{"id":4480,"date":"2022-11-29T13:06:55","date_gmt":"2022-11-29T13:06:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/?page_id=4480"},"modified":"2022-12-28T07:25:17","modified_gmt":"2022-12-28T07:25:17","slug":"volume-ix-issue-xi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/archive\/volume-ix-issue-xi\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume IX Issue XI"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4480\" class=\"elementor elementor-4480 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba41a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba41a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba4463\" data-id=\"7ba4463\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba463f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ba463f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Web-Based Marketing Information System Design as One of the Multi-Channel Marketing Strategies on Ship Design Services Business <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Aini Oktaviani, I Gusti Ayu Sri Deviyanti November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 01-05<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba490a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba490a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba4b6c\" data-id=\"7ba4b6c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba4d0f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7ba4d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Technology has made great progress every year. For example, information and communication technology. Thanks to the development of information and communication technology, marketing methods that were previously traditional and conventional have now been integrated into the digital world. Many businesses use internet technology to sell and promote their products. Handa Ship Design &amp; Drawing business which is a business in the field of ship design services, plans to market their business online in the hope that this business can be known by many people. Based on the existing background, a web-based marketing information system was created as one of the applications of multichannel marketing strategies for the business. The development of information systems in this study was carried out using the system development life cycle method with a waterfall model approach. System modelling is described using context diagrams, data flow diagrams, and ER diagrams. This information system was built using PHP programming language and MySQL for the database. The final result of this research is a website that can be used by business owners to introduce their business and as a place of communication between customers and business owners.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-05\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aini Oktaviani <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Engineering, WR Supratman University Surabaya, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Gusti Ayu Sri Deviyanti<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Engineering, WR Supratman University Surabaya, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdullah, (2015). Design of a Web-Based Student Data Collection Information System for Darul Yatama Private Islamic Junior High School. Indonesian Journal on Networking and Security &#8211; Volume 4 No. 1.\r\n[2] Davis, G.B. (1999). Basic Framework of Management Information System. Jakarta: Institute for Management Education and Development.\r\n[3] Jayanti, Iriani, (2014). Payroll Information System at CV. Blumbang Sejati Pacitan. Journal Speed-Sentra Research Engineering And Education &#8211; Volume 6 NO 3 &#8211; 2014 &#8211; ijns.org.\r\n[4] Marimin, Tanjung, H. &amp; Prabowo, H. (2006). Human Resource Management Information System. Jakarta: Grasindo.\r\n[5] Rerung, R.R., 2018. Basic Web Programming. Deepublish.\r\n[6] Simanungkalit, J.H.U.P. and Si, S., 2006. Basic Concepts of Information Systems. Sofwan, Akhmad.\r\n[7] Sulthoni, S., 2015. Web-based E-Commerce Information System for Marketing Agricultural Products of Kluwan Village (Doctoral dissertation, College of Electronics and Computer Semarang).\r\n[8] Sutabri, T., 2012. The concept of information systems. Andi Publisher.\r\n[9] Wahid, A. A. (2020). Analysis of the Waterfall Method for Information System Development. J. Sciences Inform. and Manaj. STMIK, no. November, 1-5.\r\n[10] Yanto, (2016). Database Management Using MySQL. Yogyakarta: Deepublish, February 2016 ISBN 978-602-401-204-5.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aini Oktaviani, I Gusti Ayu Sri Deviyanti, &#8220;Web-Based Marketing Information System Design as One of the Multi-Channel Marketing Strategies on Ship Design Services Business &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.01-05 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/01-05.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/01-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/web-based-marketing-information-system-design-as-one-of-the-multi-channel-marketing-strategies-on-ship-design-services-business\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Web-Based Marketing Information System Design as One of the Multi-Channel Marketing Strategies on Ship Design Services Business <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba5c62 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7ba5c62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba5d4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba5d4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba5eed\" data-id=\"7ba5eed\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba6011 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ba6011\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Model for Tree Volume Estimation, Determination of Root- Shoot Relationship and Biomass Production of <i>Annona glabra<\/i> <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>P. G. Dikwaththa, D. T. Jayawardana, and D. Pindeniya November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 06-12<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba60ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba60ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba624a\" data-id=\"7ba624a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba638a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7ba638a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Annona glabra is a widely spreading invasive species which reduces biodiversity in ecosystems. The volume prediction of the tree is imortant for better preventive measures. The objectives of the study were to construct a volume prediction model, determination of the root and shoot ratio and field measures of A. glabra. Random sampling was used in Thalangama tank to collect the data from two age classes of 7 years and 12 years. Total biomass was estimated using fresh weight and dry weight of destructive tree samples. Mean total tree biomass estimated for 7 years and 12 years are 6.98 kg per tree (\u00b10.42) and 7.59 kg per tree (\u00b10.40) respectively. Root: shoot ratio for 7 years and 12 years are 1: 2.6 and 1: 2.4 respectively. Model for predicting tree age and tree volume estimated by regression analysis and the best fit models were selected based on R2 value. The models were construted of Age = (-2.527) + (1.525 Ht) for prediction of age of tree and V = (-0.014) + 5.494 BA + 0.002 Ht for prediction of individual height of tree of A. glabra. The introduced models of A. glabra would provide better calculation of volume stock and helps in better management practises of wetland ecosystems.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 06-12\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>P. G. Dikwaththa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>D. T. Jayawardana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>D. Pindeniya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWetland Management Division, Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aboal, J., Arevalo, J. R., Fernandez, A. (2005) Allometric relationships of different tree species and stand above ground biomass in the Gomera laurel forest (Canary Islands). Flora- Morphology Distribution Functional Ecology of Plants, 200(3), pp.264-274\r\n[2] Akindele, S. O., and LeMay, V. M., (2006) Development of tree volume equations for common timber species in the tropical rain forest area of Nigeria. Forest Ecology and Management 226, pp. 41\u201348\r\n[3] Amarasinghe, A. G. (2019) Trends of wetland reclamation in Colombo Metropolitan Region in Sri Lanka and strategies to minimize adverse impact. Sri Lanka Journal of Advanced Social Studies, 9 (1)\r\n[4] Bandara, W.A.R.T.W., Ranasinghe, O, Perera, P., Vlosky, R., Kizha, A. R. (2022) Potential to use invasive plants in biomass energy production: A case study Prosopis juliflora in coastal wetlands of Sri Lanka. Trees, Forests and People, 10.\r\n[5] Bambaradeniya C. (2002). The status and implications of alien invasive species in Sri Lanka. Zoos\u2019 Print Journal, 17 (11), pp. 930-935\r\n[6] Blujdea, V., Pilli, R., Dutca, I., Ciuvat, L. and Abrudan, I. (2012). Allometric biomass equations for young broadleaved trees in plantations in Romania. Forest Ecology and Management, 264, pp.172-184\r\n[7] Central Environmental Authority (2006) National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka\r\n[8] Dar, S. A., Bhat, S. U., Rashid, I. and Dar, S. A. (2020) Current Status of Wetlands in Srinagar City: Threats, Management Strategies, and Future Perspectives. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7, 199.\r\n[9] Dey, T., Ahmed, S. and Islam, MD.A. (2021). Relationships of tree height-diameter at breast height (DBH) and crown diameter-DBH of Acacia auriculiformis plantation.Aasian Journal of Forestry, 5, pp.71\u201375.\r\n[10] Dhyani, R., (2021). Modelling tree growth for estimation and validation of stem volume equations. Amity Journal of Computational Sciences (AJCS), 4(2) &amp; 5(1)\r\n[11] Han, Y., Wu, B., Wang, K., Guo, E., Dong, C. and Wang, Z. (2016). Individual-tree form growth models of visualization simulation for managed Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 123, pp.341-350.\r\n[12] Hogg, B. W., Lewis, T., Huth, J. R. &amp; Lee, D. J., (2021). Small-tree volume equations for subtropical hardwood plantation species. Australian Forestry, 84:3, pp. 152-158\r\n[13] Kotagama, S. W. and Bambaradeniya, C. N. (2006). An overview of the wetlands of Sri Lanka and their conservation significance. National Wetlands Directory of Sri Lanka, 7-16.\r\n[14] Kuyah, S., Dietz, J., Muthuri, C., Jamnadass, R., Mwangi, P., Coe, R. and Neufeldt, H. (2012). Allometric equations for estimating biomass in agricultural landscapes: I. Aboveground biomass. Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment, 158, pp.216-224.\r\n[15] Kuyah, S., Dietz, J., Muthuri, C., van Noordwijk, M. and Neufeldt, H. (2013). Allometry and partitioning of above- and below-ground biomass in farmed eucalyptus species dominant in Western Kenyan agricultural landscapes. Biomass and Bioenergy, 55, pp.276- 284.\r\n[16] Ministry of Environment (2016) National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022\r\n[17] Metro Colombo Urban Development Project (2015) Wetland Management Strategy \u2010 Technical Report 02 \u2010 Ecological Status\r\n[18] Mokany, K., Raison, R. and Prokushkin, A. (2006). Critical analysis of root: shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology, 12(1), pp.84-96.\r\n[19] Monk, C. (1966). Ecological Importance of Root\/Shoot Ratios. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 93(6), p.402.\r\n[20] Mugasha, W., Eid, T., Bollands\u00e5s, O., Malimbwi, R., Chamshama, S., Zahabu, E. and Katani, J. (2013). Allometric models for prediction of above- and belowground biomass of trees in the miombo woodlands of Tanzania. Forest Ecology and Management, 310, pp.87- 101.\r\n[21] Rizk, A. and Singerman, A. (2020) The social cost of managing invasive species: the case of citrus greening. 2020 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, Kansas City, Missouride Lima, R. B., Rutishauser, E., da Silva, J. A. A., Guedes, M. C., Herault, B., de Oliveira, C. P., Apar\u00edcio, P. S., Sotta, E. D., da Silva, D. A. S. and Ferreira, R. L. C., (2021) Accurate Estimation of Commercial Volume in Tropical Forest., Forest Science, 67(1), pp 14\u201321\r\n[22] S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda, E.A., L\u00f3pez-Rosas, H., Sosa, V.J. et al. (2022). Effect of water level and salinity on the growth of Annona glabra L. seedlings. Wetlands Ecol Manage 30, pp. 579\u2013593\r\n[23] Sri Lanka land reclamation and Development Corporation (2016) Environmental assessment (EA) for the proposal project on madiwela east division schem- part 1: Improvements to Thalangama and Averihena tank.\r\n[24] Subasinghe, S. and Gunarathne W. P. K. (2007). Construction of precise growth model to predict the individual tree stem volume for mature Tectona grandis L.f. (teak). The Sri Lanka Forester, 30 &amp; 31 pp.1-13\r\n[25] Subasinghe, S. and Munasinghe G.B. (2011). Estimation of Above Ground Tree Biomass and Carbon of Pinus caribaea (Morelet). Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment, 4(1) pp.56-70.\r\n[26] Subasinghe, S. M. C. U. P. (2015) Construction of allometric relationships to predict growth parameters, stem biomass and carbon of Eucalyptus grandis growth in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment, Vol. 5, No. 02, 26-39\r\n[27] The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. (2013). Annona glabra. [online] Available at: http:\/\/lee.ifas.ufl.edu\/Hort\/GardenPubsAZ\/Pond_Apple.pdf [Accessed 12\/09\/2016].\r\n[28] Thirunadarajah, M. (2006) Construction of a complete yield table for Eucalyptus torelliana F. Muell using the height-age relationship.\r\n[29] Vanclay, J. (1994). Modelling forest growth and yield. 1st ed. Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International.\r\n[30] West, P. (2009). Tree and forest measurement. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer.\r\n[31] Weeds of national significance; national strategy. (2001). Pond apple: strategic plan. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.daf.qld.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0004\/56812\/IPA-Pond-Apple-Nsplan.pdf [Accessed 6\/09\/2020].\r\n[32] Xiang, W., Li, L., Ouyang, S. et al. (2021). Effects of stand age on tree biomass partitioning and allometric equations in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations. European Journal of Forest Research,140, 317\u2013332.\r\n[33] Xu, T., Weng, B., Yan, D., Wang, K., Li, X., Bi, W., Li, M., Cheng, X. and Liu, Y. Wetlands of International Importance: Status, Threats, and Future Protection. (2019) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.; 16(10):1818.\r\n[34] Yuan, Z., Gazol, A., Wang, X., Lin, F., Ye, J., Zhang, Z., Suo, Y., Kuang, X., Wang, Y., Jia, S. and Hao, Z. (2016). Pattern and dynamics of biomass stock in old growth forests: The role of habitat and tree size. Acta Oecologica, 75, pp.15-23.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">P. G. Dikwaththa, D. T. Jayawardana, and D. Pindeniya, &#8220;Model for Tree Volume Estimation, Determination of Root- Shoot Relationship and Biomass Production of <i>Annona glabra<\/i> &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.06-12 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/06-12.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/06-12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/model-for-tree-volume-estimation-determination-of-root-shoot-relationship-and-biomass-production-of-annona-glabra\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Model for Tree Volume Estimation, Determination of Root- Shoot Relationship and Biomass Production of <i>Annona glabra<\/i> <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba7150 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7ba7150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba721e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba721e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba73ac\" data-id=\"7ba73ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba74e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ba74e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Physical Development and Challenges of Spontaneous Waterfronts in Port Harcourt Metropolis Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry, Chikagbum Wocha, Neebee Bonny November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 13-17<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba7588 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba7588\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba76fd\" data-id=\"7ba76fd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba7822 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7ba7822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The development of spontaneous waterfronts has profound and positive effect on its local destination and neighbouring communities, as it brings physical, social and economic advancement. This research evaluates developmental sustainability and encounters of spontaneous waterfronts in Port Harcourt metropolis Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to determine the challenges of spontaneous waterfront communities, analyse and justify developmental stride for spontaneous waterfronts and assess how development of unplanned waterfront improve existing land uses and declines penury. The research method or approach adopted includes in-depth field work, environmental observation, questionnaire administration, interviews, collection and processing of the field data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse all the data obtained for the study and the findings revealed that government, total clearance approach, loss of social justice, land ownership, heritage, \/culture, poor environmental and social justice are the development challenges of spontaneous waterfront. The community members observed that 51% and 97% expected physical development of spontaneous waterfront through physical planning approaches as in contradiction to 5% experimented populace who pointed observations and expectant to that influence. Though, the considered implication value of 126. 45 revealed an advanced scientific value greater than the desk value of 3.84. The recommendation moored that government and built environment stakeholders must provide enabling environment to enhance development and sustainability of spontaneous waterfronts.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 13-17\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chikagbum Wocha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Neebee Bonny<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic Bori Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Andrew, H. (2006) \u2018\u2019Narrating the Urban Waterfront: The Role of Public History in Community Revitalization\u2019\u2019 The Public Historian 28 (4): 19\u201350.\r\n[2] Azlina, B.M.Y., Chris, E., John, M.D. (2015) Waterfront Development For Residential Property In Malaysia, 1-23.\r\n[3] Brian, H. (2002) Urban waterfront revitalization in developing countries: the example of Zanzibar\u2019s Stone Town, Geographical journal 168 (2) 141-162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-4959.00044\r\n[4] Derek, V.(2009) \u2018\u2019Urban waterfront rehabilitation: can it contribute to environmental improvements in the developing world\u2019\u2019 Environmental Research Letters,1-8. doi:10.1088\/1748-9326\/4\/2\/024003.\r\n[5] Dimitriou, H. T. (1998)\u2019\u2019 Developing a Transport Strategy to Address Problems of Increased Motorization\u2019\u2019 A Strategy for Medium Sized Cities in Asia and the Pacific Region. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), (1998).\r\n[6] Harry, den H. (2021) \u2018\u2019Shanghai\u2019s Regenerated Industrial Waterfronts: Urban Lab for Sustainability Transitions\u2019\u2019 Urban Planning 6,(3),181\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17645\/up.v6i3.4194\r\n[7] Ken P. Y., Leann, A., Nicole, F., Karen, D.,Thomas, L., Jungho, N.(2016)\u2019\u2019 Revitalizing urban waterfronts: identifying indicators for human well-being\u2019\u2019 DOI: 10.3934\/environsci.2016.3.456 3(3) 456-473.\r\n[8] Linn, J., F. (1983)\u2019\u2019 Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for their Equitable and Efficient Growth. Oxford\u2019\u2019 World Bank Research Publication, Oxford University Press\r\n[9] Nufar, A., and Na\u2019ama, T., (2019) Urban Waterfronts: Contemporary Streams of Planning Conflicts, 34 (4).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0885412219850891\r\n[10] Sarah, E., Marwa, K., and Ahmed, S. A, E. (2021) Biophilic perceptions in the urban waterfront: analytical study of the Nile waterfront in Central Cairo, HBRC Journal, 17(1) 19-39, DOI: 10.1080\/16874048.2021.1872052\r\n[11] Sahar, A., Asmaa, A. and Aty, M. I (2017) Accessible and Inclusive Public Space: The Regeneration of Waterfront in Informal Areas\u2019 Urban Research and Practice 11(4), 314-337 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17535069.2017.1340509\r\n[12] Song, L., Si-Qi, L.C., and Liuac, L.J. (2021)\u2019\u2019 What influenced the vitality of the waterfront open space? A case study of Huangpu River in Shanghai, China, Cities Volume 114, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103197\r\n[13] Rauno, S., Satu, K(2006) Assessing social impacts in urban waterfront regeneration. Environmental Impact Assessment Review,26 (1) 120-135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eiar.2005.05.003.\r\n[14] Stella K. (2013) On the Revitalized Waterfront: Creative Milieu for Creative Tourism, Sustainability 5(11), 4578-4593, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su5114578.\r\n[15] Ugwu, L.N., Ugwuoke, H.U. and Ubani, P. (2022)\u2019\u2019 Regional Development Potentials of Inland Watercourses Settlement in Nigeria State\u2019\u2019 International Journal for Research Trend and Innovation 7 (8).962-96 IJRTI2208164.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amakiri-whyte Belema Henry, Chikagbum Wocha, Neebee Bonny, &#8220;Physical Development and Challenges of Spontaneous Waterfronts in Port Harcourt Metropolis Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.13-17 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/13-17.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/13-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/physical-development-and-challenges-of-spontaneous-waterfronts-in-port-harcourt-metropolis-nigeria\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Physical Development and Challenges of Spontaneous Waterfronts in Port Harcourt Metropolis Nigeria <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba8568 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7ba8568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba862f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba862f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba87a7\" data-id=\"7ba87a7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba88d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ba88d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Human Developmental Vices <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD., M.Ed., M.Th November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 18-23<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba8974 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba8974\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba8afd\" data-id=\"7ba8afd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba8c42 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7ba8c42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">As human beings develop physically, cognitively, emotionally, morally, technologically, and spiritually, so they develop vices which are moral depravity, moral fault, and\/or a habitual trivial shortcoming. These vices such as biting, fornication, lying, gluttony, greed, jealousy, stealing etc. develop at different developmental milestones of a nature-nurture interaction and as early as from infancy from underlying normal behaviors. It is theorized that if the behaviors that may lead to vices are well managed, they may become virtues. However, if one skips these developments in early childhood, it might catch up with one in adulthood where the struggle to overcome the vice may become sterner. This theory of human developmental vices may be important in understanding human negative behaviors and in promoting healthy parenting as well as understanding the individual differences inherent in each child response style as it interplays between nature and nurture. Researchers are challenged to empirically investigate this theory<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 18-23\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2022.91101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2022.91101<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD., M.Ed., M.Th <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPsycho-Spiritual Institute of Lux Terra Leadership Foundation, an Affiliate of the Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ajlouni, H. 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You are the Success. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/337464190_YOU_ARE_THE_SUCCESS\r\n[19] Erikson, Erik H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. International Universities Pressr\r\n[20] Evans, A. D. &amp; Lee, K. (2013). Emergence of lying in very young children. Developmental Psychology, 1958-1963. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031409\r\n[21] Florence Inferno. (2014, September 22). The Seven Deadly Sins. https:\/\/www.florenceinferno.com\/the-seven-deadly-sins\/\r\n[22] Freud, S. (1905). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. (Trans. James Strachey). Basic Books\r\n[23] Isenberg, A., 1973. \u2018Deontology and the Ethics of Lying,\u2019 in Aesthetics and Theory of Criticism: Selected Essays of Arnold Isenberg, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. 245\u2013264.\r\n[24] Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n,d). Lying and Stealing. https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions-and-diseases\/lying-and-stealing\r\n[25] Johnston, J. E. (2011, April 27). 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Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(3), 421\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407593103008\r\n[31] McEwen, F. S., Moffitt, T. E., &amp; Arseneault, L. (2014). Is childhood cruelty to animals a marker for physical maltreatment in a prospective cohort study of children? Child abuse &amp; neglect, 38(3), 533\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.10.016\r\n[32] Merriam-Webster. (n.d.a). Vice. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/vice\r\n[33] Merriam-Webster. (n.d.b). Envy. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/envy\r\n[34] Merriam-Webster. (n.d.c.). Fornication. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/fornication\r\n[35] Miller, P. H. (2011). Piaget&#8217;s theory: Past, present, and future.\r\n[36] Morin, A. (2022, May 12). What to Do If Your Child Steals. https:\/\/www.verywellfamily.com\/what-to-do-when-your-child-steals-1095005\r\n[37] National Center on the Sexual Behavior of Youth. (n.d.). Better lives, through better choices. https:\/\/www.ncsby.org\/content\/normative-sexual-behavior#:~:text=School%20children%20and%20young%20adolescents,months%20to%20one%20year%20later.\r\n[38] Okholm, D. (2000, September 11). &#8220;Rx for Gluttony&#8221;. Christianity Today, Vol. 44, No. 10, p.62\r\n[39] Okwu, O. J. (2006). A Critique of Students\u2019 Vices and the Effect on Quality of Graduates of Nigerian Tertiary Institutions. Journal of Social Sciences, 12:3, 193-198. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09718923.2006.11978391\r\n[40] Parents Editors. (2022, May 17). Age-by-Age Guide to Lying. https:\/\/www.parents.com\/kids\/development\/behavioral\/age-by-age-guide-to-lying\/\r\n[41] Piaget, J. (1936). Origins of intelligence in the child. Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul.\r\n[42] Silovsky, J. F., &amp; Swisher, L. M. (2008). CHAPTER 25 \u2013 Sexuality. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics. Mark L. Wolraich, Dennis D. Drotar, Paul H. Dworkin, and Ellen C. Perrin, (Editors) Pages 805-870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-04025-9.50028-3.\r\n[43] Sravanti L. (2017). Nurture the nature. Indian journal of psychiatry, 59(3), 385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_341_17\r\n[44] McKee, A. (2020, November 16). Yes, your child will be exposed to online porn. But don\u2019t panic \u2014 here\u2019s what to do instead. https:\/\/theconversation.com\/yes-your-child-will-be-exposed-to-online-porn-but-dont-panic-heres-what-to-do-instead 149900#:~:text=According%20to%20some%20sources%2C%20the,on%20porn%20and%20their%20kids.\r\n[45] Unal, F. (2000). Predisposing factors in childhood masturbation in Turkey. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159:338\u201342\r\n[46] Watson, S. (2020, October 8). How to Stop Your Child from Biting. https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/parenting\/stop-children-from-biting#:~:text=Biting%20is%20a%20normal%20part,something%20you%20want%20to%20discourage.\r\n[47] Wauthier, L. M. &amp; Williams, J. M. (2022). Understanding and Conceptualizing Childhood Animal Harm: A Meta-Narrative Systematic Review, Anthrozo\u00f6s, 35:2, 165-202, http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927936.2021.1986262\r\n[48] Wipfler, P. (2013, July 3). What to do When Toddlers Bite. https:\/\/www.handinhandparenting.org\/2013\/07\/what-to-do-when-toddlers-bite\/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20main%20reasons,outlets%20like%20crying%20and%20tantrums.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD., M.Ed., M.Th, &#8220;Human Developmental Vices &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.18-23 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2022.91101<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/18-23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/human-developmental-vices\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Human Developmental Vices <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba999b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7ba999b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba9a60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba9a60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba9bf4\" data-id=\"7ba9bf4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba9d13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ba9d13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Curriculum Deficiency Syndrome: An Impediment to Holistic Basic Science Education in The Western Region of Ghana <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>James Hinson, Habib Bipembi, Collins Oppong Arthur November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 24-33<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ba9db3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ba9db3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ba9f34\" data-id=\"7ba9f34\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7baa07e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7baa07e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines basic science teachers\u2019 classroom professional practices and how it influences learners\u2019 understanding of basic scientific concepts. The study also examines factors that militate against effective science professional teacher practices in handling the new standard based curriculum in science as well as factors which aggravate Curriculum Deficiency Syndrome (CDS) and what basic science teachers can do to improve the situation. The study employed the descriptive survey design using stratified random sampling in selecting two strata consisting 12 Junior High school teachers(K-12) and 60 upper primary science teachers (K-9) drawn from three districts in the western regions of Ghana. A questionnaire and an interview guide were the main instruments used in collecting data for the study. To ensure validity and reliability of the instruments employed in this study, the instruments were pilot tested at Zion cluster of schools in Takoradi. Experts from the Science Education Department of Holy Child College of Education proof read the items. Some of the items were reframed while a number of items measuring the same constructs were properly aligned. Items whose specificity could not be properly aligned with the constructs being measured were deleted. Analysis of data revealed that classroom professional practices of basic school science teachers fall short of the curricula expectations. Teachers could not plan remedial instructions for learners with CDS. This is because the 3-day crush national training held prior to the implementation of the new curriculum could not equip basic science teachers with the skills expected in teaching the new curriculum. Time constraints, large class size, inadequate in-service training and lack of flexibility on the daily schedules in the basic schools prevented science teachers from making the desired impact during instructions. Teachers resorted to teaching basic science concepts in abstract due to unavailability of science resources. The study recommends basic science teachers develop a plan to assist learners experiencing curriculum deficiency syndrome to overcome their challenges in the teaching and learning of basic science. The study also recommends action research, in-service training, exposure to current innovative pedagogies (flipped class teaching, concept mapping, and augmented multimedia) and access to science resources to enable basic science teachers help reverse this trend<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 24-33\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Hinson <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of science education, Holy Child College of Education, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Habib Bipembi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of mathematics and ICT education, Holy Child College of Education, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins Oppong Arthur <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of science education, holy Child College of education, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aboagye, E., &amp; Yawson, J. A. (2020). Teachers&#8217; Perception of the New Educational Curriculum in Ghana. African, Educational Research Journal, 8(1), 6-12.\r\n[2] Abungu, H. E., Okere, M. I., &amp; Wachanga, S. W. (2014). The effect of science process skills teaching approach on secondary school students\u2019 achievement in chemistry in Nyando District, Kenya. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(6), 359-359.\r\n[3] Acharya, K. P. (2018). Hands-on, minds-on and hearts-on activities in high school science teaching: A comparison between public and private schools in Nepal. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 8(2), 51-57.\r\n[4] Alemu, S. K. (2018). The Meaning, Idea and History of University\/Higher Education in Africa: A Brief Literature Review. In FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education (Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 210-227).\r\n[5] Alenezi, M. R., Alshammari, A. S., Jayawardena, K. I., Beliatis, M. J., Henley, S. J., &amp; Silva, S. R. P. (2013). 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Senior High School students\u2019 views on the teaching of Integrated Science in Ghana. Journal of Science Education and Research, 1(2), 49-61.\r\n[11] Blignaut, R. J., Jacobs, J., &amp; Vergnani, T. (2015). Trends in HIV risk behaviour of incoming first-year students at a South African university: 2007-2012. SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV\/AIDS Research Alliance, 12(1), 39-50.\r\n[12] Bonney, E. A., Micah, S. N., &amp; Hinson, J. (2018). Teacher Trainees Perception Towards On-Campus Teaching Practice at The Holy Child College Of Education, Takoradi, Ghana. European Journal of Education Studies.\r\n[13] Brion, C., &amp; Cordeiro, P. A. (2019). Lessons learned from observing teaching practices: The case of Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 10(12).\r\n[14] Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (Sixth). Oxon: Routledge.\r\n[15] Facione, P. A., &amp; Gittens, C. A. (2015). Mapping Decisions and Arguments. Inquiry: Critical Thinking across the Disciplines, 30(2), 17-53.\r\n[16] Haney, J. J., &amp; McArthur, J. (2002). Four case studies of prospective science teachers&#8217; beliefs concerning constructivist teaching practices. Science Education, 86(6), 783-802.\r\n[17] Hattie, J. (2012). Visible learning for teachers: Maximizing impact on learning. Routledge.\r\n[18] Hoy, A. W., &amp; Weinstein, C. S. (2013). Student and teacher perspectives on classroom management. In Handbook of classroom management (pp. 191-230). Routledge.\r\n[19] Jack, B. M., &amp; Lin, H. S. (2018). Warning! Increases in interest without enjoyment may not be trend predictive of genuine interest in learning science. International Journal of Educational Development, 62, 136-147.\r\n[20] Jack, G. V. (2018). Chemistry students\u2019 science process skills acquisition: Influence of gender and class size. Global Research in Higher Education, 1(1), 80-97.\r\n[21] Mereku, D. K. (2019). Sixty years of teacher education in Ghana: Successes, challenges and the way forward. African Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics and Sciences, 15(2), 69-74.\r\n[22] Miyoba, R., &amp; Banja, K. M. (2018). Teachers\u2019 perceptions regarding the role of practical work in teaching integrated science at junior secondary school level in Zambia. UNESWA Journal of Education, 1(2), 180-197.\r\n[23] Mizzi, D. (2013). The Challenges Faced by Science Teachers When Teaching Outside Their Specific Science Specialism. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 6(4), 1-6.\r\n[24] Mupa, P., &amp; Chinooneka, T. (2019). Factors contributing to ineffective teaching and learning in primary schools: Why are schools in decadence.\r\n[25] Mwangu, E. C., &amp; Sibanda, L. (2017). Teaching biology practical lessons in secondary schools: A case study of five Mzilikazi District secondary schools in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 6(3), 47.\r\n[26] Neagley, R. L., &amp; Evans, N. D. (1967). Handbook for Effective Curriculum Development. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey1 prentice-Hall.\r\n[27] Nkechi, N. A. (2012). Assessment of resources and the level of entrepreneurial skills acquired by secondary school physics students in Anambra State. Awka: Nnamdi Azikiwe\r\n[28] Okeke, S. O., &amp; Okoye, N. E. (2013). Effective resource utilization: A better approach to teaching and learning of Physics. Academic Journal of interdisciplinary studies, 2(6), 35-35.\r\n[29] Okori, O. A., &amp; Omenka J., (2017). Improvisation and utilization of resources in the teaching and learning of science and mathematics in secondary schools in Cross River state. Global Journal of Educational Research, 16(1), 21-28.\r\n[30] Olagunju, A. M., &amp; Abiona, O. F. (2008). Production and utilization of resources in biology education. A Case Study of South West Nigerian Secondary Schools Department of Teacher Education University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Department of Teacher Education University of Ibadan, Ibadan.\r\n[31] Opara, P, N. &amp; Etukudo, D, U. (2014). Factors Affecting Teaching and Learning of Basic Science and Technology in Primary Schools. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research Vol.1, N0.1, September 2014. Pp. 46-58\r\n[32] Osamwonyi, E. F. (2016). In-Service Education of Teachers: Overview, Problems and the Way Forward. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(26), 83-87.\r\n[33] Parker, J., Osei-Himah, V., Asare, I., &amp; Ackah, J. K. (2018). Challenges faced by teachers\u2019 in teaching integrated science in Junior High Schools in Aowin Municipality-Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(12), 65-68.\r\n[34] Roberts, C. (2012). Information structure: Towards an integrated formal theory of pragmatics. Semantics and pragmatics, 5, 6-1.\r\n[35] Yambi, T. (2018). Assessment and evaluation in education. University Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.\r\n[36] Omorogbe, E., &amp; Ewansiha, J. C. (2013). The challenge of effective science teaching in Nigerian secondary schools. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(7), 181.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">James Hinson, Habib Bipembi, Collins Oppong Arthur, &#8220;Curriculum Deficiency Syndrome: An Impediment to Holistic Basic Science Education in The Western Region of Ghana &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.24-33 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/24-33.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/24-33.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/curriculum-deficiency-syndrome-an-impediment-to-holistic-basic-science-education-in-the-western-region-of-ghana\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Curriculum Deficiency Syndrome: An Impediment to Holistic Basic Science Education in The Western Region of Ghana <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7baae9a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7baae9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7baafa6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7baafa6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bab142\" data-id=\"7bab142\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bab267 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bab267\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Economic, Environmental and Safety impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and the coping strategies for the petroleum industry <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong> Franklin Okoro, Nwamaka Linda Okoli, Mary Frank-Okoro, Ambrose Onne Okpu, Cynthia Ehialeta November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 34-39<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bab311 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bab311\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bab4a0\" data-id=\"7bab4a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bab5d6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7bab5d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assessed the economic, environmental and safety impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and coping strategies for the petroleum industry using the descriptive survey design approach. Eighty (80) oil companies that operate in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, constituted the population of the study. Random sampling method was applied in choosing the sample for assessment and in getting the respondents to answer the questionnaire. The random sample size was derived utilizing Yamane Taro&#8217;s statistical technique to arrive at a sample size of 70. The study made use of questionnaires of both structured and semi-structured nature. Data from the answered questionnaires were analyzed both qualitatively using percentages. From the findings, the environmental impacts identified were both negative and positive. The result revealed that the safety impacts of COVID-19 pandemic across selected petroleum companies in Port Harcourt are in two (2) folds (positive and negative). The positive impacts included: improved air quality, reduction in water pollution, drop in Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, reduction in noise pollutions. Whereas the negative impacts identified were clogging in water ways, increased land filling and environmental pollutants worldwide. The Positive Safety Impacts are increased level of awareness of threat to health globally and increased level of safety measures practiced. The Negative Safety Impacts include increased risk of getting infections and increased risk of disease transmission from one person to another. From the results, the economic impact felt was a reduction in the barrel price of oil. Finally, the result revealed that some of the possible coping strategies are Rigid travel policies permitting essential duties workers only should be formulated and implemented for the short period of time and reduction of working days for offshore staff.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 34-39\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Franklin Okoro <\/strong><\/span>\r\nClean Script Group, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Nwamaka Linda Okoli<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mary Frank-Okoro<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ambrose Onne Okpu<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Cynthia Ehialeta<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adams, M.D. (2020). Air pollution in Ontario, Canada during the COVID-19 state of emergency. Sci. Total Environ. 742, 140516.\r\n[2] Berman, J.D., &amp; Edisu, K. (2020). Changes in U.S. air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci. Total Environ. 739, 139864.\r\n[3] Caine, P. (2020). Environmental impact of COVID-19 lockdowns seen from space. Sci. Nat. 2 April 2020 https:\/\/news.wttw.com\/2020\/04\/02\/environmental-impact-covid-19-llockdowns-seen-space. (Accessed 12 December 2021).\r\n[4] Chakraborty, I., Maity, P. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138882.\r\n[5] Cooper, R. (2020). Water Security beyond Covid-19. K4D Helpdesk Report 803. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK. https:\/\/opendocs.ids.ac.uk\/opendocs\/handle\/20.500.12413\/15240.\r\n[6] Creswell, J.W. (2005). Research Design: A qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches. London: Sage Publication Inc.\r\n[7] EEA. (2020). Air pollution goes down as Europe takes hard measures to combat Coronavirus. European Environmental Agency (EEA), Copenhagen. https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/highlights\/air-pollution-goes-down-as. (Accessed 14 December 2021).\r\n[8] Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H., Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 39, 748\u2013764.\r\n[9] Fadare, O.O., &amp; Okoffo, E.D. (2020). Covid-19 face masks: a potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. Sci. Total Environ. 737, 140279.\r\n[10] Henriques, M. (2020). Will Covid-19 have a lasting impact on the environment? BBC news, 27 March 2020. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20200326-covid-19-the-impact-of-coronavirus-on-the-environment. (Accessed 12 December 2021).\r\n[11] Hue, D.S., Azhar, E., Madani, T.A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health-The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 91, 264\u2013266.\r\n[12] India Environment Portal (IEP). (2020). Impact of lockdown (25th March to 15th April) on air quality. http:\/\/www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in\/content\/467415\/impact-oflockdown- 25th-march-to-15th-april-on-air-quality\/. (Accessed 4 August 2021).\r\n[13] Jribi, S., Ismail, H.B., Doggui, D., &amp; Debbabi, H. (2020). COVID-19 virus outbreak lockdown: what impacts on household food wastage? Environ. Dev. Sustain.\r\n[14] Kothari, C.K. (2004): Research Methodology, Methods &amp; Techniques, New Age International, New Delhi.\r\n[15] Ma, Y., Lin, X., Wu, A., Huang, Q., Li, X., Yan, J. (2020). Suggested guidelines for emergency treatment of medical waste during COVID-19: Chinese experience. Waste Dispos. Sustain. Energy 2, 81\u201384.\r\n[16] Maijama&#8217;a, R., Musa, K. S., Garba, A., and Baba, U. M. (2020). Corona virus outbreak and the global energy demand: A case of People\u2019s Republic of China. American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics, 5(1):10-13.\r\n[17] Nakada, L.Y.K., Urban, R.C. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in S~ao Paulo state. Brazil. Sci. Tot. Environ. 730, 139087.\r\n[18] Nghiem, L.D., Morgan, B., Donner, E., Short, M.D. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for the waste and wastewater services sector. Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 1, 100006.\r\n[19] Orodho, J.A. (2003). Essentials of education and social sciences research methods. Nairobi: Pauline\u2019s Publications Africa.\r\n[20] Orodho, J.A. (2012). Techniques of writing research proposals and reports in education and social sciences. Maseno\/Nairobi: Kanezja HP Enterprises.\r\n[21] Orodho, J.A., &amp; Kombo, D.K. (2002). Research methods. Kenyatta University, institute of open learning.\r\n[22] Saadat, S., Rawtani, D., Mustansar, C. (2020). Hussain environmental perspective of COVID-19. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138870.\r\n[23] Sajed, A.N., Amgain, K. (2020). Corona virus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and the strategy for prevention. Europasian J. Med. Sci. 2 (1), 1\u20133.\r\n[24] Singh, N., Tang, Y., Ogunseitan, O.A. (2020). Environmentally sustainable management of used personal protective equipment. Environ. Sci. Technol.\r\n[25] Somani, M., Srivastava, A.N., Gummadivalli, S.K., Sharma, A. (2020). Indirect implications of COVID-19 towards sustainable environment: an investigation in Indian context. Biores. Technol. Rep. 11, 100491.\r\n[26] Thiessen, T. (2020). How clean air cities could outlast COVID-19 lockdowns. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tamarathiessen\/2020\/04\/10\/how-clean-air-cities-could-outlast-covid-19-lockdowns\/#292a5e866bb5. (Accessed 13 December 2021).\r\n[27] Tripathi, R. (2020). India 21-day lockdown: what is exempted, what is not. https:\/\/econ omictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/politics-and-nation\/india-21-day-lockdown-what-is-exempted-what-is-not\/articleshow\/74798725.cms. (Accessed 13 December 2021).\r\n[28] WHO (2020). World health organization. World Health Organization, press conference on novel corona virus outbreak.\r\n[29] Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Edition, New York: Harper and Row.\r\n[30] Zambrano-Monserrate, M.A., Ruanob, M.A., Sanchez-Alcalde, L. (2020). Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138813.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Franklin Okoro, Nwamaka Linda Okoli, Mary Frank-Okoro, Ambrose Onne Okpu, Cynthia Ehialeta , &#8220;The Economic, Environmental and Safety impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and the coping strategies for the petroleum industry &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.34-39 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/34-39.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/34-39.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-economic-environmental-and-safety-impacts-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-the-coping-strategies-for-the-petroleum-industry\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Economic, Environmental and Safety impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and the coping strategies for the petroleum industry <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bac3ac elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7bac3ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bac474 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bac474\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bac5fa\" data-id=\"7bac5fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bac73f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bac73f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of Credit Appraisal on management Non-Performing Loans in Kenyan Commercial Banks <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Eunice Macrean Atieno, Caroline Ayuma, Christine Ngari November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 40-45<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bac7de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bac7de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bac964\" data-id=\"7bac964\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bacab4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7bacab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of credit appraisal on management of Non-Performing Loans in Kenyan Commercial Banks. The specific objectives were to determine the effect of borrower\u2019s income, credit rating, credit history and collateral issued on the management of non-performing loans recorded in corporate, business and personal sections of Kenyan Commercial Banks. The study was guided by the Theory of Information Asymmetry and Credit Scorecard Theories. An explanatory research design was adopted, using simple random and stratified sampling techniques in the collection of data. Data was collected from a sample size of 222 credit officers working in 41 commercial Banks in Kenya by use of self-administered questionnaires. Cronbach alpha and factor analysis were applied to test the reliability and validity of the research instruments respectively. A multiple regression model using SPSS (version 23) was used to analyze the obtained data and test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that credit appraisal (\ua7b5= .302) had a positive and significant effect on the management of Non-performing Loans. Based on the new findings, the management of commercial banks and policymakers should develop effective credit appraisal strategies, policies and techniques that make borrowing affordable hence attracting credit-worthy borrowers to the banks.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 40-45\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2022.91102\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.51244\/IJRSI.2022.91102<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eunice Macrean Atieno <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBusiness Management Department, School of Business and Management Science, University of Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Caroline Ayuma <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBusiness Management Department, School of Business and Management Science, University of Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christine Ngari <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBusiness Management Department, School of Business and Management Science, University of Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adusei, C. (2018). Determinants of non-performing loans in the banking sector of Ghana between 1998 and 2013. Asian Development Policy Review, 6(3), 142-154.\r\n[2] Agovino, M., Bartoletto, S., &amp; Garofalo, A. (2022). A long-term analysis of efficiency in the Italian banking system from 1861 to 2010. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 61, 227-241.\r\n[3] Agu, O. C., &amp; Okoli, C. B. (2013). Credit management and bad debt in Nigeria commercial banks\u2013Implication for development.\r\n[4] Ahmed, S., Majeed, M. E., Thalassinos, E., &amp; Thalassinos, Y. (2021). The impact of bank specific and macro-economic factors on non-performing loans in the banking sector: evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(5), 217.\r\n[5] Akinboade, O. A., &amp; Makina, D. (2010). Econometric analysis of bank lending and business cycles in South Africa. Applied Economics, 42(29), 3803-3811.\r\n[6] Amery, A. (2018). A Brief History of Loans: Business Lending Through the Ages. Prieiga per internet\u0105: http:\/\/www. lending-express. com\/blog\/a-brief-history-of-loans-businesslending-through-the-ages.\r\n[7] Avetisyan, S. (2018). EU geography of non-performing loans (NPL).\r\n[8] Bonin, H., &amp; Val\u00e9rio, N. (2016). Colonial and imperial banking history: Routledge London and New York.\r\n[9] De S\u00e1, N. G., Valem, L. P., &amp; Pedronette, D. C. G. (2021). A Multi-level Rank Correlation Measure for Image Retrieval. Paper presented at the VISIGRAPP (5: VISAPP).\r\n[10] DiGabriele, J. A. (2011). Evidentiary Reliability, Valuation Standards, and Rules of Thumb. Valuation Standards, and Rules of Thumb (April 26, 2011).\r\n[11] Dudhe, C. (2017). Role Of Indian Commercial Banks In Economy Development. Paper presented at the International Conference Current Economic Trends in Emerging and Developing Countries Timisoara.\r\n[12] Frost, J. (2020). Hypothesis testing: An intuitive guide for making data driven decisions: Statistics by Jim Publishing.\r\n[13] Gabriel, S., &amp; Ronald, B. (2017). The moderating effect of loyalty cards on the relationship between store awareness, store perceived quality and store brand choice A survey on selected supermarkets in Eldoret Town, Kenya.\r\n[14] Githama, J. N., &amp; Gachanja, P. (2020). Effects of Credit Appraisal Methods on Non-Performing Loans in Government Owned Financial Institutions, A Case of Kenya Commercial Bank Limited. International Journal of Current Aspects, 4(2), 1-12.\r\n[15] Gogtay, N., Deshpande, S., &amp; Thatte, U. (2017). Principles of regression analysis. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 65(48), 48-52.\r\n[16] Hinderer III, E. W., Flight, R. M., Dubey, R., MacLeod, J. N., &amp; Moseley, H. N. (2019). Advances in gene ontology utilization improve statistical power of annotation enrichment. PloS one, 14(8), e0220728.\r\n[17] Inganga, B. W., Njeru, A., Ombui, K., &amp; Ondabu, I. (2014). Factors affecting customer demand of financial services offered by commercial banks in Nairobi county. Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub, 4(11), 1-25.\r\n[18] Minton, B. A., Taillard, J. P., &amp; Williamson, R. (2014). Financial expertise of the board, risk taking, and performance: Evidence from bank holding companies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 49(2), 351-380.\r\n[19] Muiruri, E. K. (2015). Assessment of individual credit appraisal on amount of loan approved to borrowers.(a case of microfinance institutions in Thika, Kiambu county). Mount Kenya University.\r\n[20] Muskwe, V. (2017). Effectiveness of credit risk management on bank performance in Zimbabwe. A Case of ZB bank. BUSE.\r\n[21] Ndero, S. W., Wepukhulu, J. M., &amp; Bogonko, J. B. (2019). Relationship between credit appraisal and loan performance by commercial banks in uasin gishu county, kenya. European Journal of Economic and Financial Research.\r\n[22] Nguyen, T. N., Vu, N. H., &amp; Le, H. T. (2017). Impacts of monetary policy on commercial banks\u2019 profits: The case of Vietnam. Asian Social Science, 13(8), 32-40.\r\n[23] Nithin Kumar, H., &amp; Patel, S. (2019). A Study on Credit Appraisal Process and Analysis at Kaveri Grameena Bank, Bangalore.\r\n[24] Njeru, M., Mohhamed, S., &amp; Wachira, M. A. (2017). Effectiveness of credit management system on loan performance of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(1), 106-122.\r\n[25] Ombaba, K. B. M. (2013). Assessing the Factors Contributing to Non\u2013Performance Loans in Kenyan Banks.\r\n[26] Owino, M. O. (2013). The effect of the lending policies on the levels of non-performing loans (NPLS) of commercial banks in Kenya. University of Nairobi.\r\n[27] Pastory, D. (2020). The determinants of non-performing loans in commercial banks. Paper presented at the Applied Research Conference in Africa.\r\n[28] Purohit, S., &amp; Kulkarni, A. (2011). Credit evaluation model of loan proposals for Indian Banks. Paper presented at the 2011 World Congress on Information and Communication Technologies.\r\n[29] Saada, M. B. (2017). The impact of control quality on the non-performing loans of Tunisian listed banks. Managerial Auditing Journal.\r\n[30] Simiyu, G., Komen, J., &amp; Bonuke, R. (2019). Social Media, External Prestige and Students\u2019 Attitude towards Postgraduate Enrollment: A Conditional Process Analysis across Levels of University Reputation. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2(5), 1-19.\r\n[31] Sohilauw, M. I., Ali, M., &amp; Nohong, M. (2019). Moderating Effect of Capital Outflow Monitoring Management (COMM) on Credit Risk and Loan Performance. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Accounting, Management and Economics 2018 (ICAME 2018).\r\n[32] Waweru, N., &amp; Kalani, V. M. (2008). Commercial banking crises in Kenya: Causes and remedies. Global Journal of Finance and Banking Issues, 3(3).\r\n[33] Weissova, I., Kollar, B., &amp; Siekelova, A. (2015). Rating as a useful tool for credit risk measurement. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 278-285.\r\n[34] Yamane, T. (1967). Sample size calculation. Statistics: An Introductory Analysis.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eunice Macrean Atieno, Caroline Ayuma, Christine Ngari, &#8220;Effectiveness of Credit Appraisal on management Non-Performing Loans in Kenyan Commercial Banks &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.40-45 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2022.91102<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/40-45.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-credit-appraisal-on-management-non-performing-loans-in-kenyan-commercial-banks\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effectiveness of Credit Appraisal on management Non-Performing Loans in Kenyan Commercial Banks <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bad828 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7bad828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bad8ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bad8ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bada7a\" data-id=\"7bada7a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7badb96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7badb96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Internet Advertising Features on Online Shopping Habits Among Undergraduate Students in South-East Nigerian Universities <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ifesinachi Anyaegbunam Ayogu, Joseph Oluchukwu Wogu November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 46-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7badc2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7badc2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7baddf3\" data-id=\"7baddf3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7badf7d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7badf7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the influence of internet advertising features on online shopping habits among undergraduate students in South-East Nigerian Universities. Internet advertisers are at risk of missing marketing opportunities by relying on insufficient knowledge about advertising features that work. Thus, a comprehensive knowledge of internet advertising features will be beneficial to internet advertisers and online retail stores, hence the need for this study. The major objective of this study was to investigate internet advertising features that influence online shopping habits. Uses and Gratification and Technological Determinism theories were used to explain the study. The survey research design was employed with the questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. The population of the study was registered university undergraduate students in South East Nigerian Universities for the 2017\/2018 academic year. A sample size of 500 was selected. Findings from the study revealed that 97 percent of the respondents strongly agreed that internet advertising features of sales promotion \u201cprice discount, premiums, discount offers, bonus pack, shop now, apply now and limited offer\u201d motivate them to shop online. Further findings from the study revealed that 58 percent of the respondents strongly agreed that internet advertising features of auto playing video ads with sound was a challenge associated with internet advertising. Other findings from the study revealed that 64.6 percent of the respondents accepted that they derived gratification from internet advertising features of information and entertainment. From the findings of the study, it is recommended that online retail stores and internet advertiser should provide information about prices of products or service being advertised on the internet. Sales promotion are effective internet advertising features and should be incorporated by internet advertisers in their ad campaign.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 46-64\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ifesinachi Anyaegbunam Ayogu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Caroline Ayuma <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adelabu, O. 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Okoro (Ed.), Contemporary readings in media and mass communication studies (pp. 186-214). Lagos: St. Benedette.\r\n[92] Wehmeyer, K. (2007). Mobile ad intrusiveness\u2013the effects of message type and situation. Proceedings of the 20th bled e-Conference, June, 4\u20136.\r\n[93] Wells, W., Moriarty, S. &amp; Burnett, J. (2006). Advertising: Principles &amp; practice. New Jersey: Pearson\/Prentice-Hall\r\n[94] Wimmer, D, and Dominick, R. (2011). Mass Media Research: An Introduction. (9th Edition). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning\r\n[95] Yu, T, &amp; Wu, G. (2007). Determinants of internet shopping behaviour: An application of reasoned behaviour theory. International Journal of Management, 24(4), 744-762.\r\n[96] Zwass V. (2003) Electronic commerce and organizational innovation: Aspects and opportunities. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. 7(3), 7\u201337.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ifesinachi Anyaegbunam Ayogu, Joseph Oluchukwu Wogu, &#8220;Influence of Internet Advertising Features on Online Shopping Habits Among Undergraduate Students in South-East Nigerian Universities &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.46-64 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/46-64.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/46-64.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-internet-advertising-features-on-online-shopping-habits-among-undergraduate-students-in-south-east-nigerian-universities\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Internet Advertising Features on Online Shopping Habits Among Undergraduate Students in South-East Nigerian Universities <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7baedbd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7baedbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7baee8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7baee8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7baf009\" data-id=\"7baf009\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7baf122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7baf122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Simulation of Model Predictive Control MPC for Practical Design and Application <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Emian Mohammad Abed Zaid Aljbory, Dr. Mahi FIrouzi, Ahmed Selman Altuma, Dr. Babak Mozafari November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 65-74<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7baf1cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7baf1cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7baf355\" data-id=\"7baf355\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7baf48d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7baf48d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The precise location control of DC servo motor is a significant issue in industry. Here examination introduce location seeking with expectation of DC motor utilizing various controls methodology. Controlling procedures is expected to reduce and minimize the consistent state errors. Utilization of model predictive controller MPC strategy also carry out such requirements. Three types of control procedures are introduced in this work. The dynamic set strategy ASM, the inside mark technique IPM, and the quick online slope technique FGM have been utilized as control techniques. Such exploration recognizes and portrays the plan decisions connected with a three kinds of control units with predictive controller for a DC servo motor. Implementation of such controllers has been confirmed along reenactment using simulation program with MATLAB software. According to the reenactment results the Comparisons among ASM, IPM, FGM and MPC controllers are inclined in this undertaking. The adjusting strategy was further effective in an enhancing the progression reaction qualities, for example, reducing the ascent time, settling time and greatest overshoot in Position control of DC servo motor. Model predictive controller strategy provides the favorite exhibition and prevalence of MPC strategy view at along alternative controlling units.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-74\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emian Mohammad Abed Zaid Aljbory <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Karbala, Islamic Azad University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mahi FIrouzi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Karbala, Islamic Azad University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahmed Selman Altuma <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Karbala, Islamic Azad University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Babak Mozafari <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Karbala, Islamic Azad University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Farrell RJ, P o, \u201cComparison of unconstrained dynamic matrix control to conventional feedback control for a first order model\u201d, Adv. Instr. Cont. Proc., ISA, Vol. 45(Issue 2), 1990, pp. 1033\u201346.\r\n[2] D. G. Lewis, C. L. Evans and D.J. Sandoz, \u201cApplication of predictive control techniques to a distillation column\u201d, Journal of Process Control, Vol. 1, August 1991, pp. 207-216.\r\n[3] P. D. Roberts, \u201cA Brief Overview of Model Predictive Control\u201d, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London, UK, 1999.\r\n[4] Eduardo F. Camacho, Carlos B. or dons, Model Predictive Control, Springer publication, London, 2007.\r\n[5] R I chalet J, \u201cIndustrial applications of model based predictive control,\u201d A u t magical, Vol. 29, 1993, pp. 1251\u201374.\r\n[6] M.Abu-Ayyad, R. Dufay, \u201cReal-time comparison of a number of predictive controllers\u201d, ISA Transactions, Vol. 46, 2007, pp. 411\u2013418.\r\n[7] K.S. Honker, L.M. Wag mare, \u201cDiscrete Model Predictive Control for DC drive Using Orthonormal Basis function\u201d, UKACC International Conference on CONTROL, Coventry, UK, 2010, pp. 435-440.\r\n[8] Swati Mohan, \u201cArtificial neural network based system identification and model predictive control of a flotation column\u201d Journal of Process Control, Vol. 19, 2009, pp. 991\u2013999.\r\n[9] Ali A. Jalal, Valid Naima, \u201cA Survey on Robust Model Predictive Control from 1999-2006\u201d, International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modeling Control and Automation, and International Conference on Intelligent Agents, Web Technologies and Internet Commerce, IEEE computer society, 2006.\r\n[10] Carlos E. Garcia, David M. Pratt, Manfred Morori, \u201cModel Predictive Control: Theory and Practice a Survey\u201d, Automatic, Vol. 25, (Issue 3), 1989, pp. 335-348.\r\n[11] R.M.C. De Keyser, PH.G.A. Van De Veiled and F.A.G. Dumortier, \u201cA comparative Study of Self-Adaptive Long Range Predictive Control Methods\u201d, Automatic, Vol. 24 (Issue 2), 1988, pp. 149-163.\r\n[12] R. Scattolini and S. Battani, \u201cOn the Choice of the Horizon in Long-range Predictive Control-Some Simple Criteria\u201d, automatic a, Vol. 26, (Issue 5), 1990, pp. 915-917.\r\n[13] D.W. Clarke, R. Scattolini, \u201cConstrained receding-horizon predictive control\u201d, IEE Proceedings-D, Vol. 138 (Issue 4), July 1991.\r\n[14] [14] S. Joe Qin, Thomas A. Bardwell, \u201cA survey of industrial model predictive control technology\u201d, Control Engineering Practice, Vol. 11, 2003, pp. 733\u2013764.\r\n[15] David J. Sandoz, Matthew J. Disforest, Barry Lennox and Peter R. Goulding, \u201cAlgorithms for industrial M.P.C., Computing &amp; Control Engineering Journal\u201d, June 2000, pp. 125-134.\r\n[16] B. Kimiaghalam, Ali Ahmadzadeh, A. Homaifar, B. Sayarrodsari, \u201cA Purely Model Predictive Control for A Marginally Stable System\u201d, IEEE Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Denver, Colorado, June 4-6, 2003, pp. 4293-4298.\r\n[17] International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 3 No. 4, December, 2010 62\r\n[18] Gene Grimm, Michael J. Messina, Saia E. Tuna, Andrew R. Tee1, \u201cExamples of zero robustness in constrained model predictive control\u201d, IEEE Proceedings of the 42nd Conference on Decision and Control, Maui, Hawaii USA, December 2003, pp. 3724-3729,\r\n[19] Adam L. Warren, Thomas E. Marlin, \u201cConstrained M.P.C. under closed loop uncertainty\u201d, proceeding of the 2004 American Control Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, June 30 -July 2, 2004, pp. 4607-4612.\r\n[20] Gong Li, Barry Lennox and Zheng Tao Ding, \u201cInfinite Horizon Model Predictive Control for Tracking Problems\u201d, International Conference on Control and Automation, Budapest, Hungary, June 27-29, 2005, pp. 516-521.\r\n[21] Cutler C R, remakes B, \u201cDynamic Matrix Control &#8211; A computer control Algorithm\u201d, Proceedings of the 1980 Joint Automatic Control Conference, San Francisco: American Automatic\r\n[22] Xian, Keding sang, Jinbei T. Y. Lin, \u201cA New Dynamic Matrix Control Algorithm Based on the FNN TS Fuzzy Model\u201d, IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems, Beijing, China, October 28 &#8211; 31, 1997, pp. 317-321.\r\n[23] Alberto Beograd and Manfred Morori, \u201cRobust Model Predictive Control: A Survey\u201d, Robustness in identification and control., Volume 245, Springer, 1999.\r\n[24] P. Lundstrom, J.H. Lee, M. Morari, S. Skogestad, \u201cLimitations of DMC\u201d, Computers Chem. Engg. Vol. 19(Issue 4), 1995, pp. 409-421.\r\n[25] James C. Hung, \u201cPractical techniques for industrial control\u201d, IEEE, 1996, pp. 5 10.\r\n[26] J. Richalet, A. Rault, J.L. Testud and J. Pap on, \u201cModel Predictive Heuristic Control: Applications to Industrial Processes\u201d, Automatic, Vol. 14, pp. 413-428.\r\n[27] Raman K. Mehran, John S. Eternal, \u201cModel Algorithmic Control for Electric Power Plants\u201d, IEEE, 1980, pp. 280-285.\r\n[28] J. Richalet, J. L. Estival, Ph. Fiani, \u201cIndustrial applications of Predictive Functional Control to metallurgical Industries\u201d, IEEE, 1995, pp. 934-942.\r\n[29] Aline I. Malouf, \u201cImproving the Robustness of a Parallel Robot Using Predictive Functional Control (PFC) Tools\u201d, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision &amp; Control, Manchester, Grand Hyatt Hotel, San Diego, CA, USA, December 13-15, 2006, pp. 6468-6473.\r\n[30] H.B. Kuntz, A. Jacubasc h SSS, J. Richalet, Ch. Arber, \u201cOn The Predictive Functional Control of an Elastic Industrial Robot\u201d, IEEE Proceeding of 25th Conference on Decision and Control, Athena, Greece, December l986, pp.1877-1881.\r\n[31] Wang Guo-yu, Han Pu, Wang Dong-Feng, and Yao Wan-ye, \u201cPredictive functional control of integrating plant\u201d, IEEE Proceedings of TENCON, 2002, pp. 1401-1403.\r\n[32] S. Abu el Ata-Doss, P. Fiani, J. Richalet, \u201cHandling Input and state constraints in Predictive Functional control\u201d, IEEE, Proceedings of 30th Conference on Decision and Control, Brighton, England, Dec. 1991, pp. 985-990.\r\n[33] Mingzhu Xu, Xiaoli Li, Heping Liu, and Yanshuang Hao, \u201cAdaptive Predictive Functional Control with Stochastic Search\u201d Proceedings of IEEE, International Conference on Information Acquisition, Weihai, Shandong, China, August 20-23, 2006, pp.1354-1358.\r\n[34] Dong-Feng Wang, Pu. Han Guo-Yu Wang, Hui Ming Lu. \u201cMulti-model Adaptive Predictive functional control and its application\u201d, IEEE Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Machine learning and Cybernetics, Beijing, 4-5 Nov. 2002, pp. 2126-2130.\r\n[35] R.M.C. De Keyser, A. Van Cauwenberghe, \u201cTowards Robust Adaptive Control with Extended Predictive Control\u201d, IEEE, Proceedings of 25th Conference on Decision &amp; Control, Athens, Greece, December, 1986, pp. 1548-1549.\r\n[36] B. E. Ydstie, \u201cExtended Horizon Adaptive Control\u201d, 9th IFAC world congress, Budapest, Hungary, 1984.\r\n[37] M.P. Golden, L.K. Liu, B.E. Ydstie, \u201cMultivariable Control using Extended Prediction Horizons\u201d, IEEE, Proceedings of 25th Conference on Decision &amp; Control, Athens, Greece, December, 1986, pp. 1550- 1551.\r\n[38] B. Erik Ydstie, L. K. Liu, \u201cSingle and Multi-Variable Control with Extended Prediction Horizons\u201d, Proc. of the ACC, San Diego, June 1984, pp. 1303-1308.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emian Mohammad Abed Zaid Aljbory, Dr. Mahi FIrouzi, Ahmed Selman Altuma, Dr. Babak Mozafari, &#8220;Simulation of Model Predictive Control MPC for Practical Design and Application &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.65-74 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/65-74.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/65-74.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/simulation-of-model-predictive-control-mpc-for-practical-design-and-application\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Simulation of Model Predictive Control MPC for Practical Design and Application <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb033a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7bb033a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bb0408 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bb0408\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bb05b0\" data-id=\"7bb05b0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb06d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bb06d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Theory of Reference Dialect in Yamba Orthography Development: Revitalisation or Endangerment?    <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Talah Benard Sanda, Vincent A Tanda   November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 65-70<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bb0771 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bb0771\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bb08ef\" data-id=\"7bb08ef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb0a23 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7bb0a23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Orthography development over decades has been at the onset of mother tongue literacy, language revitalization and preservation. This was informed by the fact that language in its oral form run the risk of getting extinct gradually. The development of writing systems (orthographies) therefore, became necessary in different minority languages in order to bridge the gap between orality and the written form of languages. Many languages are endowed with many variants or dialects and for this reason, a variant is chosen for standardization. Many linguists have responded to this need by laying down criteria on how a reference dialect should be chosen among many variants. Over the years, this has not gone without problems as the speakers of the dialect not chosen either gave up learning to read and write the reference or dialect demonstrated a silent rejection of the standard form. At the inception of standardization of the language, the Yamba people were already opposed to the choice of the reference dialect. It was observed by Bradley (1986b) that there is a major problem in the usage of materials produced in the language using the Mbem dialect as reference. Despite the publication of the orthography statement Bradley (1986a), the Yamba language has remained essentially oral, thereby promoting the gradual death of the language. The attempt to revitalize the language using a single dialect has turned to promote the endangerment of 16 of the 17 dialects. Reference dialect theory therefore, singles out a dialect for revitalization thereby indirectly endangering the language. Developing a multidialectal orthography would be a block building process of safeguarding a language.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-70\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 December 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Talah Benard Sanda  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe University of Bamenda, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vincent A Tanda <\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe University of Bamenda, Cameroon\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBikoi (2012) Atlas Linguistique du Cameroun. CERDOTOLA : Yaounde, Cameroon. \r\n[2]\tBos Kees J, Bos Mirjam, Page Christiana. (2010). Community-based orthography development Experiences from the Kuy. International cooperation for Cambodia.\r\n[3]\tBradely, V. (1982). Serial Verbs ad Clauses in Yamba. Yaounde: SIL International.\r\n[4]\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. (1986). Alphabet and Orthography statement of Yamba. Yaounde: SIL, Cameroon.\r\n[5]\t\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. (1986). A Survey of the Yamba Dialect Situation and its Effects on the use of the Primer. Yaounde: SIL Cameroon.\r\n[6]\tEyoh, J. (2008). Mfunte Phonology and Revitalizaiton of the language. Yaounde: Unpublished disssertation. University of Yaounde I.\r\n[7]\tSimons and Fennig (2018). Ethnologue, Languages of the World (Vol. 19). (G. F. Lewis, Ed.) Dallas: SIL International.\r\n[8]\tGrenoble, L. and Lindsay, J. Whaley. (2006). Saving Languages: An introduction to language revitalization. Cambridge: CUP.\r\n[9]\tCasad, Eugen H. (1974). Dialect intelligibility Testing. Oklahoma: Oklahoma Univirsity.\r\n[10]\tKeith, S. (2001). Linguistic factors in orthography Design: Focus on Cameroon, 323-322. .) Yaounde: K\u00f6ln: R\u00fcdiger K\u00f6ppe Verlag.\r\n[11]\tLewi, M. P. (2005). Towards a Categorization of Endangerment of World\u2019s Languages. 5- 6.\r\n[12]\tMaduabuchi, S. A. (2013, April). Orthography Theories and the standard of Igbo Orthography. Language in India, 13.4(1930-2940).\r\n[13]\tNjerim, I. (2003). Verb Phrase Syntax in Yamba. The University of Buea: Unpublished MA dissertation.\r\n[14]\tSadembouo, E. (1980). Critere D&#8217;identification du Dialecte de Reference Standard.University of Yaounde, Department Des Langues Africaines et Linguistique. Yaounde: Unpublished PhD Disertation.\r\n[15]\tSimons, G. F. (1994). Principles of Multidialectal orthography design: Notes on literacy. Cambridge: CUP. Britain.\r\n[16]\tTadadjeu and Sadembouo,. (1980). General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages. National Committee for the Unification and Harmonization of the alphabets of Cameroon Languages (p. 3). Yaounde: SIL.\r\n[17]\tTalah, B et al. (2010). Bridging the Gaps between mother Tongue Education and Second Language learning and Teaching: the Case of Kom, and Yamba. Maroua: Unpublished Disertation.\r\n[18]\tTerry, S. (1980). Segmental Phonology of Nouns in Yamba. Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary.\r\n[19]\tUNESCO. ((2003)). Document submitted to the International Expert Meeting on UNESCO Programme Safeguarding of Endangered Languages. UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages (pp. 14- 15). Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[20]\tUNESCO (2003) UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages. Document submitted to the International Expert Meeting on UNESCO Programme Safeguarding of Endangered Languages Paris. France. \r\n[21]\tWisemann, Ursula et al. (1988). A practical Guide for developing the writings of African languages. A PROPELCA series No. 2. Yaounde: Department of African languages and linguistics. Univeristy of Yaounde 1.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Talah Benard Sanda, Vincent A Tanda , &#8220;The Theory of Reference Dialect in Yamba Orthography Development: Revitalisation or Endangerment?   &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.65-70 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/65-70.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/65-70.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-theory-of-reference-dialect-in-yamba-orthography-development-revitalisation-or-endangerment\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Theory of Reference Dialect in Yamba Orthography Development: Revitalisation or Endangerment?    <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb179a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7bb179a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bb1865 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bb1865\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bb1a02\" data-id=\"7bb1a02\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb1b26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bb1b26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Potential of Robusta Coffee Bean Gel as a Non-Pharmacological Material to Inhibit the Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis Bacteria That Cause Periodontitis (laboratory study)    <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ardi Mohamad Bukhari, Supriyana, Lanny Sunarjo, Suharyo Hadisaputro, Endah Aryati Ekoningtyas  November 2022 &#8211; Page No.: 71-74<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bb1bc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bb1bc4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bb1d73\" data-id=\"7bb1d73\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb1eae elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7bb1eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1291\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial infectious disease of the dental support tissue caused by microorganisms. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a bacterium that has an important role in the initiation, growth, and severity of chronic periodontitis. So far, periodontitis treatment is carried out with scaling therapy or using chemical topical antibacterial agents such as aloclair gel. This topical antibacterial ingredient has side effects. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct research to prove herbal ingredients as a potential to inhibit the bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, the cause of periodontitis which is expected to contribute to dental therapy services. The purpose of this study was to prove robusta coffee bean gel alkaloid and flavonoids compounds of various concentrations in inhibiting the growth of porphyromonas gingivalis.The study used True Experiment post test only control group design. The subjects used the bacteria porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 with Suspense Mc Farland 0.5. Inhibitory power test using disc diffusion method. The Results of Robusta coffee bean gel alkaloid compounds all concentrations of 0.39%, 0.78%, 1.56% have inhibitory power with a weak category (<5mm) and are less effective in inhibiting the growth of porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria and robusta coffee bean gel flavonoid compounds concentrations of 0.39% and 0.78% have inhibitory power with a weak category (<5 mm), while a concentration of 1.56% has an inhibitory power with a moderate category (5-10 mm). This study Conclude Robusta coffee alkaloid and flavonoid compounds concentrations of 0.39%, 0.78%, 1.56% have the potential to inhibit the growth of porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria statistically meaningfully (ANOVA, p<0.05). <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 71-74\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 December 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1292\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ardi Mohamad Bukhari<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPosgraduate Program of Dental and Oral Therapist, Semarang Health Polytechnic, Indonesia \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Supriyana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPosgraduate Program of Dental and Oral Therapist, Semarang Health Polytechnic, Indonesia \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lanny Sunarjo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPosgraduate Program of Dental and Oral Therapist, Semarang Health Polytechnic, Indonesia \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suharyo Hadisaputro <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPosgraduate Program of Dental and Oral Therapist, Semarang Health Polytechnic, Indonesia \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Endah Aryati Ekoningtyas <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPosgraduate Program of Dental and Oral Therapist, Semarang Health Polytechnic, Indonesia \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1293\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Permenkes RI, \u201cPeraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 89 Tahun 2015 Tentang Upaya Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut,\u201d J. Teknosains, vol. 44, no. 8, p. 53, 2015.\r\n[2]\tY. Wang, \u201cePortfolios: A New Peer Assessment Technology in Educational Context,\u201d in 2008 International Symposiums on Information Processing, May 2008, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 360\u2013363, doi: 10.1109\/ISIP.2008.139.\r\n[3]\tN. J. Kassebaum et al., \u201cGlobal, Regional, and National Prevalence, Incidence, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for Oral Conditions for 195 Countries, 1990\u20132015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors,\u201d J. Dent. Res., vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 380\u2013387, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1177\/0022034517693566.\r\n[4]\tKemenkes RI, \u201cRiskesdas 2018,\u201d Kemenkes RI. 2018.\r\n[5]\tN. Nwizu, J. Wactawski\u2010Wende, and R. J. Genco, \u201cPeriodontal disease and cancer: Epidemiologic studies and possible mechanisms,\u201d Periodontol. 2000, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 213\u2013233, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1111\/prd.12329.\r\n[6]\tH. A. Tanauma, G. Citraningtyas, and W. A. Lolo, \u201cAKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK BIJI KOPI ROBUSTA ( Coffea canephora ) TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli,\u201d vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 243\u2013251, 2016.\r\n[7]\tR. F. Tjandra, . Fatimawali, and O. S. Datu, \u201cAnalisis Senyawa Alkaloid dan Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Buah Sirih (Piper betle L) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis,\u201d J. e-Biomedik, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 173\u2013179, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.35790\/ebm.v8i2.28963.\r\n[8]\tdkk. 2020 A.R. Pratiwi, \u201cUji Bioaktivitas Minyak Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans Penyebab Karies Gigi,\u201d J. Biol. Makasar, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 241\u2013250, 2020.\r\n[9]\tM. A. Setiawan, M. D. Retnoningrum, F. Yahya, R. R. Andika, and D. H. A. Sudarni, \u201cAKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK BIJI JERUK SIAM (Citrus reticulata) PADA BAKTERI Escherichia coli,\u201d J. Bioteknol. Biosains Indones., vol. 7, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.29122\/jbbi.v7i2.4194.\r\n[10]\tT. Ermawati, R. C. Prasetya, N. Fatimatuzzahro, and A. G. N. Iffah, \u201cEfek Gel Ekstrak Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) terhadap Jumlah Sel Makrofag dan Limfosit Jaringan Gingiva Tikus Periodontitis,\u201d Insisiva Dent. J.  Maj. Kedokt. Gigi Insisiva, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 46\u201351, 2020, doi: 10.18196\/di.9217.\r\n[11]\tA. Paliling, J. Posangi, and P. S. Anindita, \u201cUji daya hambat ekstrak bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) terhadap bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis,\u201d e-GIGI, vol. 4, no. 2, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.35790\/eg.4.2.2016.14159.\r\n[12]\tV. Mierza and Sudewi, \u201cAntibacterial Activity Mouthwash Preparation Ethanol Extract of Cardamom (Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton) For Growth of Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus And Streptococcus mutan,\u201d J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 51\u201357, 2020.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1294\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ardi Mohamad Bukhari, Supriyana, Lanny Sunarjo, Suharyo Hadisaputro, Endah Aryati Ekoningtyas, &#8220;The Potential of Robusta Coffee Bean Gel as a Non-Pharmacological Material to Inhibit the Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis Bacteria That Cause Periodontitis (laboratory study)   &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.9 issue 11, pp.71-74 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/71-74.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1295\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-9-issue-11\/71-74.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1296\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-potential-of-robusta-coffee-bean-gel-as-a-non-pharmacological-material-to-inhibit-the-growth-of-porphyromonas-gingivalis-bacteria-that-cause-periodontitis-laboratory-study\/\" target=\" rel=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Potential of Robusta Coffee Bean Gel as a Non-Pharmacological Material to Inhibit the Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis Bacteria That Cause Periodontitis (laboratory study)    <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bb2c1b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7bb2c1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Web-Based Marketing Information System Design as One of the Multi-Channel Marketing Strategies on Ship Design Services Business [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1652,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4480","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4480","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4480"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4480\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1652"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}