Assessments for Clinician-Clients: Forensic Psychology Interns’ Dilemma
Authors
Zimbabwe Ezekiel Guti University, School of Social Work and Applied Psychology (Zimbabwe)
Article Information
DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS.2026.11050048
Subject Category: Forensic Psychology
Volume/Issue: 11/5 | Page No: 563-570
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-04-28
Accepted: 2026-05-04
Published: 2026-05-27
Abstract
Forensic psychology interns frequently encounter clinicians as clients. These being health-care professionals requiring assessment during their therapy process. The clinician-clients often exhibit high self-awareness and clinical insight, thereby, creating a unique psychological dilemma that can be unsettling for interns and in turn compromise professional objectivity. This qualitative study investigated specific professional dilemmas and ethical challenges faced by four forensic psychology interns in conducting violence risk assessments, family reintegration suitability, and competency evaluations among clinician-clients within a drug rehabilitation centre in Harare, Zimbabwe. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion and was analysed using Thematic Analysis. Findings identified four primary challenges: heightened confidentiality threats, compassion fatigue, complex power imbalances and problems in forming therapeutic alliances. The expert-vs-expert dynamic was proved to present a blurred professional boundary, thereby complicating the forensic psychology interns' evaluative role. The research exhibits a critical gap in forensic internship, where dual-status of the client as a clinician-professional creates unique stressors. Future research should focus on developing specialised support mechanisms, and supervision models for forensic psychology interns. Addressing these unsaid challenges is crucial for enhancing the performance and competency of emerging forensic psychologists.
Keywords
Clinicians-Clients, Dilemma, Forensic Assessment, Forensic Psychology Intern
Downloads
References
1. Allied Health Practitioners Council of Zimbabwe. (2021). Psychologist training, registration and practice in Zimbabwe. https://psychpoliticszw.files.wordpress.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Baird, B. N., & Mollen, D. (2023). The internship, practicum, and field placement handbook: A guide for the helping professions. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2018). Introduction to forensic psychology: Research and application. Sage Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Briere, J. N., & Scott, C. (2025). Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment. Sage Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Bohart, Arthur C., and Karen Tallman. How clients make therapy work. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1999. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Bohart, A. C., & Wade, A. G. (2013). The client in psychotherapy. Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 6, 219-257. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Brock, R. L., Allen, K. B., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., Farach, F. J., & Wilson, K. G. (2015). Addressing the psychology internship crisis: Converging perspectives of the psychology community. The Behavior Therapist, 38(8), 245-255. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Chong, S. W., & Reinders, H. (2021). A methodological review of qualitative research syntheses in CALL: The state-of-the-art. System, 103, 102646. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. D'Arro, C. (2023). The Mindful Health Care Professional-E-Book: The Mindful Health Care Professional-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Davis, C. M., & Musolino, G. M. (2024). Patient practitioner interaction: An experiential manual for developing the art of health care. Taylor & Francis. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Denu, Y. (2023). “It’s Not Passion, It’s Sheer Survival”: The Lived Experiences of Clinical Psychology Graduate Students of Color During the Years 2020–2022. University of South Dakota. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Fairfax-Columbo, J., Desai, A., Grisamore, S., & DeMatteo, D. (2025). Career Paths in Forensic Psychology: A Primer for a Rewarding Career at the Intersection of Law and Psychology. Taylor & Francis. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Fillit, H. M., Rockwood, K., & Young, J. B. (2016). Brocklehurst's textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Frank, J. D., Frank, J. B., & Wampold, B. E. (2025). Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy. JhU Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Galán, C. A., Boness, C. L., Tung, I., Pedersen, S. L., & Jones, N. P. (2024). A Commentary on “Systemic Challenges in Health Service Psychology Internship Training: A Call to Action From Trainee Stakeholders”. Clinical Psychological Science, 12(1), 180-184. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Geller, J. D., Norcross, J. C., & Orlinsky, D. E. (Eds.). (2005). The psychotherapist's own psychotherapy: Patient and clinician perspectives. Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Grossoehme, D. H. (2014). Overview of qualitative research. Journal of health care chaplaincy, 20(3), 109-122. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Grusecki, K. M. (2019). Perspectives on psychological assessment from internship directors across six categories of internships. Pepperdine University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Hodges, S. (2024). The Counseling Practicum and Internship Manual: A Resource for Graduate Counseling Students in a Dynamic, Global Era. Springer Publishing Company. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. Howitt, D. (2019). Introduction to qualitative research methods in psychology. pearson UK. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Hudson, M. W. (2024). Clinical Education and Supervision of Clinical Fellows. In The Clinical Education and Supervisory Process in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology (pp. 373-379). Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Huss, M. T. (2025). Forensic psychology: Research, clinical practice, and applications. John Wiley & Sons. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. Jenkins, P., & Panozzo, D. (2024). “Ethical care in secret”: Qualitative data from an international survey of exploratory therapists working with gender-questioning clients. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 50(5), 557-582. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. Long, M., Wood, C., Littleton, K., Passenger, T., & Sheehy, K. (2010). The psychology of education. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. LaDuke, C., DeMatteo, D., Brank, E. M., & Kavanaugh, A. (2024). Training, practice, and career considerations in forensic psychology: results from a field survey of clinical and non-clinical professionals in the United States. Frontiers in psychology, 15, 1439874. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. Leavy, P. (Ed.). (2014). The Oxford handbook of qualitative research. Oxford University Press, USA. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. Mathieu, F. (2012). The compassion fatigue workbook: Creative tools for transforming compassion fatigue and vicarious traumatization. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. May, R., & Yalom, I. (2005). Existential psychotherapy. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. Moncrief-Stuart, S., Cressman, A., Kimberling, J., & Love, C. (2024). A graduate student-staffed, low-cost mental health program: a community-based model to increase access to services. Social Work in Mental Health, 22(4), 546-563. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. Mureriwa, J. F. L. (2024). The Making of an African Psychotherapist: A Report from Personal Experience and Reflection. International Journal For Psychotherapy In Africa, 9(1). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. Nakash, O., Cohen, M., & Nagar, M. (2018). “Why come for treatment?” Clients’ and therapists’ accounts of the presenting problems when seeking mental health care. Qualitative Health Research, 28(6), 916-926. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. Neal, T. (2018). Forensic psychology and correctional psychology: Distinct but related subfields of psychological science and practice. American Psychologist, 73(5), 651. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. Newhill, C. E., Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2003). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. Guilford Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
34. Newman, D. S. (2019). The school psychology internship. New York, NY: Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
35. Nkoma, E. (2018). Perceptions of Zimbabwean trainee/educational psychologists regarding the training on their support roles and responsibilities in inclusive education. Psychology in the Schools, 55(5), 555-572. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
36. Norcross, J. C., & Sayette, M. A. (2023). Insider's guide to graduate programs in clinical and counseling psychology. Guilford Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
37. Odokonyero, R., Aujo, T., Agaba, D., & Abbo, C. (2022). Childhood adversity and co-dependency roles in a case of a midwife with pethidine use disorder attending Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Cogent Public Health, 9(1), 2145704. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
38. Savin-Baden, M., & Major, C. H. (2023). Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
39. O'Connor, L. (2006). Supervision of clinical fellows: A mentoring process. SpeechPathology. com. Recorded Course, 2466. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
40. Pakenham, K. I., & Stafford‐Brown, J. (2012). Stress in clinical psychology trainees: Current research status and future directions. Australian Psychologist, 47(3), 147-155. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
41. Palitsky, R., Kaplan, D. M., Brodt, M. A., Anderson, M. R., Athey, A., Coffino, J. A., ... & Stevenson, B. (2022). Systemic challenges in internship training for health-service psychology: A call to action from trainee stakeholders. Clinical Psychological Science, 10(5), 819-845. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
42. Palitsky, R., Kaplan, D. M., Brodt, M. A., Anderson, M. R., Athey, A., Coffino, J. A., ... & Stevenson, B. (2022). Systemic challenges in internship training for health-service psychology: A call to action from trainee stakeholders. Clinical Psychological Science, 10(5), 819-845. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
43. Potts, H., & Kois, L. E. (2023). Survey of doctoral internships in psychology offering experience in forensics and corrections. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 17(1), 106. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
44. Price, P. C., Jhangiani, R., & Chiang, I. C. A. (2015). Research methods in psychology. BCCampus. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
45. Probst, B. (2015). The search for identity when clinicians become clients. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43(4), 337-347. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
46. Ramnanan, J. (2015). A thematic analysis of the obstacles faced by student and intern psychologists whilst conducting their first therapy sessions (Doctoral dissertation, University of Zululand). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
47. Reiter, M. D., & Sabo, K. (2024). Succeeding in your psychotherapy practicum and internship: Tips, tools, and tales from supervisors and interns. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
48. Shepherd, B. F., & Brochu, P. M. (2024). Let’s get real: Identity concealment, burnout, and therapeutic relationship quality among psychology trainees with concealable stigmatized identities. Psychotherapy, 61(2), 125. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
49. Skovholt, T. M., & Trotter-Mathison, M. (2016). The resilient practitioner: Burnout and compassion fatigue prevention and self-care strategies for the helping professions. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
50. Teater, M., LMFT, L., & Ludgate, J. (2014). Overcoming compassion fatigue: A practical resilience workbook. PESI Publishing & Media. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
51. Thobari, J. A., Haposan, J., Nurwahidin, M., Chandra, L. A., Riswiyanti, A., & Sari, D. (2022). A Post-Marketing Study of Pethidine in Indonesia: Safety Profile. Open-Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022 Mar 19; 10 (A): 519-524. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
52. van Niekerk, A., Oosthuizen, R. M., & Coetzee, M. (2024). Industrial and organisational psychology internship completion: Enabling and thwarting factors. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 50(1), 1-11. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
53. Zirima, H., & Nkoma, E. (2018). Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]