Towards Resilient and Carbon-Neutral Philippine Cities: A Systematic Literature Review of Blue-Green Plumbing Infrastructure and Registered Master Plumbers' Role in Climate Resilience and Urban Sustainability

Rapid urbanization, climate-related hazards, and increasing pressure on freshwater resources have intensified concerns regarding the sustainability of urban infrastructure systems in the Philippines. Many cities continue to experience recurring flooding, water supply challenges, inadequate wastewater management, aging utility infrastructure, and fragmented governance arrangements that complicate integrated planning and service delivery. These conditions highlight the need for innovative approaches that can simultaneously improve climate resilience and support low-carbon urban development. This study aimed to examine the potential of Blue-Green Plumbing Infrastructure (BGPI) as a sustainable urban water management strategy and assess its contribution to the development of resilient and carbon-neutral Philippine cities. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. Relevant international and Philippine studies were analyzed to evaluate the technical, environmental, institutional, and professional dimensions of BGPI implementation. Particular attention was given to the role of Registered Master Plumbers (RMPs) in the planning, design, operation, maintenance, and regulatory compliance of sustainable water infrastructure systems. The findings demonstrate that BGPI offers multiple environmental and operational benefits. These include improved water conservation, reduced dependence on potable water supplies, lower energy requirements for water treatment and distribution, enhanced stormwater management, increased ecological value, and greater resilience to climate-related risks. The review also indicates that BGPI can support carbon-neutral development by improving water-use efficiency and reducing the energy intensity of urban water systems. However, its broader adoption remains constrained by institutional fragmentation, limited policy integration, financial barriers, insufficient technical standards, and capacity gaps among stakeholders. The study concludes that integrating BGPI into urban planning, building regulations, and water governance frameworks can significantly strengthen urban resilience and sustainability in the Philippines. Achieving wider implementation will require stronger regulatory support, enhanced professional capacity, and greater collaboration among government, industry, and academic institutions.

Blue-Green Plumbing Infrastructure, Carbon Neutrality, Climate Resilience, Sustainable Cities, Urban Water Management, Registered Master Plumber

1. Ahmed, S., Meenar, M., & Alam, A. (2019). Designing a Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) Network: Toward Water-Sensitive Urban Growth Planning in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Land, 8(9), 138–138. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8090138 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Almaaitah, T., Appleby, M., Rosenblat, H., Drake, J., & Joksimovic, D. (2021). The potential of Blue-Green infrastructure as a climate change adaptation strategy: a systematic literature review. Blue-Green Systems, 3(1), 223–248. https://doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2021.016 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Andersson, E., Haase, D., Kronenberg, J., Langemeyer, J., Mascarenhas, A., Wolff, M., & Elmqvist, T. (2022). Based on nature, enabled by social-ecological-technological context: deriving benefit from urban green and blue infrastructure. Ecology and Society, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-13580-270418 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Bai, X., Dodman, D., Hayward, B., Lwasa, S., Seto, K. C., Abid, H., Thakur, J., Khatiwada, D., Bauner, D., Abino, A., Castillo, J., Lee, Y., Acakpovi, A., Abubakar, R., Asabere, N., Majeed, I., Acuto, M., Leffel, B., Acuto, M., … Zscheischler, J. (2023). Urban Systems and Other Settlements. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 861–952). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.010 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Bank, A. D. (2014). Asian Development Bank (ADB), Republic of the Philippines National Urban Assessment. https://doi.org/10.22617/rpt146356 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Bartos, M., Wong, B., & Kerkez, B. (2017). Open storm: a complete framework for sensing and control of urban watersheds. Environmental Science Water Research & Technology, 4(3), 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00374a [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Beretta, I., & Bracchi, C. (2025). Is Climate‐Neutral the New Smart and Sustainable City? A Review Towards Urban Climate Neutrality. Urban Planning, 10. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.10033 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Berro, N. (2025). The Role of Engineers in Implementing Water-Efficient Technologies in Sustainable Building Projects. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(3), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2025.153029 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Bilal, M., Sandi, S. G., Josey, B. M., & Gong, J. (2026). A review of premise plumbing systems: from design and key performance domains to challenges and future research pathways for full-scale integration. Water Research, 293, 125437–125437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125437 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Boongaling, C. G., Sevilla‐Nastor, J. B., ESPALDON, M. V. O., Sanchez, P. A., Villanueva, J. D., & Jago-on, K. A. B. (2026). Cost-benefit analysis of decentralized low-impact development (LID) applications in urban areas in the Philippines: a case study of the Canlubang sub-catchment. Water Practice & Technology, 21(2), 444–466. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2026.199 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Browder, G. J., Ozment, S., Bescos, I. R., Gartner, T., & Lange, G. (2019). Integrating Green and Gray: Creating Next Generation Infrastructure. https://doi.org/10.46830/wrirpt.18.00028 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Cardoso, B. J., Rodrigues, E., Gaspar, A. R., & Gomes, Á. (2021). Energy performance factors in wastewater treatment plants: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 322, 129107–129107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129107 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Cascone, S., Coma, J., Gagliano, A., & Pérez, G. (2018). The evapotranspiration process in green roofs: A review. Building and Environment, 147, 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Castro, A. M. L., Tabliga, C. B., Merecido, P. A. M., Bongo, A. V. P., & Bucao, F. A. (2026). Invisible Infrastructure: A Systematic Review of Wastewater Disposal and Treatment in the Philippines (1982–2026). Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 25(3), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2026/v25i3898 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Chen, H., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Ni, Z., Xia, B., & Qiu, R. (2024). New Perspective to Evaluate the Carbon Offsetting by Urban Blue-Green Infrastructure: Direct Carbon Sequestration and Indirect Carbon Reduction. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(29), 12966–12975. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c07337 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Chen, L., Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Lichtfouse, É., Jiang, Y., Hua, J., Osman, A. I., Farghali, M., Huang, L., Zhang, Y., Rooney, D. W., & Yap, P. (2024). Benefits and limitations of recycled water systems in the building sector: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 22(2), 785–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01683-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Chiu, Y., Raina, N., & Chen, H. (2021). Evolution of Flood Defense Strategies: Toward Nature-Based Solutions. Environments, 9(1), 2–2. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9010002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Corong, E., Dacuycuy, L., Reyes, R. C., & Taningco, A. (2012). The Growth and Distributive Impacts of Public Infrastructure Investments in the Philippines. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3168046 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Corpuz, J. C. G. (2025). Wastewater Management in the Philippines: A Call for Localized Solutions and Policy Integration. PubMed Central, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302241311529 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Demegillo, Desamero, Gaco, Maestrado, Pimentel, Salada, Tiangco, Mamitag, & Pudan. (2025). Greening the Flood: Sustainable Urban Solutions for Barangay Lorega, Cebu City. DIT ADS International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.63941/dit.adsimrj.2025.1.3.20 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Engström, R., Howells, M., Destouni, G., Bhatt, V., Bazilian, M., & Rogner, H. (2017). Connecting the resource nexus to basic urban service provision – with a focus on water-energy interactions in New York City. IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis), 31, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.007 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Enriquez, Y., Yadav, S., Evangelista, G. K., Villanueva, D., Burac, M. A., & Pede, V. O. (2021). Disentangling Challenges to Scaling Alternate Wetting and Drying Technology for Rice Cultivation: Distilling Lessons From 20 Years of Experience in the Philippines. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.675818 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Green, D. (2010). Creating an army of greegreen plumbers. American Water Works Association, 102(2), 67–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2010.tb10048.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Group, W. B. (2022). World Bank Group - Philippines Country Climate and Development Report. In World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1596/38280 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Haji, M., Namany, S., & Al‐Ansari, T. (2024). Strengthening resilience: decentralized decision-making and multi-criteria analysis in the energy-water-food nexus systems. Frontiers in Sustainability, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2024.1367931 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J., & Rozenberg, J. (2019). More Resilient Infrastructure Assets Are Cost-Effective. In The World Bank eBooks (pp. 95–107). https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1430-3_ch6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Hamel, P., & Tan, L. Q. (2021). Blue–Green Infrastructure for Flood and Water Quality Management in Southeast Asia: Evidence and Knowledge Gaps. Environmental Management, 69(4), 699–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01467-w [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Hamilton, J. A. (2026). Teaching the Design of Sustainable Resilient Plumbing Systems for the Future. 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784486610.017 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Han, J., Chen, W., Zhang, L., & Liu, G. (2018). Uncovering the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Infrastructure Development: A High Spatial Resolution Material Stock and Flow Analysis. University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark), 52(21), 12122–12132. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03111 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. He, Q., Tapia, F., & Reith, A. (2023). Quantifying the influence of nature-based solutions on building cooling and heating energy demand: A climate specific review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 186, 113660–113660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113660 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. He, Z., Wang, R., Wang, J., Chen, H., Zhang, S., Wang, K., Lai, J. Y., Ren, N., & Ho, S. (2025). Water conservation strategies reduce greenhouse gas emission from wastewater treatment plants: A domino effect. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 26, 100574–100574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2025.100574 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Howard, G., Calow, R., MacDonald, A., & Bartram, J. (2016). Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41(1), 253–276. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. (IPCC), I. P. on C. C. (2023). Cities, Settlements and Key Infrastructure. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 907–1040). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Jegatheesan, V., Pachova, N., Velasco, P., Mowjood, M. I. M., Weragoda, S. K., Makehelwala, M., Trang, N. T. D., Dang, B., Tran, C., Vo, T., Trang, N. T. T., Pham, H., Devanadera, Ma. C. E., Torrens, A., Bui, X., Nguyen, P., Lecciones, A., & Jinadasa, K. B. S. N. (2022). Co‐development of an integrated assessment framework to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of selected nature‐based water treatment technologies in Sri Lanka, The Philippines, and Vietnam. Environmental Quality Management, 32(3), 335–365. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21922 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Kabisch, N., Stadler, J., & Korn, H. (2017). Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas. In Theory and practice of urban sustainability transitions. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Kelkar, V., Helm, B., & Krebs, P. (2025). A Semi-Systematic Global Review to Understand the Key Components Essential for Advancing the Actual Design, Planning, and Implementation of Blue–Green Infrastructure in Indian Cities. Land, 14(11), 2287–2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112287 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Khaffaf, I. A., Al-Tamimi, A. K., & Ahmed, V. (2024). Pathways to Carbon Neutrality: A Review of Strategies and Technologies Across Sectors. Energies, 17(23), 6129–6129. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236129 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Khajvand, M., Mostafazadeh, A. K., Drogui, P., & Tyagi, R. D. (2022). Management of greywater: environmental impact, treatment, resource recovery, water recycling, and decentralization. Water Science & Technology, 86(5), 909–937. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.226 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Koohestani, S. S., Mukheibir, P., Wakefield‐Rann, R., & Santamouris, M. (2025). Adopting a socio-technical perspective on the challenges and barriers in transitioning to Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI). Blue-Green Systems, 7(1), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2025.011 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Koop, S., & Leeuwen, K. van. (2016). The challenges of water, waste and climate change in cities. Environment Development and Sustainability, 19(2), 385–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9760-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Kumar, S., Pratap, B., Dubey, D., & Dutta, V. (2022). Integration of Constructed Wetland Technology as Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Facility and Water Reuse in Agriculture (pp. 565–582). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003220824-39 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Lantaca, J. R. (2024). Sewage Treatment Facility Maintenance: A Risk-based Approach for High-rise Residential Property. E3S Web of Conferences, 488, 3002–3002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448803002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Larsen, T. A., Hoffmann, S., Lüthi, C., Truffer, B., & Maurer, M. (2016). Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world. Science, 352(6288), 928–933. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8641 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Li, S., Leitão, J. P., Wang, Z., & Bach, P. M. (2023). A drainage network-based impact matrix to support targeted blue-green-grey stormwater management solutions. The Science of The Total Environment, 912, 168623–168623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168623 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Liu, Y., Hejazi, M., Kyle, P., Kim, S. H., Davies, E., Miralles, D. G., Teuling, A. J., He, Y., & Niyogi, D. (2016). Global and Regional Evaluation of Energy for Water. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(17), 9736–9745. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01065 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Mason, L. R., Arwood, C., & Shires, M. K. (2017). Seasonal patterns and socio-economic predictors of household rainwater and greywater use. Urban Water Journal, 15(2), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2017.1401098 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Mihalakakou, G., Souliotis, M., Papadaki, M., Menounou, P., Dimopoulos, P., Kolokotsa, D., Paravantis, J. A., Tsangrassoulis, A., Panaras, G., Giannakopoulos, E., & Papaefthimiou, S. (2023). Green roofs as a nature-based solution for improving urban sustainability: Progress and perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 180, 113306–113306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113306 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Molinos‐Senante, M., Poch, M., Rosso, D., & Garrido‐Baserba, M. (2024). From wastewater treatment plants to decentralized resource factories. Npj Clean Water, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-024-00343-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Namratha, B., & Gaonkar, S. L. (2026). Nature-based Solutions for the Management of Urban Wastewater (pp. 70–90). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003527350-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Nguyen, T. T., Bach, P. M., & Pahlow, M. (2022). Multi-scale stormwater harvesting to enhance urban resilience to climate change impacts and natural disasters. Blue-Green Systems, 4(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2022.008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Nunn, P. D., Smith, T. F., & Elrick‐Barr, C. E. (2021). Path Dependency and Future Adaptation of Coastal Cities: Examples From the Asia-Pacific. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.642385 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Ogden, M. H. (2013). ATMOSPHERIC CARBON REDUCTION AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN SMALL COMMUNITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS USING CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.6072 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Olatunde, T. M., Adelani, F. A., & Sikhakhane, Z. Q. (2024). A REVIEW OF SMART WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FROM AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 5(4), 1231–1242. https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i4.1014 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Oral, H. V., Carvalho, P. N., Gajewska, M., Ursino, N., Masi, F., Hullebusch, E. D. van, Kazak, J. K., Expósito, A., Cipolletta, G., Andersen, T. R., Finger, D. C., Simperler, L., Regelsberger, M., Rous, V., Radinja, M., Buttiglieri, G., Krzemiński, P., Rizzo, A., Dehghanian, K., … Zimmermann, M. (2020). A review of nature-based solutions for urban water management in European circular cities: a critical assessment based on case studies and literature. Blue-Green Systems, 2(1), 112–136. https://doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2020.932 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Orale, R. L., Novilla, R. B., & Montecastro, D. (2025). Harmonized Low Impact Development (LID)-based building and urban design policies for the Philippines. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 1511(1), 12007–12007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1511/1/012007 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Öztürk, Ş., Yılmaz, K., Dinçer, A. E., & Kalpakcı, V. (2024). Effect of urbanization on surface runoff and performance of green roofs and permeable pavement for mitigating urban floods. Natural Hazards, 120(13), 12375–12399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06688-w [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E., Mayo‐Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Palmer, M. A., Liu, J., Matthews, J., Mumba, M., & D’Odorico, P. (2015). Manage water in a green way. Science, 349(6248), 584–585. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7778 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Persily, A. K., Yashar, D. A., Ferretti, N. M., Ullah, T., & Healy, W. M. (2020). Measurement science research needs for premise plumbing systems. https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2088 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Pille, L., & Säumel, I. (2021). The water-sensitive city meets biodiversity: habitat services of rain water management measures in highly urbanized landscapes. Ecology and Society, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-12386-260223 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Pochodyła, E., Glińska‐Lewczuk, K., & Jaszczak, A. (2021). Blue-green infrastructure as a new trend and an effective tool for water management in urban areas. Landscape Online, 92, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3097/lo.202192 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Pradyumna, G. R., & Hegde, R. B. (2024). Enhancing Blue-Green Infrastructure With Smart Technology. In Advances in public policy and administration (APPA) book series (pp. 183–194). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8069-7.ch009 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Quon, H., & Jiang, S. C. (2023). Decision making for implementing non-traditional water sources: a review of challenges and potential solutions. Npj Clean Water, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-023-00273-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Raza, T., Rentoy, F. C., Ahmed, N., Raza, A. V. L. A. T. K. S., Marasigan, K. M. E., & Espinosa, R. I. M. (2019). Water challenges and Urban Sustainable Development in Changing Climate: Economic Growth Agenda for Global South. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(4), 421–421. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n4p421 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Researcher, I., & Thakran, V. (2021). Environmental Sustainability in Piping Systems: Exploring the Impact of Material Selection and Design Optimisation. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.11.5.5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Retamal, M., Turner, A., & White, S. (2010). The water-energy-climate nexus: systems thinking and virtuous circles. In UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney). University of Technology Sydney. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/14317 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Roldan, Ma. D. G. Z. (2022). Addressing Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction through ICT and EU Assistance: The Case of Philippine Local Governance. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(2), 32–32. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n2p32 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Ruangpan, L., Vojinović, Z., Sabatino, S. D., Leo, L. S., Capobianco, V., Oen, A., McClain, M. E., & López‐Gunn, E. (2020). Nature-based solutions for hydro-meteorological risk reduction: a state-of-the-art review of the research area. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20(1), 243–270. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-243-2020 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Saarinen, A., Leskinen, P., Reini, A., Fagerholm, N., & Kasvi, E. (2025). Policy and regulatory measures supporting the implementation of nature-based solutions in urban stormwater management of private properties: Insights from Finland. AMBIO, 55(4), 903–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-025-02253-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Seidu, S., Chan, D. W. M., & Taiwo, R. (2025). Integrating green and grey infrastructure systems in dense urban regions: a synthesis of critical barriers and effective implementation guidelines. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 27(12), 7555–7576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-025-03309-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Selerio, E. (2024). Multicriteria Analysis of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Technologies for the Philippines. In arXiv (Cornell University). Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.22484 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Sharma, R., & Malaviya, P. (2021). Management of stormwater pollution using green infrastructure: The role of rain gardens. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1507 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Siehr, S. A., Sun, M., & Nucamendi, J. L. A. (2022). Blue‐green infrastructure for climate resilience and urban multifunctionality in Chinese cities. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Energy and Environment, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.447 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Siringan, F. P. (2012). The Country’s Water Resources and Issues. Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology, 34(2), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2012.3253 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Staddon, C., Ward, S., Vito, L. D., Zúñiga-Terán, A. A., Gerlak, A. K., Schoeman, Y., Hart, A., & Booth, G. (2018). Contributions of green infrastructure to enhancing urban resilience. Environment Systems & Decisions, 38(3), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-018-9702-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Stefanakis, A. (2019). The Role of Constructed Wetlands as Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Water Management. Sustainability, 11(24), 6981–6981. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246981 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Steffen, J., Jensen, M. A., Pomeroy, C., & Burian, S. J. (2013). Water Supply and Stormwater Management Benefits of Residential Rainwater Harvesting in U.S. Cities. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 49(4), 810–824. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12038 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Sun, L., Chen, J., Li, Q., & Huang, D. (2020). Dramatic uneven urbanization of large cities throughout the world in recent decades. Nature Communications, 11(1), 5366–5366. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19158-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. Tan, F. J. (2021). Flooding and Flood Modeling in a Typhoon Belt Environment: The Case of the Philippines. In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98738 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Valerio, A. (2024). INSTITUTIONAL FRAGMENTATION AND SERVICE PERFORMANCE IN DECENTRALIZED URBAN WATER GOVERNANCE: EVIDENCE FROM ZAMBOANGA CITY, PHILIPPINES. Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 785–791. https://doi.org/10.52152/nfh8tx97 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Walle, A. V. de, Kim, M., Alam, M. K., Wang, X., Wu, D., Dash, S. R., Rabaey, K., & Kim, J. (2023). Greywater reuse as a key enabler for improving urban wastewater management. Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University), 16, 100277–100277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2023.100277 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Wang, X., Daigger, G. T., Lee, D., Liu, J., Ren, N.-Q., Qu, J., Liu, G., & Butler, D. (2018). Evolving wastewater infrastructure paradigm to enhance harmony with nature. Science Advances, 4(8). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq0210 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. Wu, H., Zhang, J., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Hu, Z., Liang, S., Fan, J., & Liu, H. (2014). A review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Design and operation. Bioresource Technology, 175, 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.068 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. Zevenbergen, C., Fu, D., & Pathirana, A. (2018). Sponge Cities: Emerging Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities. https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03897-273-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. Zhou, Y., Zhang, B., Wang, H., & Bi, J. (2013). Drops of Energy: Conserving Urban Water to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(19), 10753–10761. https://doi.org/10.1021/es304816h [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste - Case Study in Cai Rang District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
• Youth Activism, Intentional Integration of Policies to Raise Awareness on Climate Change Action among the Youth
• Breathing Spaces: Environmental & User Experience in Dhanmondi and Zigatola Multistoried Apartments, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Effects of Solid Waste Disposal on Soil Quality in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria
• Environmental Impact of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Borgu Local Government Area