Advancements in Cable Force Optimization for Long-Span and Hybrid Bridge Systems: A Comprehensive

The optimization of cable forces represents the primary determinant of structural integrity, aesthetic profile, and economic viability for long-span bridges. Achieving a "Reasonable Finished Dead Load State" (RFDLS) ensures that the massive self-weight of the structure is distributed efficiently, minimizing parasitic bending moments in the pylons and the stiffening girder. This paper provides an exhaustive review of seminal works spanning five decades, mapping the transition from early classical mechanics to the current era of artificial intelligence in structural engineering.

Bridge, Cable force, EPSO, Genetic Algorithms, long span bridges

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