Ultrasonic Shield System
Authors
Senior High School Department San Agustin National High School, San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol (Philippines)
Senior High School Department San Agustin National High School, San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol (Philippines)
Senior High School Department San Agustin National High School, San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol (Philippines)
Senior High School Department San Agustin National High School, San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol (Philippines)
Senior High School Department San Agustin National High School, San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol (Philippines)
Senior High School Department San Agustin National High School, San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol (Philippines)
Senior High School Department San Agustin National High School, San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol (Philippines)
Senior High School Department San Agustin National High School, San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol (Philippines)
Article Information
DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS.2026.110200072
Subject Category: Engineering
Volume/Issue: 11/2 | Page No: 840-874
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-02-15
Accepted: 2026-02-21
Published: 2026-03-11
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and evaluate the Ultrasonic Shield System, a non-chemical pest control device designed to repel rice ear bugs through ultrasonic sound exposure under controlled laboratory conditions. A research and development (R&D) design combined with a one-shot case study approach was employed to establish baseline performance prior to field deployment. The system utilized a microcontroller-based ultrasonic transducer operating at calibrated frequencies and was tested in an isolated setup to minimize environmental interference.
Experimental trials were conducted by exposing rice ear bugs to programmed ultrasonic sound cycles, and pest response was measured through direct observation and video verification, focusing on behavioral disturbance and positional movement as indicators of repellency. Descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze pest reduction and consistency of system performance across trials. The findings revealed a measurable and consistent reduction in rice ear bug presence, indicating a moderate level of pest-control efficacy under controlled conditions.
Ultrasonic exposure induced observable changes in pest behavior, including movement away from the sound source, demonstrating that the system was capable of influencing rice ear bug activity without the use of chemical agents. Although complete pest elimination was not achieved, the results suggest that the Ultrasonic Shield System has potential as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. The controlled testing environment strengthened internal validity by isolating the effects of ultrasonic sound, providing reliable baseline data to support further system optimization, longer testing periods, and real-field validation for sustainable rice pest management.
Keywords
Ultrasonic Shield System, rice ear bugs, pest-control efficacy
Downloads
References
1. Agah Manesh, H., Rajabpour, A., Yarahmadi, F., & Farsi, A. (2021). Potential of ultrasound to control Sesamia cretica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology, 50(6), 1393–1399. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab103 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Ahmad, M. F., Ahmad, F. A., Alsayegh, A. A., Zeyaullah, M., AlShahrani, A. M., Muzammil, K., Saati, A. A., Wahab, S., Elbendary, E. Y., Kambal, N., Abdelrahman, M. H., & Hussain, S. (2024). Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible countermeasures. Heliyon, 10, e29128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29128 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Ali, M. A., Dhanaraj, R. K., & Kadry, S. (2024). AI-enabled IoT-based pest prevention and controlling system using sound analytics in large agricultural field. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 220, 108844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2024.108844 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Ammar, R., Khalil, D. H., Kandil, R., & Atwa, A. (2024). Disrupting Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith): Ultrasonic waves as a novel pest control strategy. Journal of Biopesticides, 17(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.17.1.65-71 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Awal, M. A., Zune, I. J., & Partha, P. K. P. (2025). Repelling of stored pest (rice weevil) through near far ultrasound. Smart Agricultural Technology, 11(1), 100961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100961 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Balingbing, C., Kirchner, S., Siebald, H., Van Hung, N., & Hensel, O. (2024). Determining the sound signatures of insect pests in stored rice grain using an inexpensive acoustic system. Food Security, 16, 1529-1538 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-024-01493-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Bohol Chronicle. (2020, March 29). Black bugs hit rice farms in Ubay. Bohol Chronicle. https://www.boholchronicle.com.ph/2020/03/29/black-bugs-hit-rice-farms-in-ubay [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Cano, R., Mendoza, J., & Santos, A. (2025). The insecticidal activity of acacia bark extract on the mortality rate of rice earhead bug (Leptocorisa oratorius). International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 7(2), 15–24. https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/the-insecticidal-activity-of-acacia-bark-extract-on-the-mortality-rate-of-rice-earhead-bug-leptocorisa-oratorius [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Cederbladh, J., Cicchetti, A., & Suryadevara, J. (2024). Early validation and verification of system behaviour in model-based systems engineering: A systematic literature review. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 33(3), Article 81. https://doi.org/10.1145/3631976 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Chamara, N., Islam, M. D., Bai, G. F., Shi, Y., & Ge, Y. (2022). Ag-IoT for crop and environment monitoring: Past, present, and future. Agricultural Systems, 203, 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103497 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. DocMcKee. (2020). One-shot case study: Definition and explanation. DocMcKee Research Methods. https://docmckee.com/cj/docs-research-glossary/one-shot-case-study-definition/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Du, X., & Yu, J. (2022). A singular spectrum analysis and Gaussian process regression-based prediction method for wind power frequency regulation potential. Energies, 15(14), 5126. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145126 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Dumalag, K. M., Florentino, P. B., Coronel, E. K. R., Gonzaga, V. S., & Hersando, F. R. V. (2025). IoT-based solar-powered pest monitoring and classifying system in Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu, Batangas (Undergraduate thesis). Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/847971244/CHAPTER-1-5-March-4-2025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Fung, A. W. S. (2025). Establishing sustainable quality improvement in the clinical laboratory: Redesign of the total testing process and digital transformation of routine quality assurance activities. Clinical Biochemistry, 137, 110915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2025.110915 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Grokipedia. (2023). Leptocorisa oratoria (rice ear bug). Grokipedia. https://grokipedia.com/page/Leptocorisa_oratoria Guruswamy, T. B. (2022). Solar-powered embedded systems for remote farm monitoring. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 15(02), 808–816. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.2.0845 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Hahad, O., Toya, T., Yang, W., & Münzel, T. (2022). Cerebral consequences of environmental noise exposure: A comprehensive review on mechanisms and neuropsychiatric outcomes. Environment International, 165, 107337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107337 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Hasan, S. T., Shompa, M. S., Rahman, M. A., Rasel, M. A., Hossain Apu, M. R., & Rahman, M. A. (2022). IoT based solar power monitoring and data logger system (2022 IEEE International Women in Engineering Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, WIECONECE). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WIECONECE57977.2022.10150511 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Kavousi, M., Ghadamyari, M., & Jalali Sendi, J. (2021). Ultrasound affects behavior and biological parameters in the pink stalk borer, Sesamia cretica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology, 50(6), 1393–1403. https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/50/6/1393/6378662 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Kurniawan, A., & Prasetyo, D. (2021). Development of learning media using research and development methods. International Journal of Educational and Social Science Research, 4(2), 310–320. https://ejournal.aissrd.org/index.php/ijess/article/download/333/310/850 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. Lase, F. (2022). The application of research and development design in educational innovation. Journal of Education and Development, 10(1), 45–53. https://journal.gmpionline.com/index.php/jaiem/article/download/722/427 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Nakano, R., Ito, A., & Tokumaru, S. (2022). Sustainable pest control inspired by prey–predator ultrasound interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(43), e2211007119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2211007119 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Nurmalasari, R., Puspitasari, P., Marsono, & Suyetno, A. (2023). Development of a smart pest repellent machine using solar power and ultrasonic sensors for agricultural productivity. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy (I-CoRE 2021). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121141 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. Panthawong, A., Doggett, S. L., & Chareonviriyaphap, T. (2021). The efficacy of ultrasonic pest repellent devices against the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus (Acari: Ixodidae). Insects, 12(5), 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050400 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. Philippine Rice Research Institute. (2024). PhilRice warns farmers vs. rice field pest threats. PhilRice. https://www.philrice.gov.ph/philrice-issues-warning-vs-rice-field-pest-threats/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. Ponijan, R., Saputra, H., & Hidayat, A. (2023). Bioinsecticidal efficacy of plant extracts against rice ear bug (Leptocorisa oratorius) in lowland rice. Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika, 23(2), 45–53. https://jhpttropika.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/jhpttropika/article/view/720 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. Poudel, J., Neupane, B., & Poudel, S. (2025). Efficacy of different chemical and botanical pesticides against rice ear head bug (Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg, Hemiptera: Alydidae) in rice Superzone, Nepal. Turkish Journal of Food and Agriculture Sciences, 7(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.53663/turjfas.1586952 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. Puryono, H., & Pangestu, Y. (2023). Design and implementation of an ESP32-based ultrasonic pest repellent system for rice fields. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 19(6), 1021–1034. https://doi.org/10.52436/1.jutif.2025.6.4.5198 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. Qiu, Z., Lu, Y., & Qiu, Z. (2022). Review of ultrasonic ranging methods and their current challenges. Micromachines, 13(4), 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040520 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. Rahman, S. M., & Ravi, G. (2022). Role of artificial intelligence in pest management. In Current topics in agricultural sciences (Vol. 7, pp. 65–81). B P International. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ctas/v7/2141B [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. Ramadhan, G. T., Sutopo, W., & Hisjam, M. (2022). A sustainable location-allocation model for solar-powered pest control to increase rice productivity. Applied System Innovation, 5(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5020039 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. Rosenfeld, S., Mhanna, J., Bopp, G., Müller, M., Trittler, S., Stortz, F., Geze, N., Martell, C., Ortiz, J., & Rodden, P. (2025). Li-ion battery systems in off-grid applications 2025 (IEA PVPS Task 18 Report No. T18-04:2025). IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. https://doi.org/10.69766/ABPX4930 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. Rudavskyi, I., Klym, H., Kostiv, Y., Karbovnyk, I., Zhydenko, I., Popov, A. I., & Konuhova, M. (2024). Utilizing an Arduino Uno-based system with integrated sensor data fusion and filtration techniques for enhanced air quality monitoring in residential spaces. Applied Sciences, 14(19), 9012. https://doi.org/10.3390/app1419901 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. Santos, M., & Rivera, J. (2024). Implementation of one-shot case study design in classroom interventions. New Era Journal of Educational Studies, 6(3), 91–102. https://newinera.com/index.php/JournalLaEdusci/article/view/1782 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
34. Sedlock, J. L., Almazan, M. L. P., Hadi, B. A. R., Gomes, D. G. E., & Barber, J. R. (2025). Dispersing rice-associated arthropods ignore a phantom ultrasonic insect chorus. The Open Agriculture Journal, 19, e18743315389873. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118743315389873250624220003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
35. Shah, F. M., & Razaq, M. (2021). From agriculture to sustainable agriculture: Prospects for improving pest management in Industrial Revolution 4.0. In Handbook of smart materials, technologies, and devices (pp. 1–18). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58675-1_76-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
36. Sharma, S., Kumar, P., & Singh, R. (2022). Review of ultrasonic ranging methods and their current challenges. Micromachines, 13(7), 1010. Nowroz, S. T., Saleh, N. M., Shakur, S., Banerjee, S., & Amsaad, F. (2025). A benchmark reference for ESP32CAM module. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33753.02409 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
37. Utami, R., & Hidayat, S. (2022). Effectiveness of experimental one-shot case study design in instructional media evaluation. Al-Ishlah: Journal of Education, 14(4), 1124–1135. https://journal.staihubbulwathan.id/index.php/alishlah/article/download/2264/1124 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
38. Yanagisawa, R., Tatsuta, H., Sekine, T., Oe, T., Mukai, H., Uechi, N., Koike, T., Onodera, R., Suwa, R., & Takanashi, T. (2024). Vibrations as a new tool for pest management – A review. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 172(12), 1116–1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13458 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- An Adaptive Joint Filtering Approach to Wireless Relay Network for Transmission Rate Maximization
- IoT-Integrated Mercury Substance Detection System for Cosmetic Product Safety
- Design and Implementation of Solar PV-Based Railway Microgrid for Linke Hofmann Busch Coaches
- Cost Control Techniques on Civil Engineering Projects in Oyo State, Nigeria
- Strength and Predictive Modeling of Corn Cob Ash Blended Concrete Using Multi-Output Artificial Neural Network Approach