Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Treponema Pallidum Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Lokoja, Kogi State

Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, remains a significant contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where routine screening coverage is suboptimal. This study assessed the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of T. pallidum infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional hospital-based survey was conducted across five facilities: Federal Teaching Hospital, Kogi State Specialist Hospital, Niger Clinic, A-4, and Peculiar Clinic. A total of 430 pregnant women aged 15–45 years were randomly selected and screened using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) rapid test strip method. Demographic and clinical information, including age, gestational stage, symptom presentation, and history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), were obtained via structured questionnaires. The overall seroprevalence of T. pallidum infection was 3.9% (16/430), with variation across facilities ranging from 2.0% at Peculiar Clinic to 5.0% at A-4 and Kogi State Specialist Hospital. Women aged 25–34 years accounted for most positive cases, though differences by age group were not statistically significant. Seropositivity was higher among women with a history of STIs (26.9-fold increased odds; p<0.001) compared to those without. All infections were detected in the first and second trimesters, with no cases among women above 35 years. Facility-level differences were also observed, with lower odds of infection among women attending the Federal Teaching Hospital, likely reflecting stronger screening protocols. These findings demonstrate that syphilis, though of relatively low prevalence, persists among pregnant women in Lokoja, posing risks of congenital infection and adverse outcomes. The strong association with prior STIs underscores the need for integrated antenatal services that combine syphilis testing with broader STI and HIV programs. Strengthening routine screening, public awareness, early antenatal booking, and partner treatment remain critical to reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Pharmacology, Natural Products Research, Microbiology

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