Lineaments Characterization of Gound-Water Potential of the Ningi-Burra Complex, North Eastern Nigeria Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Lineaments Characterization of Ground-Water Potential of the Ningi-Burra Complex, North Eastern Nigeria Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Abba, M.J¹, Danbatta, U. A², Haruna, S.T³, Abubakar, T⁴

^1,3Center for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State.

²Geology Department, Faculty of Physical sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

⁴Geology Department, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Science, Aliko Dangote University. Kano.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2024.911002

Received: 11 October 2024; Revised: 22 October 2024; Accepted: 25 October 2024; Published: 26 November 2024

ABSTRACT

A Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) data was georeferenced using the coordinates of the Nigeria Topographic Map Sheets of Part of Birnin-Kudu sheet 105 SE, Gwaram sheet 106 SW, Kalatu sheet 127 NE and Kaffin Madaki sheet 128 NW, lies between Latitudes 10o 55’ N to 11o 10’ N and Longitudes 9o20’ E to 9o 35’ E, ERDAS imagine software (Version 8.6) was used for image processing, enhancement and filtering as well as interpretation and digitization using ILWIS 3.3, the lineaments of the Ningi-Burra was extracted from the satellite, digital elevation and surface lineaments to express the ground water potential zones in the area, the extracted lineament structures were interpreted as fractures, joints and drainage lines for the accessibility of the ground water potential of the area. The satellite lineaments are oriented in a NE – SW direction with major N-S and minor NW – SE. The lineaments from digital elevation model (DEM) were divided into several groups; N-S, E-W, NE-SW, NW-SE, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW, WNW-ESE, and NNW-SSE. The statistical results have the sum of 898,584.40 km with minimum value of 0.00 and a maximum value of 39,101.40 km. The intensity of groundwater potential decreases with increasing distance from the lineaments. Satellite lineament bar chart has the highest lineament frequency of 5 within the class interval of 9 km and the lowest lineament frequency of 0 occurring within the class interval of 12, 13, 1617, 19 km which represents the drainage lineaments of the stream channels The satellite lineament density map has highest value of 10 – 19 and lowest values of 1.0 and 3.0 densities.

Keywords: Ground water potential zone, Satellite imagery, Digital elevation model and surface lineaments

INTRODUCTION

Background

Remote sensing can be used as a reconnaissance and feature identification technique for identifying surface and subsurface water potential zones. The study and analysis of the lineaments features of the Ningi-Burra complex using remote sensing methods for integrating maps and data is to have a Spatial distribution and lineament density that will provide a useful database in hydrogeology, ground-water potential, water borehole drilling, road and dam location and alignments, environmental planning as well as potential Hazard Monitoring and Control (Odeyemi et al., 1999)

Groundwater is a critical resource for human activities and ecosystems, particularly in regions where surface water resources are limited or unreliable. Mapping groundwater potential zones is essential for identifying areas with high potential for sustainable groundwater development and management (Kumar, 2024)

The study employs the use of remote sensing techniques that will reveal the geological lineaments structures which will help to establish the ground water potential zones in the area (Dunning et al., 1998; Jefferies et al., 2000; Ashano and Olasehinde, 2010).

Location of the Area

The area is located within Birnin-Kudu Sheet 105 SE, Gwaram Sheet 106 SW, Kalatu Sheet 127 NE and Kaffin Madaki 128 NW, is bounded between Latitudes 10o 55’ N to 11o 10’ N and Longitudes 9o20’ E to 9o 35’ E (Figure 1). The area is in Ningi local Government, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Topographically, the Ningi-Burra Complex forms a range of hills with NE-SW trend over a distance of about 70 km and a width of about 20 km. The range of hills rise about 100 – 300 m above the surrounding basement plains. Volcanic rocks occupy areas of high topography.
The drainage pattern is mainly dendritic. The main river and its tributaries take their source from surrounding hills. The area is drained by Rivers Tsangaya, Dagwalo, Tabula and Tebbi to the south and Rivers Dengir, Jigawa and Lumbu to the north, which empties their water to river Dilimi and subsequently to Lake Chad (Fig. 1). The streams and rivers in the area are seasonal with the water having their highest flow in the rainy season around August and lowest flow during the dry season around March.

The climate of the area is marked by three distinct seasons: –

i Late November – February: Harmattan (NE trade wind from the Sahara that blows toward the south western coast of Africa).
ii. March – May: Dry season, usually very hot with few isolated rain falls. The wind blows from northeast to southwest and temperature may rise more than 350 C.
iii. May – September: Wet or rainy season, wind blows to the south-westerly direction with occasional sunshine and temperature reaches more than 350 C. September-Late November is characterized by wind from south-west to north east.

Rainfall is usually very heavy in August and finally fading in early November. The mean annual rainfall is about 100 cm. while the mean relative humidity at 0600 hours and 1200 hours is 50 percent and 58 percent respectively (Schroeder, 1974).

The vegetation in the area corresponds to the Sudan-Savannah type, which is characterized by a sparsely distributed shrubs and grasses. The grasses can be as tall as 1m above ground surface during the raining season. Common trees include; Acacia albida, Adansonia digitata, Meliaindica, Delamixregia, Pamae Adenium obtusum due to their ability to survive dry season.

Figure 1: Simplified geological map of the Nigerian Younger Granite (NYG) complexes (after Kinnaird, 1985) rectangle showing the location of the Ningi-Burra Complex.

Aim and Objectives

The aim of the study is to interpret the satellite lineaments structures for Ground water potential of the Ningi-Burra complex.

The objectives are to:

i) Produce lineament maps of the area.
ii) Compile and interpret the satellite imageries of the area and interpret the structural features for Ground Water potential

METHODOLOGY

The satellite data used in this research is acquired from LANDSAT-TM which covered an area located between latitudes 10°55’N-11°10’N and longitudes 8°55′-9°55’E. Bands 7 is selected according to Marghany et al., (2009) which can provide accurate geological information, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data with a resolution of 30m covering the area was obtained from the United State Geological Survey Website (USGS). The ASTER-DEM was imported into ArcMap software where the extended elevation range was classified using the classification algorithm of spatial analysis tool of ArcMap. A hill shade value of 2 was assigned in order to reveal the third dimension of hills. The final image was embellished and exported. The data was georeferenced using the coordinates of the Nigeria Topographic Map within the Sheets of Birnin-kudu 105, Gwaram 106, Kalatu 127 and Kaffin-Madaki 128. The georeferenced projection in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), Minna Datum.

ERDAS imaging software (Version 8.6) was used for image processing, image enhancement and filtering as well as interpretation and digitization were carried out using ILWIS 3.3.
For this study, the Landsat 7 ETM+ image data was used, the application of the Landsat spectral bands is presented in Table 1. Band 7 of this image data according to this table is useful for the discrimination of minerals, rocks, lineament and structural types (Lilles and Kieffer, 1994). Satellite images acquired in this band have high information content that means there is large variation in the spectral response of materials in the environment. Band 7 is the least affected by atmospheric attenuation compared with the reflected infrared bands. Landsat 7 also carries a panchromatic band (visible through near infrared), with 15 meters’ resolution for “sharpening” of multispectral images.

This procedure of lineament extraction has been used to extract lineaments pattern from LANDSAT TM satellite images. Following (Maged and Mazlan, 2008) image enhancement contrast, as demonstrated in figure 2, stretching and linear enhancement are applied to acquire an excellent visualization.

Figure 2: Flow chart of lineament mapping from LANDSAT-TM satellite data

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION