Augmenting design and fabrication of photoactive materials for their efficient use in energy harvesting devices like photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) are of greater importance from global environmental aspects. A novel DC potential pulse voltammetry was employed for the preparation of photoactive nonstoichiometric nanostructured lead oxide (PbOx) films. DC pulses of different potential steps, duty cycles and anodization time were applied to lead metal electrode for anodization process in alkaline sodium sulphate solution at 80°C. Effect of variation in the pulse structure on the structural, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of prepared PbOx photoanodes was analysed by XRD, UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical measurements. XRD confirms the presence of pure α-PbO phases with a trace of β-PbO in potential pulse anodised photoelectrodes. Optical characterizations revealed that the nonstoichiometric PbOx films are of dual bandgap (1.95 and 2.71 eV) in nature and highly dependent on the structure of an applied potential pulse. Photoresponse measurements under chopped light illumination condition in Fe(CN)6-4/-3 (pH 9.2) electrolyte showed a stable photoresponse in a wide potential window of ~1.5 V. Photoelectrochemical cell consist of the PbOx photoanode in aqueous electrolyte inveterate Jsc of 3.01 mA/cm2 and Voc of 768 mV with photon conversion efficiency of 0.87%.
- Page(s): 01-05
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Dipal B. PatelDepartment of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya-466-8555, Japan
- Khushbu R. ChauhanSolar Research and Development Center, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar-382007, India
- Yosuke IshiiDepartment of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya-466-8555, Japan
- Shinji KawasakiDepartment of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya-466-8555, Japan
- Indrajit MukhopadhyaySolar Research and Development Center, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar-382007, India
References
[1]. Kalyanasundaram, K., Solar Cells, 15(2), (1985), 93-156. [2]. Chuang, C.-H. M., Brown, P. R., Bulovic, V., and Bawendi, M. G., Nat. Mater., 13(8), (2014) 796-801. [3]. Liu, M., Johnston, M. B., and Snaith, H. J., Nature, 501(7467), (2013) 395-398. [4]. Chauhan, K. R. and Mukhopadhyay, I., J. Appl. Phys., 115(22), (2014) 224506. [5]. Chauhan, K. R., Patel, D. B. and Mukhopadhyay, I., New. J. Chem., 39, (2015) 1979-1985. [6]. Chauhan, K. R., Patel, D. B. and Mukhopadhyay, I., ECS Trans., 69, (2015) 1-6. [7]. Chauhan, K. R., Patel, D. B. and Mukhopadhyay, I., Proc.of SPIE (2015), 9373, 93730N, San Francisco, California, USA [8]. Wang, Y., Lu, J., and Wu, F., Nanoscale Res. Lett., 5, (2010) 1682-1685. [9]. Afal, A., Coskun, S., and Emrah Unalan, H., Appl. Phys. Lett., 102(4), (2013) 043503. [10]. Yoon, W., Boercker, J. E., Lumb, M. P., Placencia, D., Foos, E. E., and Tischler, J. G., Sci. Rep., 3, 2013, pp. 2225. [11]. Leschkies, K. S., Beatty, T. J., Kang, M. S., Norris, D. J., and Aydil, E. S., ACS Nano, 3(11), (2009) 3638-3648. [12]. Ma, W., Luther, J. M., Zheng, H., Wu, Y., and Alivisatos, A. P., Nano Lett., 9(4), (2009) 1699-1703. [13]. Mukhopadhyay, I.; Raghavan, M.; Sharon, M.; Minoura, H.; Veluchamy, P. J Electroanal Chem., 379(1-2), (1994) 531-534. [14]. Mukhopadhyay, I.; Ghosh, S.; Sharon, M. Surf Sci., 384(1-3), (1997) 234-239. [15]. Schootmiller, J. C. J Appl Phys. 37(9), (1966) 3505-3510. [16]. Chanmanee, Wilaiwan, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(3), (2008) 965-974. [17]. Lee, Woo, Roland Scholz, and Ulrich Gösele. Nano Lett., 8(8), (2008) 2155-2160. [18]. Lee, Woo, and Jae-Cheon Kim. Nanotechnology, 21(48), (2010) 485304. [19]. Patel, D. B., Chauhan, K. R. and Mukhopadhyay, I., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16(38), (2014) 20900-20908. [20]. Patel, D. B., Chauhan, K. R. and Mukhopadhyay, I., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16(41), (2014) 22735-22744. [21]. Patel, D. B., Chauhan, K. R. and Mukhopadhyay, I., Chem. Phys. Chem., 16(8), (2015) 1750-1756. [22]. Patel, D. B. and Mukhopadhyay, I., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 (2), (2015) 025102. [23]. Patel, D. B., Chauhan, K. R. and Mukhopadhyay, I., Proc.of SPIE (2015), 9364, 93641V, San Francisco, California, USA [24]. Patel, D. B. and Mukhopadhyay, I. Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Technol, 3(1), (2014) 44-50. [25]. Cards, P. D. F., Powder diffraction file cards, (1987), pp5-561, pp4-686, pp37-517, pp. 23-353.
Dipal B. Patel, Khushbu R. Chauhan, Yosuke Ishii, Shinji Kawasaki, and Indrajit Mukhopadhyay "Optimization of Potential Pulse Anodized PbOx Films for Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-(IJRSI) vol.4 issue 5s, pp.01-05 2017
Modern residential structure are going higher and higher these days. The impact of lateral loads in the form of wind/Earthquakes affects the performance of these structures dramatically. It is often a common practice among structural engineers to use shear walls in place of columns. In the present study the comparison of seismic behaviour of G+10 storey buildings having horizontal irregularity with the regular building of similar properties with and without shear wall by using ETAB software was done. For this purpose four multi-storey building plans are considered that are symmetric plan, L shape, T shape, and + shape. For the comparison, parameters taken are lateral displacement, storey drift and model period. All the four buildings were analyzed for zone IV. Modal Period with different configuration of building, Storey Displacement of structure with different configuration of building, Storey Drift with different configuration of building were studied and their comparison was done.
- Page(s): 06-21
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Suruchi Mishra Former M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Falah School of Engineering & Technology, Haryana, 136118
- Rizwanullah Former M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Falah School of Engineering & Technology, Haryana, 136118
References
[1]. Rakesh Sakale, R K Arora and Jitendra Chouhan,“SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF BUILDINGS HAVING HORIZONTAL IRREGULARITIES”, Int. J. Struct. & Civil Engg. Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, November 2014. [2]. IS 1893 (Part 1)-2002: Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1 – General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision)‖, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [3]. IS 875 (Part 3) – 1987 ―Indian Standard code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures‖, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi. [4]. IS: 456 – 2000 ―Standard plan and reinforced concrete- code of practice‖, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi. [5]. Ravikumar C M, Babu Narayan K S, Sujith B V, Venkat Reddy D, “ Effect of Irregular Configurations on Seismic Vulnerability of RC Buildings”, Architecture Research, vol. 2, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 20-26. [6]. Himanshu Gaur, R.K Goliya, Krishna Murari, Dr. A. K Mullick, “ A parametric study of multy- storey r/c buildings with horizontal irregularity”, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 03, Issue 04, 2014, pp.360-364. [7]. Le Yee Mon ,“Comparative Study on Dynamic Analysis of Irregular Building with Shear Walls”, International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications, Vol. 3 Issue 2, 2014 [8]. Shaikh Abdul Aijaj Abdul Rahman, “Seismic Response of Vertically Irregular RC Frame with Stiffness Irregularity at Ground Floor”, International Journal of Civil Engineering Research, Vol. 5, Number 4, 2014, pp. 339-344. [9]. Dong-Guen Lee , Hyun-Su Kim , Min Hah Chun ,“Efficient seismic analysis of high-rise building structures with the effects of floor slabs”, Engineering Structures 24 (2002) 613–623. [10]. Javier Encina, Juan C. de la Llera, “A simplified model for the analysis of free plan buildings using a wide-column model”, Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 738–748. [11]. Kai Hu, Yimeng Yang, Suifeng Mu, Ge Qu,“Study on High-rise Structure with Oblique Columns by ETABS, SAP2000, MIDAS/GEN and SATWE”, International Conference on Advances in Computational Modeling and Simulation, Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 474 – 480. [12]. Kelly Young, Hojjat Adeli ,“Fundamental period of irregular eccentrically braced tall steel frame structures”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 120 (2016) 199–205. [13]. P. P. Chandurkar, Dr. P. S. Pajgade,“Seismic Analysis of RCC Building with and Without Shear Wall”, IJMER Vol. 3, Issue. 3, May - June 2013 pp-1805-1810.
Suruchi Mishra, Rizwanullah "Comparative Analysis of Regular and Irregular Buildings With and Without Shear Wall" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.06-21 2017
Music is considered as an universal language and has influenced the human existence at various levels. In recent years music therapy has evolved as a challenge of research with a clinical approach involving science and art. Music Therapy is one of the clinical and experience-based uses of interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a curative approach by an accredited / professional Singer, who addresses physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals. There is no exclusiveness about therapeutic music as all sorts of music have shown this ability, be it modern or traditional. Even the people who are in the last leg of their journey are solved by music. The primitive societies have used music to the maximum extent. All human and social activities employed rhythms and music, as part of living. In this project, we are concentrating on implementing an electronic gadget on music therapy. This includes the database of different ragas for different disorders, the person with disorder can listen to music and cure his disorder effectively.
- Page(s): 22-24
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Anitha H G Students, Department of ECE, Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mysuru, India
- Rashmi M C Students, Department of ECE, Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mysuru, India
- Rosy P Students, Department of ECE, Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mysuru, India
- Sahana S Students, Department of ECE, Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mysuru, India
References
[1]. A.A.Bardekar,Ajay.A.Gurjar Empirical Study of Indian Classical Ragas Structure and its Emotional Influence on Human Body For Music Therapy.Aug.2016 (JMEIT). [2]. Balaji Deekshitulu P.V, Stress Reduction Through Listening Indian Classical Music,Aug.2014 (journal). [3]. Sayanti Chakraborty,Debashis De, Pattern Classification of Indian Classical Ragas based on Object Oriented Concepts. June-Dec.2012(international journal) [4]. Thirumurthy Sathish Kumar.M, Effect of the Raga Ananda Bhairavi in Post Operative Pain Relief Management,Aug.2012 (IEEE paper).
Anitha H G, Rashmi M C, Rosy P, Sahana S "Non-Invasive Therapeutic Solution for Medical Disorder Using Music" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.22-24 2017
VLSI implementation of code compression technique using ADPCM that can be used for Bio signal processors with reduced storage. This processor design is improved Code density and it reduces scarce resource memory and also improves processor performance in important design parameters like power consumption and performance. Code compression also improves the portability and it used for compressing of neural signals like (EEG), (ECG), and (EMG). Due to this ADPCM technique we achieved the utilization of power, time, and areas then the memory was saved when implemented in VLSI technology and then power consumption also reduced.
- Page(s): 25-28
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Dr. N.J.R.MunirajPrincipal, Tejaa Shakthi Institute of Technology for Women, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu-641659, India
- S.MangalanayagiPG Scholar, Tejaa Shakthi Institute of Technology for Women, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu-641659, India
References
[1]. Ericson Chua and Wai-Chi Fang, Mixed Bio-signal Lossless Data compressor for portable Brain heart monitoring systems, IEEE Transaction on Consumer electronics, Vol 57, No. 1, Feb 2011. [2]. M. de Nil, et al, Ultra Low Power ASIP Design for Wireless Sensor Nodes, ICECS 2007. [3]. R. R. Harrison, C. Cameron, A low-power low-noise CMOS amplifier for neural recording applications, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits 38: 958-965, June 2003. [4]. T. P. Jung, S. Makeig, M. Stensmo, and T. Sejnowski, Estimating alertness from the EEG power spectrum, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 44:60-69, 1997. [14] R. R. Harrison, C. Cameron, A low-power low-noise CMOS amplifier for neural recording applications, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits 38: 958-965, June 2003 [5]. D. Das, R. Kumar, and P. Chakrabarti, Dictionary based code compression for variable length instruction encodings, in Proc. 18th Int. Conf. VLSI Des., 2005, p. 545-550. [6]. Platon Sovilj, Memberand Nebojsa Pjevalica, FPGA based model of processing EEG signal, Telekomunikacioni forum TELFOR 2009 [7]. Chin-Teng Lin, Li-Wei Ko, Fang Chung, Teng-Yi Huang, Yu-Chieh Chen, Tzyy-Ping Jung, and Sheng-Fu Liang, Adaptive EEG Based Alertness Estimation System by Using ICA-Based Fuzzy Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems: Regular Papers, Vol. 53, No. 11, November 2006 [8]. Digital Coding of Speech Waveforms: PCM, DPCM, and DM Quantizers. Jayant, Nuggehally S. Proceedings of the IEE, Vol. 62, No. 5, May 1974, pp 612–633. [9]. Comparison of Nth Order DPCM Encoder with Linear Transformations and Block Quantization Techniques. Habibi, A. IEEE Transactions on Communications, December 1971, pp. 948–956. [10]. daptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) Recommendation G.726. General aspects of digital transmission systems: terminal equipments. In ITU (International Telecommunication Union). CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative committee). Geneva, 1990
Dr. N.J.R.Muniraj, S.Mangalanayagi "Efficient Code Compressor Using Adaptive DPCM with Reduced Storage for Bio-signal Processor” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.25-28 2017
The present work pertains to the study of mechanical properties of SA516 Grade 70 weldment prepared with Tungsten Inert Gas welding process. The effect of heat input on mechanical properties was studied and correlated with the mechanical properties of base metal. Plates of SA516 Grade 70 steel were TIG welded with combination of different current, voltage and welding speeds. Following the welding, strength, hardness and impact toughness of the specimens were examined. Mechanical Testing was performed as par ASTM SA370 and ASME Section IX Ed-2015. Hardness testing was performed according to ASTM E384-16. Tensile testing was performed according to ASTM E8-13 and weldments as per ASME Section IX Ed.-2015. Charpy impact testing was performed according to ASTM E 23-12c on specimens notched in the weld metal to measure the impact toughness. It has been observed that the mechanical properties are highly affected by the amount of heat input provided during the TIG welding process.
- Page(s):29-35
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Sachin PatelMechanical Engineering Department, C. G. Patel Institute of Technology, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Surat, India
- Piyush PatelMechanical Engineering Department, C. G. Patel Institute of Technology, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Surat, India
- Vishal MehtaMechanical Engineering Department, C. G. Patel Institute of Technology, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Surat, India
References
[1]. B. Basu and R. Raman, 2002, “Microstructural Variations in a High-Strength Structural Steel Weld under Isoheat Input Conditions”, Welding Journal, pp. 239- S – 248-S. [2]. J.T. McGrath, J.A. Gianetto, R.F. Orr, and M.W. Letts, 1986, “Factors Affecting the Notch Toughness Properties of High Strength HY80 Weldments”, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 349-356. [3]. J.F. Lancaster, 1999, Metallurgy of Welding, Abington Publishing, Cambridge, England, pp. 130-247. [4]. P. Deb, K.D. Challenger, and A.E. Therrien, 1987, “Structure-Property Correlation of Submerged-Arc and Gas-Metal-Arc Weldments” in HY-100 Steel, Metallurgical Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy & Materials Science, Vol. 18A, No. 6, pp. 987-999. [5]. Y. Yang, 2008, “The Effect of Submerged Arc Welding Parameters on the Properties of Pressure Vessel and Wind Turbine Tower Steels”, Thesis (M.Sc.), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. [6]. H. Huang, W. Tsai, and J. Lee, 1994, “The Influences of Microstructure and Composition on the Electrochemical Behavior of A516 Steel Weldment”, Corrosion Science, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 1027-1038. [7]. J.T. McGrath, R.S. Chandel, R.F. Orr, and J.A. Gianetto, 1988, “Microstructure/Mechanical Property Relationships in Thick-Section C-Mn Narrow-Groove Welds: With a Careful Control of Welding Wire Chemistry and Flux Basicity, Optimum Strength and Toughness were Achieved in Pressure Vessel Steel”, Welding Journal, V. 67, No. 9, pp. 196-201. [8]. Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys, 1990, Vol. 1, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, pp. 389-423. [9]. K.E. Dorschu, and R.D. Stout, 1961, “Some factors affecting the notch toughness of steel weld metal”, Welding Journal, pp. 97-s-105-s. [10]. Clark, Donald S., Varney, and Wilbur R., 1952, Physical Metallurgy for Engineers, D. Van Nostrand Company Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 81-99, 462-478. [11]. ASME SA516/SA516M “Standard specification for pressure vessel plate ,carbon steel for moderate and lower temperature service” ASME SEC 2 1998 [12]. ASME SA20/SA20M -1“Standard specification for general requirement for steel plates for pressure vessel” ASME SEC 2 1998. [13]. ASME SA370, “Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products” ASME SEC 2 1998. [14]. ASTM E384-16, “Standard Test Method for Micro indentation Hardness of Material” ASTM. [15]. ASTM E 8-13, “Standard Test for Tension Testing of metallic Material” ASTM. [16]. ASTM E 23-12c, “Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials” ASTM.
Sachin Patel, Piyush Patel, Vishal Mehta "Experimental Study of the Effect of Heat Input on Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joints of SA516 Grade 70 Material" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.29-35 2017
The present study deals with monthly limnological investigation related to physico-chemical characteristics of chowkhalli tank water which is located about 43 km from Bangalore city near Bidadi industrial area in Bidadi hobli of Ramanagara District of Karnataka, India. Besides temperature and meteorological data, 17 limnological parameters were tested following standard methods at 3 sampling sites/stations of each jheel. The physico-chemical parameters (transparency, Ph, DO, BOD, free CO2, total alkalinity, conductivity, CaCo3, chloride, nitrite, phosphate, etc…) showed distinct temporal or monthly variation in tank. It is observed from the study that, most of the stations in the effluent channel were very poor quality. The large variation was mainly due to the seasonal variation in magnitude of pollutants coming through the effluent and volume of water dilution. The results indicated that lake is highly eutrophic and needs immediate attention for its conservation.
- Page(s): 36-42
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Prasad CSMVAssociate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Narendra Kumar H Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Harikumar S P Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Manjunath H C Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Kumar K V Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Darshan Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Reference
[1]. Mahapatra, D.M., Chanakya, H.N. and Ramchandra, T.V, “Assessment of Treatment capabilities of Varthur Tank, Bangalore”, India’. [2]. Mahuya Das Gupta Adak., Purohit, K.M., and Jayita Datta, “Assessment of drinking water quality of river Brahmani”, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection. [3]. Nasrutjan “impact of muncipal and industrial pollution on Chowkhalli tank, Bangalore rural district, India” the 12th world tank conference, 2008 [4]. P. Ravikumar, Mohamma Aneesul Mehmood,, R. K. Somashekar , “Water quality index to determine the surface water quality of Sankey tank and Mallathahalli tank, Bangalore urban district, Karnataka, India”. [5]. Srinivasa Kushtagi and Padaki Srinivas, “Studies on chemistry and Water Quality Index of ground water in Chincholi Hobli, Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India”, International Journal of Environmental Science.
Prasad CSMV, Narendra Kumar H, Harikumar S P, Manjunath H C, Kumar K V and Darshan "Limnological Studies on Chowkhalli Tank Waters" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.36-42 2017
The present paper discusses the experimental studies of flexural behavior of concrete by adding bacteria and also the lighter weight aggregates like light expanded clay aggregate and vermiculite in the internal curing of the concrete. It is a process by which living organisms from inorganic solids. Bacillus subtilis, a common soil bacterium can make the precipitation of calcite. The purpose of the present investigation is to study the potential application of bacterial species, i.e. Bacillus subtilis to improve the strength of concrete. Water is an essential component for cement hydration which can be gained with proper curing. Here we have made an attempt to incorporate dormant but viable bacteria in the concrete matrix which will contribute to the strength of the concrete. Under practical situations, many structures do not allow curing with water after the construction. In such a case often curing compounds are used to avoid loss of water from the concrete. However, it is not sufficient for continuous hydration of cement. The properties studied reveal that incorporation of LWA does not have remarkable change in mechanical properties and also the strength of concrete can be analyzed by using bacteria. In this respect, the porosity of light weight aggregate provides a source of water for internal curing of concrete which can provide continued enhancement of concrete strength and durability. For this reason, fine aggregate is replaced by 5% and 10% of LWA in the mix to find its enhancement of internal curing in this study.
- Page(s): 43-47
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- R. GowrishankarDepartment of Civil Engineering, V.S.B Engineering College, Karur, Tamilnadu, India
- C. MohanaselvanDepartment of Civil Engineering, V.S.B Engineering College, Karur, Tamilnadu, India
- R. KartheeswaranDepartment of Civil Engineering, V.S.B Engineering College, Karur, Tamilnadu, India
References
[1]. Amudhavalli.N. K, Keerthana. K, Ranjani. A, 2015, “Experimental Study on Bacterial Concrete”, International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS) - Volume-1, Issue-8, ISSN: 2395-3470, pp: 456-458. [2]. Bentz D.P, Halleck P.M, Grader A.S, and Roberts J.W, 2006 “Water movement during internal curing: Direct observation using x-ray micro tomography”, Concrete International, 28 (10), pp: 39-45. [3]. Bentz D.P, Lura. P, Roberts J.W, 2005 “Mixture proportioning for Internal curing”, Concrete International, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp: 35-40. [4]. Dhaarani M and Prakash K, 2014 "Durability Study on HVFA Based Bacterial Concrete - A Literature Study," International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, vol. 3, no. 4, pp: 131-139. [5]. Henkensiefken R, Briatka P, et al., 2009 “Plastic shrinkage cracking in internally cured mixtures made with pre-wetted lightweight aggregate”, Concrete International, pp: 49-54. [6]. Henkensiefken R, Nantung T, Bentz D.P, and Weiss J, 2009 “Volume change and cracking in internally cured mixtures made with saturated lightweight aggregate under sealed and unsealed conditions”, Cement & Concrete Composites 31 pp: 427–437. [7]. Hoff. G.C (2006), “Internal Curing of Concrete Using Lightweight Aggregates”, American Concrete Instiute, Volume 234, pp: 621-640. [8]. Jensen O.M and Hansen P.F, 2001 “Autogenous deformation and rh-change in perspective”, Cement and Concrete Research, 31(12) pp: 1859-1865. [9]. Lura P, Bentz D, et al., 2006 “Measurement of water transport from saturated pumice aggregates to hardening cement paste”, Materials and Structures, 39(9) pp:861-868. [10]. Lura P, Jensen O, and Igarashi S. I, 2007 “Experimental observation of internal water curing of concrete”, Materials and Structures, 40(2), pp: 211-220. [11]. Mali B. M, 2012, “Potential application of bacteria to improve the Strength of cement concrete”, International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, ISSN 0976-2612, Vol.3, Issue 1, pp: 541-544. [12]. Maheswaran S, Dasuru S, et al., 2014, “Strength Improvement Studies Using New Type Wild Strain Bacillus Cereus On Cement Mortar”, Current Science, Vol. 106, No. 1. [13]. Ramakrishnan V 2001, “Calcite precipitation induced by polyurethane-immobilized Bacillus pasteurii”. Enzyme Microb Technol, Vol. 28(4-5), pp: 404-409. [14]. SemionZhutovsky, Konstantin Kovler, 2012, “Effect of internal curing on durability-related properties of high performance concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 42, Issue 1, pp: 20–26. [15]. Sunil Pratap Reddy S, 2010, “performance of standard grade bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) concrete”, Asian journal of civil engineering (building and housing), vol.11, No. 1.
R. Gowrishankar, C. Mohanaselvan and R. Kartheeswaran "Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Bacterial Concrete with Internal Curing" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.43-47 2017
The study area Hesaraghatta watershed is a part of Arkavathi river basin. Morphometric analysis has been carried out to understand the hydrological condition of the Hesaraghatta watershed. Geographic Information System has been used in the elevation of linear, aerial and relief aspects. The different morphological parameters like number of streams, stream frequency, stream length, and bifurcation ratio and aerial aspects drainage density (Dd) and drainage frequency (Df) of the basin reflect its hydrological response of the watershed. The geo-morphological analysis of the drainage network of a watershed gives information about the relationship between the surface runoff, infiltration of rain water and relative permeability of rocks in the study area. The Hesaraghatta watershed is 6th order basin, dendritic pattern of drainage and with drainage density indicating moderate permeability and high runoff of the catchment. The watershed obeys Horton’s Law of relating linear and aerial aspects. The GIS study has brought out the relation between lithology, structure and morphometric characters. The groundwater potential zones also depend on the lineaments and fractured rocks present in the basin area.
- Page(s): 48-51
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Shivanna, S. Department of Civil Engineering, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, International Airport Road, Bangalore -562 157, Karnataka, India
- Anupama, V.S. Department of Civil Engineering, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, International Airport Road, Bangalore -562 157, Karnataka, India
- Vyshnavi, D.R. Department of Civil Engineering, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, International Airport Road, Bangalore -562 157, Karnataka, India
- H.P. Mahendra Babu Department of Civil Engineering, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, International Airport Road, Bangalore -562 157, Karnataka, India
References
[1]. Chorley R. J. (1962): Geomorphology and General System Theory, USGS Professional Paper 500-B [2]. Horton, R.E. (1932): Drainage Basin Characteristics. Trans. Am. Geo. Phy. Union. Vol.13, pp: 350-361. [3]. Horton, R.E (9145): Erosional Development of Streams and their Drainage basin: Hydro-physical approach to Quantitative Morphology., Geol. Soc. Am., Bull. Vol.56., pp:275-370. [4]. Langbein. W. B. (1947): Topographic Characteristics of Drainage Basin., USGS Water Supply Paper:968-C., pp:125-155. [5]. Marisowa, M. C. (1968): Streams: Their Dynamics & Morphology, Mcgraw Hill. [6]. Sastry, P.G., Ramamohan, D. and Venkatachalam, V. (1983): Classification of Watershed in Andhra Pradesh based on Drainage Density. Proc. Sem. on “Hydrology” , AHI, pp:125-127. [7]. Schumm, S. A. (9156): Evaluation of Drainage Systems and Slopes in Badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Vol.67., pp:597-598, 599-622, 636-641, 645 and 646. [8]. Strahler, A. N. (1952): Hypsometric Analysis of Erosional Topography., Bull Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 63, pp:1117-1142. [9]. Strahler, A. N. (1957): Quantitative Analysis of Watershed Geomorphology, Am. Geophysical. Union. Trans. Vol. 38(6), pp:913-920.
Shivanna, S.; Anupama, V.S.; Vyshnavi, D.R. and H.P. Mahendra Babu "A GIS Based Morphometric Analysis and Associated Land Use Study of Hesaraghatta Watershed, Bangalore Rural District, Karnataka" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.48-51 2017
Image captures some real life events which is saved further as memories. It is a duplication of an incident that has occurred at an instant of time. The use of social media today has increased to a great extent. This may lead to unwanted disclosure of private information and privacy violations. This can result in unexpected exposure of one’s social environment and lead to abuse of one’s personal information. The volume of images being shared is increasing and maintaining its privacy is a major problem. Recent incidents show that users inadvertently share their personal information on social media and other sites. Taking these incidents into account, we need tools to help users control access to their shared content. Therefore, many have acknowledged the need of policy recommendation systems which can assist users to easily and properly configure privacy settings. There are different types of data such as content, metadata, and images. Images are classified into content and metadata. The role of each social context, image content, and metadata are examined and are used as possible indicators of users privacy preferences. We propose a two-level framework based on the users available history on the site and determines the best available privacy policy for the user’s images being uploaded. Our solution relies on an image classification framework for image categories which may be associated with similar policies, also according to user’s social features. Over time, the generated policies will follow the evolution of users privacy attitude.
- Page(s): 52-54
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Prof. Mamatha .EAssistant Professor, Department of ISE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Anusha.V .CDepartment of ISE, Visvesvaraya Technological University/Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
- Karthik R ShastryDepartment of ISE, Visvesvaraya Technological University/Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
- Kumuda .BDepartment of ISE, Visvesvaraya Technological University/Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
- Kusuma. S. SDepartment of ISE, Visvesvaraya Technological University/Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
References
[1] A. Acquisti and R. Gross, “Imagined communities: Awareness, information sharing, and privacy on the facebook,” in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Privacy Enhancing Technol. Workshop, 2006,pp. 36–58. [2] R. Agrawal and R. Srikant,“Fast algorithms for mining association rules in large databases,” in Proc. 20th Int. Conf. Very Large Data Bases, 1994, pp. 487–499. [3] S. Ahern, D. Eckles, N. S. Good, S. King, M. Naaman, and R. Nair, “Over-exposed?: Privacy patterns and considerations in online and mobile photo sharing,” in Proc. Conf. Human Factors Comput. Syst., 2007, pp. 357–366. [4] M. Ames and M. Naaman, “Why we tag: Motivations for annotation in mobile and online media,” in Proc. Conf. Human Factors Comput. Syst., 2007, pp. 971–980. [5] A. Besmer and H. Lipford, “Tagged photos: Concerns, perceptions, and protections,” in Proc. 27th Int. Conf. Extended Abstracts Human Factors Comput. Syst., 2009, pp. 4585–4590. [6] Aronoff, S., (1989). Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. Ottawa: WDL Publications. [7] C. Squicciarini, D. Lin, S. Sundareswaran and J. Wede, "Privacy Policy Inference of User-Uploaded Images on Content Sharing Sites," in IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 193-206, Jan. 1 2015. doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2014.2320729 [8] D.Akhila Reddy , K Suresh, Prasad B “Privacy Policy – User Uploaded Images on Content Sharing Sites” International Journal of Engineering Research in Computer Science and Engineering (IJERCSE) Vol 3, Issue 3, March 2016 PP.524-520 [9] I Surya Prabha, Dr Mohammed Ali Hussain “A Study on the Privacy of User Uploaded Images on Content Sharing Sites " International Journal & Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research Vol 1, Issue 9, September 2014, pp. 93-97
Prof. Mamatha .E, Anusha.V .C, Karthik R Shastry, Kumuda .B, Kusuma. S. S "Data Abstraction on Content Sharing Sites using Privacy Patterns" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.52-54 2017
This paper deals with the design and fabrication of the modified form of Archimedes Spiral wind turbine which is a new type of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) that can utilize the kinetic energy from wind energy. The modified Archimedes wind turbine is a special structure determines the special aerodynamics characteristics of small scale wind turbines. The design of the modified form of Archimedes wind turbine is done by implementing NACA 2412 airfoil designed using OPENSCAD and CATIA software package. The fabrication of the Archimedes spiral wind turbine involves rapid prototyping using Prusa i3 MK2 3D printing machine with ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) as its material. The analysis comprises of experimental analysis using wind tunnel tests and field tests whereas CFD analysis performed using STAR CCM+ software package. The comparison of the traditional Archimedes wind turbine with its modified version is done the using experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results obtained. The torque obtained increases with increase in wind speeds and is greater than the Archimedes wind turbine without airfoil. The aerodynamic power for the modified Archimedes wind turbine obtained is also apparent to the fact that wind turbine works good for low speeds with a considerable reduced noise. The results obtained from the experimental and analytical shows good resemblance and thus the objective of modifying the Archimedes wind turbine meets the requirements for the fluctuating wind speeds and noise reduction..
- Page(s): 55-59
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Sandeep Duvani S Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangaluru, India
- Krunal K Vernekar Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangaluru, India
- Karishma Rathod Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangaluru, India
- Ravikumar C Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangaluru, India
- Deepak Raj P.Y Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangaluru, India
Reference
[1] Ho Song Ji, Joon Ho Baek, Rinus Mieremet, Kyung Chun Kim, “The Aerodynamic Performance Study on Small Wind Turbine with 500 Watt class through Wind tunnel Experiments” International Journal at Renewable Energy Sources. [2] Kyung Chun Kim, Ho Seong Ji, Yoon Kee Kim, Qian Lu, Joon Ho Baek and Rinus Mieremet, “Experimental and Numerical Study of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of an Archimedes Spiral Wind Turbine Blade” Energies, 2014. [3] Shashank Chaudhary, Shubham Jaiswal, Richa Nanda, Saurabh Patel, Parmod Kumar, Vaman dhar, Rajat Dixit,” Comparison of torque characteristics of Archimedes wind turbine evaluated by analytical and experimental study” International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 4, Issue-8, Aug.-2016. [4] Drs.M. Mieremet, Kyung Chun Kim, Dr.JoonHo Back, HoSeongJi, “The Aerodynamic Method of the Archimedes wind turbine” Power Solution 27th May 2014. [5] Shailesh P. Patankar, Samir J. Deshmukh, Rucha R. Kolhekar, “Theoretical Analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Velocity”, International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Special Issue 1 MEPCON 2015. [6] Shivam Saxena and Rahul Kumar, “Design of NACA 2412 and its Analysis at Different Angle of Attacks, Reynolds Numbers, and a wind tunnel test”, International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015. [7] Aditya Kumar & Dr. J.P. Mani, “Design and Calculation of Coefficient of Lift and Drag for Helix Wind Turbine using Solidworks and Ansys Fluent” Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016. [8] Michael Muskulus and Sebastian Schafhirt, “Design Optimization of Wind Turbine Support Structures—A Review” Journal of Ocean and Wind Energy (ISSN 2310-3604).
Sandeep Duvani S, Krunal K Vernekar, Karishma Rathod,Ravikumar C, Deepak Raj P.Y “Design, Fabrication and Aerodynamic Analysis of a Modified Archimedes Wind Turbine” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.55-59 2017
Microwave absorption in the frequency 2-8GHz (S & C band) by carbon nano fiber (CNF) and its composite with melamine has been studied. CNF was synthesized from cotton fiber and activated with a mixture of Ni+Co oxide to study the microwave absorption. Various thicknesses of activated CNF thin film (3-10mm) were studied and it was found that films thicknesses of 3mm and 6mm had the highest flat Reflection Loss of almost 94% and 96% for frequencies 6-8 GHz and 4-6 GHz respectively. Composite of CNF:Melamine (1:5) of thicknesses of 4.5mm and 6 mm showed the best flat reflection loss of 99.88% for frequencies 6-8 GHz. Melamine polymer of 3mm thickness showed less than 5% Reflection loss in the frequencies 6-8 GHz. The results of microwave absorption observed with CNF films were found to follow the theoretically expected values. Activated CNF films were characterized by SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy
- Page(s): 60-64
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Maheshwar SharonWalchand Research Center for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra 413006,India
- Ritesh VishwakarmaWalchand Research Center for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra 413006,India
- , Raju GurungWalchand Research Center for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra 413006,India
- Anubhav GuptaWalchand Research Center for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra 413006,India
- B.C. ChakrabortyNaval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Maharashtra ,421506
- Madhuri SharonWalchand Research Center for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra 413006,India
References
[1]. Maheshwar Sharon, Debabrata Pradhan, Renju Zacharia and Vijaya Puri, Application of carbon nanomaterials as a microwave absorber, J. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 5(12), 2117-2120, (2005). [2]. Dattatray E. Kshirsagar, Vijaya Puri, Maheshwar Sharon, and Madhuri Sharon, Microwave Absorption Study of Carbon Nano Materials Synthesized from Natural Oils, Carbon Science, 7(4), 245-248, (2006) [3]. Dattatray E. Kshirsagar, Vijaya Puri, Maheshwar Sharon and Madhuri Sharon, Electromagnetic Wave-Absorbing Properties of Pongamia Glabra Based-CNMs in the 8–12 GHz Range Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano- Metal Chemistry, 37:477–479, (2007) [4]. Nallin Sharma, Madhuri Sharon and Maheshwar Sharon, Carbon from corn cob for a super capacitor J. Advances in Physics,V o l 1 2(4)r 4,4408-4414,(2016) [5]. Saib, L. Bednarz, R Daussin, C. Bailly, X. Lou, J. Thomassin, C. Pagnoulle, C. Detrembleur, R. Jerome’, I. Huynen, “Carbon Nanotube Composites for Broadband Microwave Absorbing Materials”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol 54, No. 6, (2006). [6]. X. F. Zhang X. L. Dong, H. Huang, Y. Y. Liu, W. N. Wang, X. G. Zhu, B. Lv, J. P. Lei, “Microwave Absorption Properties of the Carbon-coated Nickel Nanocapsules”, Applied Physics Letters, 89, 053115, (2006). [7]. P. Thielmann, K. M. Chu, P. R. Bandaru, P. Asbeck, S. H. Park, “Optimization of microwave absorption of carbon nanotube composites through use of carboxyl-epoxide functional group linkages”, Electronics Letters (IET), Vol. 48, No. 11 (2012). [8]. Ingolf Hennig, Maxim Pertolchin, Hermann Bergmann Ramanujachary, and Sujandi Sujandi, “Microwave Absorbing Composition”, US Patent: 20130063296 A1, filed date Aug. 10, 2012, issued date march 14, (2013) [9]. Dongwei Wang, Xiaoxian Zhang, Song Luo, Sai Li, “Preparation and Property Analysis of Melamine Formaldehyde Foam”, Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 2, 63-67, (2012) [10]. W.J. Blank, Z.A. He, E.T. Hessel and R.A. Abramshe, “Melamine Formaldehyde Networks with Improved Chemical Resistance”, ACSPMSE, Preprints Las Vegas Meeting (1997)
Maheshwar Sharon, Ritesh Vishwakarma, Raju Gurung, Anubhav Gupta, B.C. Chakraborty and Madhuri Sharon "Microwave Absorption by Melamine/Carbon Nano Fiber Composite-11" International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.60-64 2017
Environmental pollution is a very serious issue of the present world. A rapid industrialization is going on around the globe and hence all types of pollution are seen around us. Most importantly, water and air are getting highly contaminated. The construction industry is one of the leaders in deterioration of environment by depleting resources and consuming energy and creating a lot of waste. Also a considerable amount of emissions of greenhouse and acidifying gases has the origin in this industry. Cement belongs to the most often used building materials and its production is increasing over the world. At the same time, the cement industry is an enormous energy intensive industry and it produces many harmful emissions, like gases, odours and noise. An assessment of environmental impacts has been made in terms of water, air and noise pollution in a cement manufacturing plant Manglam Cement Limited at Morak, Kota, Rajasthan, which is under operation for a period of about 30 years. During the study, the ambient air quality parameters like PM10, PM2.5 SO2, NOx, physio-chemical parameters of water namely pH, total hardness, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, total chlorides and measurement of noise levels as well as health and safety measures for the workers have been evaluated. Zero discharge approach is examined in Manglam Cement Limited where no liquid/solid waste is generated from the plant; which indicates that significant environmental regulations are being maintained. It is found that the industry is working according to the standards and norms defined by the Central Pollution Control Board of India.
- Page(s): 65-68
- Date of Publication: 31 May 2017
- Dr. Mahendra Pratap Choudhary Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India – 324010
- Divya Gupta Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India – 324010
Reference
[1] Drinking Water Specification. 2012. IS 10500: 2012. Bureau of Indian Standards. [2] Dhoble, Yogesh Nathuji. 2013. Environmental Impact Assessment of Cement Industry - A Short Note, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2234380. [3] Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring. 2003. National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Series, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest, India. [4] http://cpcb.nic.in/ [5] http://envfor.nic.in/ [6] http://www.mangalamcement.com/ [7] Ilalokhoin, P.O. et al. 2013. Environmental Impact Assessment of a Proposed Cement Plant In Southwestern Nigeria, IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), Volume 3, Issue 5, PP 83-99. [8] Kabir, G. and Madugu, A.I. 2010. Assessment of Environmental impact on air quality by cement industry and mitigation measures: a case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160:91, doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0660-4, Springer. [9] Sinha S. 1998. Environmental impact assessment: an effective management tool. TERI Information Monitor on Environmental Science, 3(1), 1-7. [10] Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater; APHA, AWWA, and WEF, 21st Edition, 2005.
Dr. Mahendra Pratap Choudhary, Divya Gupta “Assessing Environmental Impacts of a Cement Industry during its Operation Phase” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.65-68 2017
Steganography is derived from Greek words Steganous meaning “covered” and graphy meaning “writing”. So it is known as “covered writing”. Steganography is a technique which is used to hide the message and prevent the detection of hidden message. The communication of digital assets on the internet infrastructure is increasing in its volume with threats on its security with regard to active and passive attacks of eavesdroppers. This concern has opened up the research channel to improve the techniques of secure and reliable communication protecting intellectual property rights and message security. This paper will provide a review to the few of the steganography approaches where the text is hidden inside the image without altering the quality of the image.
- Page(s): 69-73
- Date of Publication: 12 June 2017
- Dipti Kumari Post Graduate Student, Department of Conmuter Science and Engineering, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida,India
- Pradeep Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, India
- Dr.Meena AroraProfessor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, India
Reference
[1]. R. Amirtharajan, R. Akila, and P. Deepikachowdavarapu, “A comparative Analysis of Image Steganography”, International Journal of computer Applications (0975-8887), May, 2010, Vol 2, No. 3.
[2]. Bret Dunber, “Steganographic Techniques and their use in an Open-Systems Environment”, SANS Institute, 01/18/2002.
[3]. D. Aucsmith, “An information-theoretic model for steganography”, Proceedings of the second Intel. Workshop on Information Hiding, April, 1998, pg. 306-318.
[4]. J. Nath, “Advanced Steganography Algorithm using Encrypted secret message,”, IJCSA, vol. 2, no. 3, 2011.
[5]. A. Nath, S. Ghosh, M. A. Mallik, “Symmetric Key Cryptography using Random Key generator:” Proceedings of International conference on security and management(SAM2010) held at Las.
[6]. K.BENNETT,”linguistic steganography: survey, analysis and robustness concern for hiding Information in text’, Purdue University, Cerias tech .report 2004-13.
[7]. N.F. Johnson, S. Jajodia, Exploring steganography: seeing the unseen, IEEE Computer 31 (2) (1998) 26–34.
[8]. J. C. Judge, Steganography: past, present, future. SANS Institute publication,
Dipti Kumari, Pradeep Kumar, Dr. Meena Arora “A Review: Hiding Text in Image using different Steganography Approaches” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation-IJRSI vol.4 issue 5s, pp.69-73 2017