Teacher Job Performance across Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Education: A Systematic Review of Determinants and Mechanisms

This systematic review synthesizes 44 empirical studies (2021–2025) on teacher job performance across primary, secondary, and tertiary education worldwide. This study maps determinants into three blocks: individual (motivation, self-efficacy, satisfaction), organizational (leadership, supervision, culture, climate, compensation, appraisal, work–life), and contextual (policy, technology, telework). Using a pre-registered protocol, dual screening, and a coded evidence matrix, this study classifies effects by direction and significance, weight findings by study quality, and compare patterns across tiers and regions. Results show consistent positive effects for instructional and transformational leadership, supportive climate, and self-efficacy. Compensation and work–life associations are mixed and context dependent. Digital contexts introduce affective pathways through happiness, engagement, and emotion regulation. At the end, this study provides a cross-tier benchmark and propositions to guide policy and institutional practice.

Teacher job performance; Instructional leadership

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