Effects of Different Planting Distances on the Growth and Survival of Halymenia durvillei Cultured in a Controlled Medium

The cultivation of seaweeds under controlled conditions represents an important alternative for achieving stable and high-quality production. Halymenia durvillei is a red seaweed species with considerable potential for cultivation using controlled media. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different planting distances on the growth performance and survival rate of H. durvillei cultured under controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted from May to July 2025 at the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Pemenang District, North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. An experimental approach was employed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four planting-distance treatments with three replicates: 30 cm (P1), 25 cm (P2), 20 cm (P3), and 15 cm (P4). The parameters observed included absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, thallus length, number of thalli, and water quality. Seedlings with an initial weight of 5 g were cultured for 30 days. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s multiple range test using SPSS software. The results indicated that planting distance significantly affected absolute weight gain and specific growth rate, but had no significant effect on the survival rate of H. durvillei. Planting distances of 30 cm (P1) and 25 cm (P2) produced comparably favorable outcomes, yielding absolute weight gains of 5.20 g and 5.49 g, respectively, and specific growth rates of 2.32% day (P1) and 2.47% day (P2). In both treatments, thallus length reached approximately 1 cm, supported by an average thallus number ranging from 32 to 70. Throughout the cultivation period, water quality parameters remained within optimal ranges across all treatments, with temperatures of 25–26°C, pH values of 7.87–8.13, and salinity levels of 30–31 ppt.

H. durvillei; planting distance; survival rate

1. Fadilah, S., & Pratiwi, D. A. (2020). Improvement of Halymenia sp. Seaweed Growth Through Determination of Clump Planting Distance. Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada, 22(1), 37–41. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Anggadiredja, T. J., Zatnika, A., Purwoto, H., & Istini, S. (2006). Seaweed Cultivation, Processing, and Marketing of a Potential Fisheries Commodity. Depok: Penebar Swadaya.. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Sari, F. P. P., & Rahim, A. R. (2025). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Stocking Densities in Extensive Polyculture Systems on the Growth and Agar Yield Quality of Gracilaria verrucosa. Journal of Capture Fisheries Science and Technology, 10(1), 1–7. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Yudiati, E., Ridlo, A., Nugroho, A. A., Sedjati, S., & Maslukah, L. (2020). Analysis of Agar Content, Pigments, and Proximate Composition of Gracilaria sp. Seaweed in Shrimp Pond Reservoirs and Biofilters (Litopenaeus vannamei). Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 9(2), 133–140. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Zhang, X., Liu, X., & Wang, Y. (2014). Effect of Stocking Density on the Growth and Yield of Eucheuma cottonii in Extensive Aquaculture. Journal of Marine Biology, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Hurtado, A. Q., Critchley, A. T., Trespoey, A., & Bleicher-Lhonneur, G. (2008). Growth and Carrageenan Quality of Kappaphycus striatum Var. Sacol Grown at Different Stocking Densities, Culture Durations, and Depths. Journal of Applied Phycology, 20(5), 551–555. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Dawes, C. J., Lluisma, A. O., & Trono, G. C. (1994). Laboratory and Field Growth Studies of Commercial Strains of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 6(1), 21–24. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Purwanti, A., Budi, S., & Mulyani, S. (2024). Growth of Gracilaria verrucosa Seaweed Under Different Planting Distance Variations. Journal of Aquaculture and Environment, 7(1), 1–5. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Hulpa, W. L., Cokrowati, N., & Diniarti, N. (2021). Growth of Sargassum sp. Seaweed Cultivated at Different Depths in Ekas Bay, East Lombok. Jurnal Kelautan: Indonesian Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 14(2), 185–191. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Khaidir, H. I., & Wulandari, R. (2021). Effect of Different Initial Seed Weights on the Growth Rate of Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivated Using the Floating Raft Method. Intek Akuakultur, 5(2), 113–124. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Radiarta, I. N., & Erlania. (2015). Water Quality Index and Nutrient Distribution Around Integrated Marine Aquaculture Areas in Ekas Bay waters, West Nusa Tenggara: Important aspects for seaweed cultivation. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 10(1), 141–150. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Diniarti, N., Tarmizi, A., & Azhar, F. (2022). Analysis of Location Suitability in Lombok Island Waters for the Development of Gracilaria sp. Seaweed Cultivation. Jurnal Media Akuakultur Indonesia, 2(2), 190–205. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Setiawan, A., Ihsan, & Simon, E. (2021). Mapping of Oceanographic Parameters in Seaweed Cultivation Areas in Kadia Liya waters, Wakatobi Regency. Aqua Marine: Journal of Fisheries and Marine Science UNIDAYAN, 8(2), 15–23. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Yudiastuti, K., Dharma, I. G. B. S., & Puspitha, N. L. P. R. (2017). Growth Rate of Gracilaria sp. Through IMTA (Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture) Cultivation at Geger Beach, Nusa Dua, Badung Regency, Bali. Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences, 4(2), 191–198. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Gultom, R. C., Dirgayusaa, I. G. N. P., & Puspitha, N. L. P. R. (2019). Comparison of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) Growth Rates Using Co-Culture and Monoculture Cultivation Systems in the Coastal Waters of Geger Beach, Nusa Dua, Bali. Journal of Marine Research and Technology, 2(1), 8–16. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Fajri, M. I., Samidjan, I., & Rachmawati, D. (2020). Effect of Different Planting Distances on the Growth of Sargassum sp. Seaweed. Sains Akuakultur Tropis, 4(2), 156–160. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Marisca, N. (2013). Acclimatization of Tissue-Cultured Kappaphycus alvarezii Seaweed at Different Stocking Densities in Aquaria Under Greenhouse Conditions. Undergraduate Thesis. Bogor: Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Yunivah, A., Nurdiansyah, S. I., & Warsidah, W. (2023). Effect of Different Planting Distances on the Growth Rate of Eucheuma cottonii Using the Floating Net Cage Method in Teluk Cina, Lemukutan Island. Oseanologia, 2(2), 58–65. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Sapitri, R., Muchlisin, Z. A., & Muhammadar, A. A. (2016). Effect of Planting Distance on the Growth of Tissue-Cultured Kappaphycus alvarezii. Depik: Journal of Aquatic, Coastal and Fisheries Sciences, 5(3), 120–126. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Sunarto. (2009). Growth of Gracilaria Under Different Planting Distances in Ponds. Indonesian Journal of Aquaculture, 8(2), 157–161. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Dawes, C. J. (1998). Marine Botany. New York: John Wiley & Sons [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Hariadi, M. H. (2025). The Effect of Different Substrates on Laboratory-Scale Cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii: Implications for Survival Rate and Growth. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan / Riset Akuakultur [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Hurtado, A. Q., Gerung, G. S., Yasir, S., & Critchley, A. T. (2014). Cultivation of Tropical Red Seaweeds in the BIMP-EAGA Region. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(2), 707–718. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Ismianti, J., Diniarti, N., & Ghazali, M. (2018). Effect of Depth on the Growth of Sea Grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Cultivated Using the Longline Method in Tanjung Bele Village, Moyo Hilir District, Sumbawa Regency. Undergraduate Thesis, Universitas Mataram. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Pong-Masak, P. R., & Sarira, N. H. (2015). Technical Guidelines for Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) Cultivation Using the Verticulture Method. Gorontalo: Loka Riset Budidaya Rumput Laut. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Ask, E. I., & Azanza, R. V. (2002). Advances in Cultivation Technology of Commercial Eucheumatoid Species: A Review With Suggestions for Future Research. Aquaculture, 206(3–4), 257–277 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Dawes, C. J., Lluisma, A. O., & Trono, G. C. (1994). Laboratory and Field Growth Studies of Commercial Strains of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 6(1), 21–24. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Green Synthesis of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles from Pigeon Eggshells for Cement Composites
• Needs Analysis: Development of an Interactive Digital Storybook in Teaching Mixtures and their Characteristics among Grade 6 Learners
• Thickness Dependent Structural, Optical, Electrical and Gas Sensing properties of ZnO thin film
• Forensic Chemistry Laboratory Works from Home: Challenges Encountered by Criminology Students During the Conduct of their Laboratory Activities at Home
• The Concept of Wellness Club and How it Differs from the Present Gym?