKirwan, T., Learmonth, J., Sayr, M., &#038; Williams, R. (2003). Ma pping media literacy. London, England: British Film Institute, BSC, ITC.\r\n[21]\tMeleisea, E. L. L. I. E. (2007). The UNESCO ICT in education programme. Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.\r\n[22]\tMilos, L., Vojkan, V., Srecko, S. &#038; Jelena, V. (2014). Using Supplementary Video in Multimedia Instruction as a Teaching Tool to Increase Efficiency of Learning and Quality of Experience.us.sagepub.com\/sites\/default\/files\/\/hevideolearning \r\n[23]\tMusasia M.A., Ocholla A.A. &#038; Memba E.B. (2012). Effect of Practical Work in Physics on Girls\u2019 Performance, Attitude change and Skills acquisition in the form two-form three Secondary Schools\u2019 transition in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science , 2(23), 151-166.\r\n[24]\tMusasia,M. A., Ocholla A.A. &#038; Thomas W.S.(2016). Physics Practical Work and Its Influence on Students\u2019 Academic Achievement. Journal of Education and Practice, 7 28:129-134. \r\n[25]\tMwanaszumbah, A. R., &#038; Magoma, C. M. (2016). Does the Integration of ICT in Physics Instruction in Secondary Schools Play the Magic Card? European Journal of Education Studies. \r\n[26]\tMwangi, B. K., Njoroge, B. &#038; Macharia, S. (2020). The Effect of ICT Content Delivery on Students\u2019 Achievement in Physics in Public Secondary Schools in Kahuro Sub-County, Murang\u2019a County, Kenya. American Journal of Educational Research. 2020, 8(3), 162-167.\r\n[27]\tNdirika, M.C. (2013). Investigating gender disparities in science enrolment and achievement, in Abia State, towards achieving the millennium development goals.  STAN Proceedings, 292-296. \r\n[28]\tNorton, P. &#038; Hathaway D. (2016). Video Production as an Instructional Strategy: Content Learning and Teacher Practice. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 10:1-10. \r\n[29]\tNguyen, N., Williams, J and Nguyen, T. (2012). The use of ICT in teaching tertiary physics: Technology and pedagogy. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, Volume 13, Issue 2, Article 6, p.1.  \r\n[30]\tNwagbo, C.R. &#038; Ugwuanyi, C.S. (2015). Influence of Gender on Science Teachers Pedagogical Beliefs and ICT Classroom Practices in Secondary Schools in Enugu State, Nigeria. STAN Proceedings PP 246-252.\r\n[31]\tOgunmade, T. O., Okedeji, S.A. &#038; Bajulaiye, A. A. (2006). The status of resources in secondary science technology and learning in Lagos State, Nigeria. 47th Annual Conference Proceedings of STAN PP 14 \u2013 21. \r\n[32]\tOkeke, E.A.C. (2007). Making science education accessible to All. 23rd Inaugural Lecture of University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[33]\tOlumuyiwa, A. &#038; Okunola, O.O. (2007). Comprehensive certificate physics. Ibadan: University press PLC. \r\n[34]\tOmeodu, M. D. (2018). Impact of Practical Work in the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in Rivers State. International Journal of Education and Evaluation, 4(5)PP 12-24. \r\n[35]\tOmiola, M.A., Enuwa, M.R., Awoyemi, S.O. &#038; Bada, A.A. (2012). Effect of developed video instructional package on the performance of senior secondary school physics students in Ilorin metropolis. British Journal of Science, 6(1), 45-54. \r\n[36]\tOwolabi, O.T. &#038; Oginni, O. I. (2013). Assessing the relative effectiveness of three teaching methods in the measurement of students\u2019 performance in physics. International Journal of materials, methods and technologies, 1(8), 116-125.\r\n[37]\tPapert, S. (1993). Mindstorms: Children, computers and powerful ideas. New York:  Basic books. \r\n[38]\tRainer, R.K., Laosethakul, K. &#038; Astone, M. K. (2003).AreGender Perceptions of Computing Changing over Time?Journal of Computer Information Systems,10(8)pp114.\r\n[39]\tReid, A. &#038; Bradley ,J. V. B.(2018).Assessing the Impact of Educational Video on Student Engagement, Critical Thinking and Learning: The Current State of Play. Michael Carmichael Senior Publisher for Video, SAGE Publishing. \r\n[40]\tSharma R., Rohilla, R., Sharma M. &#038; Manjunath T.C. (2005-2009). Design and Simulation of Optical Fober Bragg gratting Pressure sensor for minimum attenuation criteria. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, pp 515-530\r\n[41]\tShedrack, T. &#038; Robert, J. J. (2016).Effect of Video-Taped Instruction on senior Secondary Students\u2019 Performance in Physics Practical in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Science Journal of Education 4 (6), 169-174.\r\n[42]\tSchreiber, B. E., Fukuta, J. and Gordon, F. (2010), \u2018Live lecture versus video podcast in undergraduate medical education: A randomized controlled trial\u2019, BMC Medical Education 10(1), 68.\r\n[43]\tStanley, H. E. (2000). Exotic statistical physics: Applications to biology, medicine, and economics. Physica A, 285, 1-17.\r\n[44]\tUgwuanyi,C.S.,Nwankwo, C. &#038; Ugwoke, E. (2016).Assessment of the Efficacies of Power Point Presentation and Demonstration Methods on the Interest and Achievement of Students in Physics. 57th Annual Conference Proceedings of STAN, pp 487-493.\r\n[45]\tUNESCO (2010). Increasing Women Participation in Science, Mathematics and Technology Education and Employment in Africa. Expert group meeting Gender, Science and Technology. \r\n[46]\tWoolnough, B.E.  (2007). Practical Science: The Role and reality of practical work in school science. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. \r\n[47]\tYusuf, M.O. and Yusuf, H.T.  (2009).Education Reforms in Nigeria: The potentials of Information Communication Technology (ICT). http:\/\/wwwacademicjournals.org\/err\/abstract2009\/May%20and%20Yusuf.htm. \r\n.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shedrack Tamunoiyowuna, Nduudee, Joy Nenalebari  &#8220;Effect of Video-Taped Instruction and Gender on Senior Secondary Students\u2019 Performance in Physics Practical in Port- Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.210-215 April 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/210-215.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/210-215.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-video-taped-instruction-and-gender-on-senior-secondary-students-performance-in-physics-practical-in-port-harcourt-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Video-Taped Instruction and Gender on Senior Secondary Students\u2019 Performance in Physics Practical in Port- Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b5bba elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47b5bba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b5cb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b5cb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b5e7a\" data-id=\"47b5e7a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b5fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47b5fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Community Involvement in the Implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Rural Areas: A Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Chibombo District of Central Province, Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Sekelani Kawonga, Emily H. Mbozi, Harrison Daka- April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 216-228<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b6071 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b6071\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b622e\" data-id=\"47b622e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b63b0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47b63b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was carried out to investigate community involvement in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) in rural areas particularly in selected secondary schools of Chibombo district of Zambia. The objectives of the study included: to determine the major community stakeholders involved in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in selected secondary schools in Chibombo district; to examine how head teachers promote community participation in Comprehensive Sexuality Education in selected schools in Chibombo district; to establish the challenges that the rural secondary schools face in involving the community in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in selected secondary schools in Chibombo district and to determine measures which can be put in place to enhance community involvement in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in rural secondary schools. The research design which was used was Case Study in which qualitative data was collected. Data was collected from 92 respondents distributed as follows: fifty (50) pupils; seven (7) head teachers; seven (7) heads of department; fifteen (15) teachers; three (3) headmen; six (6) parents and four (4) church leaders. Data was collected using questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. The findings of the study showed that teachers, health personnel, parents, chiefs, headmen, church leaders, law officers, and civic leaders were used in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education. The school managers created opportunities for community involvement in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education through the integration of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in other programmes in the school such as guidance and counselling, Annual General Meetings (AGMs), infrastructural development, awards day, re-entry policy, controlling of bad behaviour and motivational talks. Traditions, low educational levels and literacy levels, negative attitude to educational programmes, long distance to school, irregular communication between the school and community, the use of English in secondary schools, women willing to be involved but not fully committed, lack of funds from the government and poverty among the members of the community were the major challenges to community involvement in Comprehensive Sexuality Education. The measures to be put in place to enhance Comprehensive Sexuality Education in rural secondary schools included sensitisation meetings, workshops, opening programmes which were specifically for Comprehensive Sexuality Education and include the community. Finally, based on the findings, the following recommendations have been made: The Ministry of General Education must make Comprehensive Sexuality Education a standalone subject and must be examinable. There is need to train all in-service teachers in Comprehensive Sexuality Education through workshops. Deliberate Comprehensive Sexuality Education programmes and activities must be put in place to allow the community to be involved in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in rural secondary schools. The community must be allowed to use familiar language and not just English when they are involved in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in rural secondary schools.   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 216-228\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8412<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sekelani Kawonga<\/strong><\/span>Department of Department of Educational Administration and Policy studies, University of Zambia.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emily H. Mbozi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAdult Extension Department, University of Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Harrison Daka <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Policy studies, University of Zambia  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAgneessens, F. (2006) Different Theories and Measures of Social Capital: Application in Knowledge-Intensive Work in Environment Paper presented at the Research Methods Festival, Oxford, St Catharine\u2019s College, Oxford. 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(2008) The Impact of Child Marriages in the Four Districts of\r\n                        Zambia.\r\n[28]\tMbokazi, S. (2015) The Role of Traditional Leaders in School Governance: Learning \r\na.\tfrom Two Communities in KwaZulu-Natal, Degree of Philosophy. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal.  \r\n[29]\tMbozi, E.M. (2009) \u2018Education and Early Childhood-A Case of Zambia\u2019, A Paper Presented at the Children\u2019s Rights at a Crossroads Conference Held on 30th November to 2nd December 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\r\n[30]\tMchunu, J.N. (2007) \u2018Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of the Teaching of Sexuality Education in Secondary Schools in the Pinetown District\u2019 Master of Education in the Department of Gender Studies.  University of KwaZulu-Natal: KwaZulu-Natal.\r\n[31]\tMcQuide, S. (2009) \u2018Making Education Equitable in Rural China Through Distance Learning\u2019 International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 10(1), pp1-21.\r\n[32]\tMinistry of Education (1996) Educating Our Future. Lusaka: ZEPH. \r\n[33]\tMinistry of Education (2013) Comprehensive Sexuality Education Framework (Grade 5-12). Lusaka: CDC.\r\n[34]\tMOE (2006) Decentralized Management of Education in Ethiopia.  A Reference Manual: Addis Ababa.\r\n[35]\tMufanechiya, T. and Mufanechiya, A. (2011) \u2018The Use of English Language as the Medium of Instruction in Zimbabwean Junior Primary Schools\u2019 Journal of Language and Communication 5(1) 2011, pp 115-127.\r\n[36]\tMukalula-Kalumbi, M. (2015). HIV and aids workplace policy: An implementation assessment of \tstrategies in selected secondary schools of Lusaka and Northern provinces. Zambia Journal of Education, 4 (2), 26 &#8211; 35\r\n[37]\tMulenga-Hagane, M., Daka, H. and Kanchebele-Sinyangwe, M. (2020). Learning from Change: Benefits and Implications of Distinct Primary and Secondary Schools for Education in Zambia. Malcolm Moffat Multidisciplinary Journal of Research and Education, 1 (1), 121 \u2013 136.\r\n[38]\tMulkeen, A. (2005) Teachers for Rural Schools: A Challenge for Africa.  Available at https:\/\/peopleumasj,edu Accessed on 27th June 2019\r\n[39]\tMullins, L.J. (2006) Essentials of Organization Behavior. Harlow: Prentice Hall.\r\n[40]\tNasrin, O.S. and Rahman, K.M. (2012) \u2018Factors Affecting Early Marriage and Early Conception of Women: A Case of Slum Areas in Rajshai City, Bangladesh\u2019 International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 4(2) Available at http:\/\/www.academicjournals,org\/IJSA Accessed on 26th June 2019.\r\n[41]\tNyoni, T. and Mufanechiya, A. 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(2003) \u2018Community Participation in School Policy and Practice in Malawi: Balancing Local Knowledge, National Policies and International Agency Priorities\u2019 Journal of Comparative International Education 33(1), pp47-64.\r\n[46]\tRubenstein, R. (2017) \u2018Sex Education: Find Facts, Not Fear\u2019 Health Matrix Journal of Law Medicine, 27(1), pp525-553.\r\n[47]\tStanton, G. (2019) 10 Things Everyone Should Know About a Christian View on Homosexuality. http:\/\/wwwfocusonthefamily.com Accessed on 30th August, 2019.\r\n[48]\tSanders, M. (2003) \u2018Community Involvement in Schools from Concept to Practice\u2019 Education and Urban Society 35(2), pp 161-180.\r\n[49]\tSa\u2019ad, T.U., Sadiq, A.M. and Tata, U.S. (2014) \u2018The Relevance of School Community Relationship on the Development of Primary Education in Azare Metropolis of Bauchi State, Nigeria\u2019 Journal of Research and Method in Education 4(11), pp23-29.\r\n[50]\tSchaf, K.A. et al., (2008) Poverty, Residential Mobility and Persistence Across Urban and Rural Family Literacy Programs in Pennsylvania.  University Park P.A Goodling Institute for Research in Family Literacy.\r\n[51]\tSharma, S. (2016) Community Participation in Primary Education. Mumbai: The Earth Institute Columbia University.\r\n[52]\tSwift-Morgan, J. (2006) \u2018\u2019What Community Participation Schooling Means: Insights from Southern Ethiopia. Harvard Educational Review 76(3), pp339-368.\r\n[53]\tTedin, K.L. and Weiher, G.R. (2011) \u2018General Social Capital, Education \u2013Related Social Capital Choosing Charter Schools\u2019 The Policy Studies Journal 39(4), pp 609-629.\r\n[54]\tTernieden, M.D. (2009) A Case Study of Community Participation in Primary Education in Three Village Schools IN Ethiopia. Available at www.udini.proquest.com\/view\/a-case-study-of-community-pqld:165005139211 Accessed on 29th June 2019.\r\n[55]\tTongco, C.D. (2007) \u2018Purposive Sampling as a Tool for Informant Selection\u2019 Journal of \r\n[56]\tUNESCO (2000) The Dakar Framework for Action. Paris: UNESCO.UNESCO (2007) Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2008: Mid-Term Review. Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[57]\tUNESCO (2009) International Technical Guidance of Sexuality Education VOLUME 1: The Rationale for Sexuality Education. Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[58]\tUNFPA (2016) Religion, Women\u2019s Health and Rights: Points of Contention and Paths of Opportunities. New York: UNFPA.\r\n[59]\tUNESCO (2019) International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education: An Evidence-Informed Approach. Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[60]\tUNFPA (2015) Incorporating Comprehensive Sexuality Education Within Basic and Higher Institutions of Learning. KwaZulu-Natal: UNFPA.\r\n[61]\tUNFPA (2017) Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Zambia. UNFPA: Lusaka\r\n[62]\tYowela, J.M. (2016) \u2018Factors that Influence the Prevalence of Child Marriages Among Married Men and Women in Chibombo District of Central Province\u2019 Master of Public Health in Population Studies. Lusaka: University of Zambia.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sekelani Kawonga, Emily H. Mbozi, Harrison Daka&#8221;Community Involvement in the Implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Rural Areas: A Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Chibombo District of Central Province, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.216-228 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8412<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/216-228.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/community-involvement-in-the-implementation-of-comprehensive-sexuality-education-in-rural-areas-a-case-of-selected-secondary-schools-in-chibombo-district-of-central-province-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Community Involvement in the Implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Rural Areas: A Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Chibombo District of Central Province, Zambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b7251 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47b7251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b7335 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b7335\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b74cf\" data-id=\"47b74cf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b7605 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47b7605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Development of Learning Craft Arts Online, Collaboration of Kamon Tachibana mon and Mandailing Bona Fur Carvings on Cushions and Tablecloths Couches<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Netty Juliana &#8211; April 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 229-232<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b76c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b76c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b7847\" data-id=\"47b7847\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b7992 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47b7992\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research is in the form of the development of learning craft art online in the collaboration of kamon ornaments and North Sumatra carvings on sofa cushions and tablecloths products. The methodology used in this research is descriptive quantitative with a Likert scale. The purpose of this research is to develop learning craft art online using a learning management system (LSM). The results of the evaluation of learning craft art online are as follows; media google classroom 86%; google media meet 87%; art and craft material 75%; materials designing craft products in general 76%; sequin sofa craft concept on flowchart 76%; sofa sequin craft concept on paper 77%; sofa craft sketches cushions and tablecloths 80%; design motifs and sofa products cushions and tablecloths 79%; sofa craft products cushions and tablecloths 81%; and the presentation of sofa craft products cushions and tablecloths 79%.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 229-232\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8413\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8413<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Netty Juliana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Engineering, Fashion Design Education Study Program, State University of Medan (Indonesia)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tOktafia I. Handarini. 2020. Online Learning as a Study From Home (SFM) Effort During the Covid Pandemic 19. Journal of Office Administration Education (JPAP).vol 8. no.3.\r\n[2]\t    Randall E Osborne. 2011. It Can Be Taught: Eksplorations into Teaching the Foundations For Multicultural Effectiveness in an Online Course. Paper form IACCP. https:\/\/scholarworks.gvsu.edu\/iaccp_papers\/68\/.\r\n[3]\tTatiana Chemi. 2017. Arts-based methods in education-A Global Perspective. River Publisher Series in innovation and change in Education. Aalborg University, Denmark.\r\n[4]\tCatherine E Kerrigan. 2015. The art of collaboration. Journal Researchgate.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/291973072. September.\r\n[5]\tJane Fedorowicz. 2008. Creativity,Innovation, and E-Collaboration. DOI: 10.4018\/jec.2008100101. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/220474984.\r\n[6]\tCatherine E Kerrigan. 2015. The art of collaboration. JournalResearchgate.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/291973072.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Netty Juliana &#8220;Development of Learning Craft Arts Online, Collaboration of Kamon Tachibana mon and Mandailing Bona Fur Carvings on Cushions and Tablecloths Couches&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.8 issue 4, pp.229-232 April 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8413<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-8-issue-4\/229-232.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/development-of-learning-craft-arts-online-collaboration-of-kamon-tachibana-mon-and-mandailing-bona-fur-carvings-on-cushions-and-tablecloths-couches\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Development of Learning Craft Arts Online, Collaboration of Kamon Tachibana mon and Mandailing Bona Fur Carvings on Cushions and Tablecloths Couches<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b86fc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47b86fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Impacts and Determinants of Urban Village Redevelopment\/ Transformation in Nigeria Ubani Princewill, Edidiong Elijah Usip, Bumaa Felix [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1652,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3832","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3832","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3832"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3832\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1652"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3832"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}