The Philosophical Underpinnings of the Teaching and Learning Process: A Deweyan and Freirean Perspective

This article addresses the often-overlooked philosophical foundations of the teaching and learning process by offering a comparative analysis of two influential pedagogical philosophies: John Dewey’s pragmatism and Paulo Freire’s critical theory. While much of the contemporary discourse on education focuses on practical methodologies and measurable outcomes, this paper argues that deliberate philosophical understanding is essential for effective and ethical pedagogy. The central thesis is that although both Dewey and Freire champion a student-centered approach, their differing philosophical underpinnings - one rooted in democratic experience and the other in the deconstruction of power - lead to distinct conceptions of the teacher’s role, the nature of knowledge, and the ultimate purpose of schooling.
The analysis first examines Dewey’s pragmatist vision, where learning is framed as the continuous reconstruction of experience, and the teacher acts as a guide facilitating problem-solving for the development of democratic citizens. It then analyzes Freire’s critical theory, which treats education as a political act and a tool for liberation. In this framework, the teacher serves as a co-investigator, and knowledge is co-created through dialogue and conscientization to challenge oppressive structures. The paper then compares these perspectives across three domains: the role of the teacher, the nature of knowledge, and the goals of education. Findings show that while Dewey seeks to improve democratic practice from within, Freire aims to transform and liberate society from oppressive conditions. The paper concludes that philosophical self-awareness is a practical necessity for educators, enabling deliberate, informed, and ethically grounded choices in the classroom.

Philosophy of education; Pragmatism; Critical pedagogy; Student-centered learning; Philosophical selfawareness

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