Beyond Cliche: Enhancing Language Acquisition and Cognitive Development in Kindergarteners through a Synergistic Curriculum

Authors

Bazrina Ramly

Centre of Foundation Studies, UiTM Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor (Malaysia)

Nur Zulaikha Mat Kamil

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia)

Nur Amalina Zaharudin

Centre of Foundation Studies, UiTM Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor (Malaysia)

Nur Syafiqah Abdul Kadar

Centre of Foundation Studies, UiTM Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor (Malaysia)

Aisyah Hani Mohd Habali

Centre of Foundation Studies, UiTM Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor (Malaysia)

Nur Hanani Nordin

Centre of Foundation Studies, UiTM Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor (Malaysia)

Khaleda Alia Mohamad Jamil

Centre of Foundation Studies, UiTM Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor (Malaysia)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000019

Subject Category: Language

Volume/Issue: 9/10 | Page No: 229-244

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2025-09-28

Accepted: 2025-10-03

Published: 2025-11-01

Abstract

A novel pedagogical approach was investigated to simultaneously enhance English language proficiency and executive function in kindergarten children. A synergistic curriculum, titled "Beyond Cliche," was implemented, wherein challenging language instruction was intentionally alternated with engaging, game-like cognitive tasks. A pre-test and post-test intervention design involving 37 kindergarten children was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this dual approach. The quantitative results demonstrated significant program effectiveness in linguistic domains, as determined by paired samples t-tests. Marked improvement was observed in both vocabulary knowledge and the correct application of Subject-Verb Agreement (SVA) rules following program participation. The hypothesized link between cognitive skills and learning acquisition was substantiated through Pearson correlation analysis. A strong association was identified between cognitive efficiency, measured by quick and proficient completion of cognitive control tasks, and the magnitude of gains in English grammar (SVA). The mechanism supporting the program's success was illuminated by qualitative feedback, which reported participant enjoyment and appreciation for the cognitive games. These activities served as a welcome, interesting break from more demanding language practice. Sustained engagement was deemed critical to the observed academic gains. The conclusion is drawn that blending language instruction with dedicated cognitive exercises creates a resilient and supportive learning environment, confirming that enhanced core thinking skills are intrinsically linked to accelerating language acquisition in young learners.

Keywords

synergistic curriculum, cognitive development, language acquisition, executive function

Downloads

References

1. Alex, A. M., Holla, M., Kalyan, M., Narayanaswamy, J. C., Purushottam, M., Jain, S., & Venkatasubramanian, G. (2023). A global multicohort study to map subcortical brain development across early life. Nature Neuroscience, 26(7), 1041–1052. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01501-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Ali, A. A. (2020). Using English songs to improve young learners’ listening comprehension. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Annamaria, B. (2015). Developing language skills through play and games in primary education. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Bergelson, E., Amatuni, A., Dailey, S., Koorathota, S., Tor, S., Warlaumont, A. S., & Casillas, M. (2024). Adult speech predicts children’s language development across six continents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(17), e2308981121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2308981121 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Bialystok, E. (2015). Bilingualism and the brain. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 19–23. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Brevik, L. M., & Rindal, U. (2020). The impact of exposure to authentic language on L2 vocabulary learning. Language Teaching Research, 24(3), 390–412. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Bulut, S., Bukhori, B., & Parsakia, K. (2024). Enhancing selective attention in children with learning disorders: Efficacy of executive functions training. KMAN Counseling and Psychology Nexus, 2(1), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.psychnexus.1.2.14 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching languages to young learners. Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Capio, C. M., Mendoza, N. B., Jones, R. A., Masters, R. S., & Lee, K. (2024). Does gross motor proficiency contribute to cognitive and social development in early childhood? Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4472617/v1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Chowdhury, F. R., Zuo, P., & Al-Tameemi, N. (2024). The effects of game-based language learning on vocabulary acquisition: A systematic review. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 17(1), 1-18. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Chu, L., Shen, L., Ma, C., Chen, J., Tian, Y., Zhang, C., & Yu, G. (2023). Effects of a nonwearable digital therapeutic intervention on preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder in China: Open-label randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e45836. https://doi.org/10.2196/45836 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Churchill, E. (2019). The Role of Working Memory in SLA. Temple University, Japan Campus. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Di Domenico, C., Alito, A., Leonardi, G. C., Pironti, E., De Cara, M., Piccolo, A., & Cucinotta, F. (2025). Children and adolescents with co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of multimodal interventions. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(11), 4000. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14114000 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Education of Young Children. Retrieved from, https://ilabs.uw.edu/sites/default/files/2017_FerjanRamirez_Kuhl_NAEYC.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 83–107. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. English to pre-schoolers: A case study in Malaysian schools. Al-Risalah Journal, 6(1), 38-61. https://doi.org/10.31436/alrisalah.v6i1.375 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Fan, Y., Chong, D. K. & Li, Y. (2024). Beyond play: A comparative study of multi-sensory and [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Ghazali, A., Hardman, J., Ashari, Z. M., Idris, M. N. & Mitchelle, N. C. (2024). Using Vygotsky’s [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Gibb, S. J., Morison, R., & MacLeod, C. (2021). Executive functions in childhood: A review of theory and assessment. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 666795. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Gulz, A., Londos, L., & Haake, M. (2020). Preschoolers’ understanding of a teachable agent-based game in early mathematics as reflected in their gaze behaviors: An experimental study. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 30(1), 38–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-020-00193-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Gumiandari, S. (2021). Introducing English to early childhood through singing with the total [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Huda Alenezi, Fathi M. Ihmeideh & Yousef Alshaboul (2022): Kindergarten teachers’ challenges in teaching English as a foreign language to children, International Journal of Early Years Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2022.2137782 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Hutagalung, F. D., Chew, F. P., Adams, D., & Fitriana, N. (2022). A comparative study of children’s cognitive ability in Malaysian public and private pre-schools. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(2), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss2pp377-398 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Hutagalung, F., Liyan, L., & Adams, D. (2020). The effects of dramatic play on vocabulary learning among preschoolers. Journal Online University Utara Malaysia, 6(2), 294-305. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. in children: A state-of-the-art review. Children, 10, 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050801 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(4), 949-959. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.54.19 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Ishlahuddin, M. (2023). Teaching English to young learners: A literature review. International [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Joner, M. D., Reikerås, E., & Alvestad, M. (2022). Children with language difficulties: Identification and adapted language provision in Early Childhood Education and Care, and subsequent assessment by the Educational Psychological Service. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 30(5), 758–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2022.2046829 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 10(10), 500-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i10.5127 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Korkman, M., Kirk, U., & Kemp, S. (2007). NEPSY-II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Korkman, M., Kirk, U., & Kemp, S. (2007). NEPSY-II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Pergamon Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Kuo, L. J., & Anderson, R. C. (2006). Morphosyntactic awareness and the development of reading comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly, 41(2), 170–187. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 12 (2), 293-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1202.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Lee, J., Wolters, A., & Kim, M. (2022). The role of morphosyntactic awareness in language and reading outcomes in young children: A systematic review. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(5), 456–467. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Li, Y., Grabell, A. S., & Perlman, S. B. (2023). Irritability moderates the association between cognitive flexibility task performance and related prefrontal cortex activation in young children. Brain Sciences, 13(6), 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci130608 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Loftie, M. M., Md Zamin, A. A. & Mohamed Salleh, R. T. A. (2022). Challenges in teaching of [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Mangold, M., Lenhard, W., Schulz, D., Schindler, J., & Weiner-Bühler, J. C. (2024). Bilingual advantage in vocabulary development: a longitudinal look at Turkish-German preschoolers. Language Learning and Development, 21(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/15475441.2024.2429033 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Mohamad Muar, M. I., Suziyani, M. & Abu, K. (2024). Preschool teachers’ issues and beliefs in English language teaching: A systematic review (2012-2022). European Journal of Educational Research, 13(1), 279-296 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Muhammad Soali, M. J., Said, S. M., Ramly, B., & Salleh, R. (2023). A systematic review of pedagogical approaches in teaching English to young learners. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 5(2), 13-25. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Niebaum, J. C., Chevalier, N., Guild, R. M., & Munakata, Y. (2019). Adaptive control and the avoidance of cognitive control demands across development. Neuropsychologia, 123, 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.029 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. physical response method. Acitya: Journal of Teaching and Education, 3(1), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v3i1.2138 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Piaget, J. (1959). The language and thought of the child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Pino, M. C., Giancola, M. & D’Amico, S. (2023). The association between music and language [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. primary English home-based learning. English Language Teaching and Research Journal, 5(2), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.37147/eltr.v5i2.118 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Putri, A. W. K. & Rustipa, K. (2023). Using songs to teach English vocabulary to young learners in kindergarten. Edunesia: Journal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 4(3), 1017-1030. https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v4i3.485 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Rachma, F. M., Rahmah, Z. A. & Syafaah, F. (2024). Implementation of pretend play in language development to children of pre-operational age. Djuanda International Conference on Social Science, 8(1). Retrieved from, https://ojs.unida.ac.id/DIC/article/view/18440 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Rahmatullah, B., Muhamad Rawai, N., Mohamad Samuri, S., & Md Yassin, S. (2021). Overview of early childhood care and education in Malaysia. Journal of International Education Research, 17(1), 1–12. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1329206.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Rajendran, S., Vengadasamy, S., & Ahmad, I. (2025). Game-based learning and its impact on students' motivation and academic performance. Malque Publishing, 11(1), 1080-1090. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Ralli, C., Marini, A., Tavano, A., Marotta, L., & Chilosi, A. (2021). The relationship between verbal fluency, working memory, and language skills in typical development. Developmental Neuropsychology, 46(2), 101–114. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Ramirez, N. F. & Kuhl, P. (2017). The brain science of bilingualism. National Association for the [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Riley, A. W., Yu-Lefler, H. F., Crandall, A., & Lindauer, S. E. (2024). Maternal executive function and stress and children’s behavior problem treatment outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 38(3), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001191 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Rodríguez-Gomez, D. A., & Talero‐Gutiérrez, C. (2022). Effects of music training in executive function performance in children: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 968144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968144 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Rompas, N. T. & Recard, M. (2021). Applying multisensory approach to promote engagement in [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Solichah, N. & Fardana, N. A. (2024). Exploring multisensory programs as early literacy interventions: A scoping review. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13(5), 3411-3418. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.vl3i5.28991 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Surakka, S., Ahonen, T., Aro, T., & Poikkeus, A. M. (2025). Role of early cognition and language in later language ability: A longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 62, 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.12.005 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Syafitri, L., & Sujannah, L. (2024). The effectiveness of game-based learning in enhancing students' grammar and vocabulary skills. International Journal of Linguistics and Communication, 3(2), 1-12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Takahashi, T., Ishikawa, S., Aiboshi, T., & Miyauchi, M. (2023). Evaluating the long-term effects of cognitive behavioural therapy as an early intervention for at-risk anxiety disorders among preschool children in Asia. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29(3), 994–1010. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045231194104 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. theory to understand kindergarten learning in Malaysia: A critical appraisal from meta-analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v13-i2/21232 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Thompson, H., & von Gillern, J. (2020). The impact of video games on vocabulary acquisition: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 23(3), 105-120. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. traditional toys in child education. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1182660 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes (M.Cole, V. Jolm-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Eds.). Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9vz4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Wen, Z., & Li, C. (2021). The relationship between working memory and second language acquisition: A meta-analysis. System, 103, 102636. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Xie, R. The effectiveness of Total Physical Response (TPR) on teaching English to young [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Zelazo, P. D., Carlson, S. M., & Kesek, A. (2016). The development of executive function in childhood. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 642–684). John Wiley & Sons. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Zhukova, M., & Trent, E. S. (2022). Evidence-based psychotherapy practices for preschool children: A brief review for clinicians. Clinical Psychology and Special Education, 11(2), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2022110202 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Zou, D., Liu, M., & Yang, Y. (2021). Effects of mobile game-based learning on EFL students' English vocabulary acquisition and motivation. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(1), 1-22. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles