Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Solanum Species Extracts in Laboratory Animals

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Solanum Species Extracts in Laboratory Animals

S.Z. Sayyed¹, P.N. Nagane*², A.A. Kulkarni³

¹Research Scholar, Department of Botany, BPHE Society’s Ahmednagar College, Ahmednagar

²Assistant Professor, Research Centre, Department of Botany, Balwant College, Vita, Tal Khanapur, Dist. Sangali

³Professor, Department of Botany, BPHE Society’s Ahmednagar College, Ahmednagar

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.100600129

Received: 26 June 2025; Accepted: 28 June 2025; Published: 21 July 2025

ABSTRACT

Context: Solanum tuberosum, Solanum torvum, Solanum nigrum are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation.

Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of Solanum species. The present research work was planned to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Solanum tuberosum leaves and roots, Solanum torvum leaves and roots, Solanum nigrum leaves and roots.

Settings and Design: Extraction is done by Soxhlet method. Ethanolic extract was evaluated at dosage of 500mg/kg per os (by mouth) in rats. Six rats in each group were used for this study, Test samples were given orally as per standard protocol and animals were observed for signs and symptoms along with weekly Body weight. The present study is divided into two parts Part one study was to evaluate the Anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum Species in Wistar rats by carrageenan induced paw edema model and part two study was to evaluate the Anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum Species in Wistar rats by Histamine induced paw edema model.

Statistical Analysis: pharmacological screening models- Carrageenan induced rat paw edema and Histamine induced rat paw edema. Data obtained was analysed using unpaired T- test and one way anova, where P ≤ 0.05 is considered as statistically significant.

Results: Given treatment (500 mg/kg) did not show anti-inflammatory activity in Solanum tuberosum and Solanum torvum against carrageenan and histamine induced rat paw edema but Solanum nigrum showed anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan and histamine induced rat paw edema.

Conclusion: Present study results supported the traditional use of plant Solanum nigrum in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory activity.

Keywords- Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Histamine, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum torvum, Solanum nigrum.

INTRODUCTION

Inflammation is a normal part of body’s responses to injury. It is helpful in healing but sometimes inflammation that happens when there is no invader can affect healthy body parts and can cause chronic diseases. Anti-inflammatory activity occurs by suppressing of inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and other nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) dependent inflammatory mediators (Garcia et al., 2015). Steroid containing drugs can have harmful effects like vomiting, nausea or severe disease. Therefore, there is need to find anti-inflammatory agents that will be effective, safe and with less side effects. Following are the test plants used to examine the anti-inflammatory.

1. Solanum tuberosum, commonly known as potato is herbaceous plant that grows up to 1.4 m tall. tuberosum is widely cultivated around the world. Potatoes contain anthocyanin compounds besides flavonoids, which act as anti-inflammatory agent. It is rich in starch, fibre which are anti-inflammatory agents (Wahyu Hidayat et al., 2024). In recent study in vivoabsorption of anthocyanins from an extract of Ipomea batatas L. was also demonstrated in rats and humans after their addition to the diet. Acylated anthocyanins, the main constituents of potato, were detected in plasma and urine after ingestion (Harada et al., 2004). Anthocyanins are known to contain different pharmacological properties and are used by humans for therapeutic purpose (Kong et al., 2003).
2. Solanum torvum also known as turkey berry, which is bushy and spiny perennial plant used in Cameroonian traditional medicine system to manage the pain and inflammation (Atta et al., 1997). The plant is cultivated in the tropics for its tasting immature fruits. The plant extracts have been widely used for the treatment of a large number of human ailments. The chemical entities of this plant can be used as, antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-microbial activity, anti-platelet aggregation activities, digestive, hemostatics and diuretic activities (Ashok et al., 2010),
3. Solanum nigrum commonly known as Makoi or black nightshade, commonly grows as weed in moist habitats. It is used as food as well as medicinal plant in Cameroon to treat pneumonia, acting teeth, pain, inflammation etc (Ramaya et al., 2011). The whole plant of  nigrumhas good effects of dispersing blood stasis and detumescence, clearing away heat, as well as detoxification and has been commonly used for the treatment of canker sores (Geo et al., 2021).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Area under Study:-

Plants are collected from different places such as,

Solanum tuberosum– Manchar, Taluka- Ambegaon Dist. Pune- 410 503.

Solanum nigrum– Dhokari, Taluka- Akole, Dist. Ahmednagar -422 601.

Solanum torvum– Dhokari, Taluka- Akole, Dist. Ahmednagar -422 601.

Chemicals:-

Carrageenan (TCI), Histamine (Sigma), Distilled water, Ethanol, Surgical cotton, Syringe, Soxhlet apparatus, Plethysmometer (VJ Instrument), Weighing balance (SKNOL), Rotary evaporator, Diclofenac Sodium tablet (medley pharmaceuticals ltd).

Preparation of Plant Extract:-

Plants were air dried at room temperature for 15-20 days and grounded into fine powder. Dried powder was extracted with ethanol at 75º C using Soxhlet apparatus. Excess solvent is removed using rotary evaporator at 50º C. Ethanolic extract is stored in refrigerator for further experiments.

Experimental Animals

Following are the details of the test,

• Rat Strain: Wistar, Swiss albino Source: Crystal Biological Solutions.
• Sex: Male
• Body weight range: 220-250 gm
• Identification: Identification mark to animals and cages
• of animals: 108
• Acclimatization: The rats were acclimatized at test environment for 7 days.

Environmental Conditions

• Room temperature maintained between 22 ± 3ºC,
• Relative humidity 55 ± 5 % and 12-hrs light and 12 hrs dark cycle was maintained.
• Accommodation: Six rats in each cage with clean paddy husk.
• Diet: Pelleted feed supplied by Nutrivet Pvt. Ltd. libitum during the study.
• Water: RO filtered water was provided ad libitum.

All procedures such as housing, dosing, sacrifice, rehabilitation was done in accordance with the standard operating procedures and the guidelines provided by the committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CCSEA) as published in The Gazette of India, December 15, 1998 and biological evaluation of medical devices- Part 2: Animal welfare requirements. This Study has been approved in Institutional Animal Ethics Committee meeting of Crystal Biological Solutions.

Animal Acclimatization

Total 108 Wistar male rats were selected and allowed to acclimatize for period of seven days prior to dosing. During this period, animals were observed daily for clinical signs. All animal met the health and weight criteria.

Approval of the Research Protocol

Study Design

Six rats in each group were used for this study, test samples were given orally as per standard protocol and animals were observed for signs and symptoms along with weekly body weight. Present study is divided into two parts.

Part 1: study was to evaluate the Anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum Species in Wistar rats by carrageenan induced paw edema model.

Part 2: study was to evaluate the Anti- inflammatory activity of Solanum Species in Wistar rats by Histamine induced paw edema model. Following are the animal models and protocols for evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activity.

Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. 

Rats were randomly divided into 9 groups. Treatment of test drug and standard drug Diclofenac sodium was done for 5 consecutive days. On 5^th day single dose of standard drug, was administered 1 hour before the carrageenan injection. Initially Tibio-tarsal articulation of left hind paw was recorded by using a plethysmometer on fifth day. Edema was induced by injecting 0.1 ml freshly prepared 1% Carrageenan in sterile saline solution to the sub-plantar Apo-neurosis of the left hind limb 1 hr after the drug administration on the fifth day. To minimize variations in edema formation uniform hydration was maintained by administering tap water at a dose of 2 ml/100 g body weight. Paw volume was recorded at interval from zero hr, ½ hr, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr and 12hr after the carrageenan injection. Results were expressed by percentage increase in paw volume in comparison with the initial paw volumes and with the control group.

Histamine induced paw edema in rats.

Rats were randomly divided into nine groups. Treatment of test drug and standard drug Diclofenac sodium was done for 5 consecutive days. On 5^th day single dose of standard drug, was administered 1 hr before the Histamine injection. Initially Tibio-tarsal articulation of left hind paw was recorded by using a plethysmometer on fifth day. Edema was induced by injecting 0.1 ml freshly prepared 1% Histamine in sterile saline solution to the sub-plantar Apo neurosis of the left hind limb 1 hr after the drug administration on the fifth day. To minimize variations in edema formation uniform hydration was maintained by administering tap water at a dose of 2 ml/100 g body weight. Paw volume was recorded at zero hr, ½ hr, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr and 12 hr after the Histamine injection. Results were expressed by percentage increase in paw volume in comparison with the initial paw volumes and with the control group.

Statistical Analysis

The present study for optimization of Nano-emulsion gel was analysed by applying one way Anova and unpaired t-test. Multiplying comparison test and accomplished using Graph Pad Prism 8 software. The results were confirmed to be significant with P value less than 0.05 (P≤0.05).

Evaluation of Results

Percentage inhibition of paw edema i.e. acute inflammation was calculated using the following formulae-

(Paw Volume in disease control group – % Inhibition at given time interval =

 Paw Volume in Test group) / Paw Volume in Disease control group) * 100

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Carrageenan induced paw edema in rats.

As compared to disease control group paw edema of ½ hr, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, and 12hr was reduced in Standard and Test group and Disease control group shows increased paw volume after histamine induction. Hence, Solanum species showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the Disease control group. Administration of Solanum nigrum (500mg/kg) leaves and roots showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the other test group.

Histamine induced paw edema in rats.

As compared to disease control group paw edema of ½ hr, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, and 12hr was reduced in Standard and Test group and Disease control group shows increased paw volume after histamine induction. Hence, Solanum species showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the Disease control group. Administration of Solanum nigrum (500 mg/kg) leaves and roots showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the other test group.

Effect of Solanum species on Carrageenan induced paw edema model

The basal mean paw volume was comparable in all the groups in carrageen induced paw edema model of acute inflammation in rats. Table no 1 shows the mean paw volume increase in all the groups at a various time interval in carrageen induced paw edema model of acute inflammation in rats. Paw volume was increased in disease control group after ½ hour of Carrageenan induction and also gradually increase till 8 hours and slightly decrease in 12 hours. Paw volume of standard group was increased half hour after carrageenan induction and decreased after 1 hr. Paw Volume of Test group 1, Test Group 3, Test Group 4 and Test Group 6 animals were increased half hour after induction and reduced in 2 hr. Test Group 2 and Test Group 5 animals was increased half hour after induction and reduced in 3 hr.

Table No 1: The values of mean paw volume increase in all the groups at a various time interval in carrageen induced paw edema model of acute inflammation in rats

Table No 2: The values are of Percentage Inhibition of paw volume using species of Solanum tuberosum, Solanum torvum, Solanum nigrum leaves and roots extract.

The basal mean paw volume was comparable in all the groups in carrageen induced paw edema model of acute inflammation in rats. 11.89 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 32.98 % inhibition at 1hr, 57.42 % inhibition at 2 hr, 65.23 % inhibition at 4 hr, 68.47 % inhibition at 8 hr and 69.49 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed in standard group, whereas Test Group 1 (Solanum tuberosum leaves) animal showing 7.71 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 24.54 % inhibition at 1hr, 50.62 % inhibition at 2 hr, 59.62 % inhibition at 4 hr, 63.75 % inhibition at 8 hr and 68.47 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 2 (Solanum torvum leaves) animal showing 6.87 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 22.56 % inhibition at 1hr, 45.23 % inhibition at 2 hr, 57.16 % inhibition at 4 hr, 61.78 % inhibition at 8 hr and 67.29 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 3 (Solanum nigrum leaves) animal showing 9.55 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 26.12 % inhibition at 1hr, 53.53 % inhibition at 2 hr, 63.39 % inhibition at 4 hr, 66.06 % inhibition at 8 hr and 68.94 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 4 (Solanum tuberosum roots) animal showing 9.72 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 24.41 % inhibition at 1hr, 52.30 % inhibition at 2 hr, 61.98 % inhibition at 4 hr, 65.55 % inhibition at 8 hr and 67.61 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 5 (Solanum torvum roots) animal showing 5.70 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 22.43 % inhibition at 1hr, 46.47 % inhibition at 2 hr, 58.49 % inhibition at 4 hr, 61.72 % inhibition at 8 hr and 65.49 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 6 (Solanum nigrum roots) animal showing 9.05 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 24.54 % inhibition at 1hr, 53.80 % inhibition at 2 hr, 64.39 % inhibition at 4 hr, 68.28 % inhibition at 8 hr and 69.02 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed.

As compared to disease control group paw edema of half hr, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, and 12hr was reduced in Standard and Test Group and Disease control group shows increased paw volume after histamine induction. Hence, Solanum species showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the Disease Control Group. Solanum nigrum leaves and roots showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the other test groups.

Graph 1: The values are mean ± SD, n = 6 in each group. P ≥ 0.05 non- significant *P < 0.05 when compared with Disease Control **P < 0.01 when compared with Disease Control ***P < 0.001 when compared with Disease Control ****P < 0.0001 when compared with Disease Control Paw edema in 0 hr animals of normal control, standard and test group showed non-significant when compared with disease control group. As compared to disease control group paw edema of ½ hr, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, and 12hr was reduced and hence it is significant as shown in prism. P value ≤ 0.0001 which shows that is significant. We can see change in reduction score of paw edema in test group. Disease control group increased paw volume after carrageenan induction. Oneway anova was used to find out difference between Disease Control, Standard and Test group.

Effect of Solanum species on Histamine induced rat paw model

The basal mean paw volume was comparable in all the groups in carrageen induced paw edema model of acute inflammation in rats.  Table no 3 shows the mean paw volume increase in all the groups at a various time interval in carrageen induced paw edema model of acute inflammation in rats. Paw volume was increased in disease control group after ½ hour of Carrageenan induction and also gradually increase till 8 hours and slightly decrease in 12 hours. Paw volume of standard group was increased half hour after carrageenan induction and decreased in 2 hr. Paw Volume of Test group 1, Test Group 4 and Test Group 5 animals was increased half hour after induction and reduced in 8 hr. Test Group 2, Test Group 3 and Test Group 6 animals was increased half hour after induction and reduced in 4 hr.

Table No 3: The values of mean paw volume increase in all the groups at a various time interval in histamine induced paw edema model of acute inflammation in rats

The basal mean paw volume was comparable in all the groups in carrageen induced paw edema model of acute inflammation in rats. 12.61 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 30.74 % inhibition at 1hr, 36.90 % inhibition at 2 hr, 55.38 % inhibition at 4 hr, 65.66 % inhibition at 8 hr and 67.81 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed in standard group, whereas Test Group 1 (Solanum tuberosum leaves) animal showing 7.99 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 25.91 % inhibition at 1hr, 26.97 % inhibition at 2 hr, 43.84 % inhibition at 4 hr, 58.32 % inhibition at 8 hr and 63.04% inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 2 (Solanum torvum leaves) animal showing 9.06 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 25.37 % inhibition at 1hr, 25.68 % inhibition at 2 hr, 46.77 % inhibition at 4 hr, 60.53 % inhibition at 8 hr and 63.53 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 3 (Solanum nigrum leaves) animal showing 9.06 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 28.86 % inhibition at 1hr, 29.81 % inhibition at 2 hr, 51.17 % inhibition at 4 hr, 63.87 % inhibition at 8 hr and 66.66 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 4 (Solanum tuberosum roots) animal showing 7.46 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 23.36% inhibition at 1hr, 22.45 % inhibition at 2 hr, 22.06 % inhibition at 4 hr, 40.12 % inhibition at 8 hr and 59.18 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed.

In Test Group 5 (Solanum torvum roots) animal showing 6.22 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 22.82 % inhibition at 1hr, 22.06 % inhibition at 2 hr, 40.12 % inhibition at 4 hr, 58.65 % inhibition at 8 hr and 62.88 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed. In Test Group 6 (Solanum nigrum roots) animal showing 8.35 % inhibition at ½ Hr, 28.59 % inhibition at 1hr, 29.42 % inhibition at 2 hr, 50.00 % inhibition at 4 hr, 63.95 % inhibition at 8 hr and 67.48 % inhibition at 12 hr in paw volume was observed.

As compared to disease control group paw edema of ½ hr, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, and 12hr was reduced in Standard and Test Group and Disease control group shows increased paw volume after histamine induction. Hence, Solanum species showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the Disease Control Group. Solanum nigrum leaves and roots showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the other test group.

Table No. 4: The values are of Percentage Inhibition of paw volume using species of Solanum tuberosum, Solanum torvum, Solanum nigrum leaves and roots extract.

Graph 2: The values are mean ± SD, n = 6 in each group. P ≥ 0.05 non- significant *P < 0.05 when compared with Disease Control **P < 0.01 when compared with Disease Control ***P < 0.001 when compared with Disease Control ****P < 0.0001 when compared with Disease Control Paw edema in 0 hr animals of normal control, standard and test group showed non-significant when compared with disease control group. As compared to disease control group paw edema of ½ hr, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, and 12hr was reduced and hence it is significant as shown in prism. P value ≤ 0.0001 which shows that is significant. We can see change in reduction score of paw edema in test group. Disease control group increased paw volume after histamine induction. Oneway anova was used to find out difference between Disease Control, Standard and Test group.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study demonstrate that Solanum species possess notable anti-inflammatory potential, with Solanum nigrum leaves and roots exhibiting particularly strong activity. When compared to the disease control group, these plant parts showed significant inhibition of inflammation, highlighting their therapeutic relevance. Among the test groups evaluated, Solanum nigrum showed the most effective, suggesting its promise as a natural source for the development of anti-inflammatory agents. These results provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of Solanum species in managing inflammatory conditions and warrant further investigation into their cytotoxicity and mechanisms of action.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are thankful to department of Botany, Ahmednagar College, Ahmednagar. department of Botany, Balwant College, Vita. Dist. Sangli and Crystal Biological Solutions Ltd., Pune for their contribution in this research work.

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