Developing Effective Football Coaching Processes through Coaching Competency: A Study of Under-17 School Teams in Kuala Lumpur
Authors
Faculty of Sports Science and Coaching, University Pendidikan Sultan Idris (Malaysia)
Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University Poly-Tech Malaysia (Malaysia)
Defence Fitness Academy, University Pertahanan Nasional (Malaysia)
Teacher Education Institute, Ministry of Education (Malaysia)
Article Information
DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI.2025.1208004128
Subject Category: Business
Volume/Issue: 12/9 | Page No: 4724-4732
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2025-09-19
Accepted: 2025-09-27
Published: 2025-10-24
Abstract
This qualitative investigation seeks to understand and articulate the football coaching methodology employed by Under-17 school football coaches in Kuala Lumpur. Utilizing a grounded theory methodology, data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with 10 certified school football coaches and 11 student-athletes over a period of six months. The analysis of the data, facilitated through open, axial, and selective coding techniques, identified a six-steps football coaching procedure encompassing planning, pre briefing, conduct training session, observation, coach and correct, post briefing including summary. The research generates a context-specific coaching model that mirrors the practical coaching environment within Kuala Lumpur schools, offering valuable perspectives for enhancing the efficiency of youth football instruction.
Keywords
Football ,Coaching ,Under-17 ,Kuala Lumpur
Downloads
References
1. Abad, M.T., Giménez, F.J., Robles, J., & Rodríguez, J.M. (2011a). Perfil, experiencia y métodos de enseñanza de los entrenadores de jóvenes futbolistas en la provincia de Huelva. [Youth soccer coaches’ profile, experience and teaching methods in the province of Huelva. In Spanish.] Retos. Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, 20, 21-25. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Abraham, A., Collins, D., & Martindale, R. (2006). Decision-making in coaching: The coaching schematic. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(4), 456-468. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Abraham, A., Collins, D., & Martindale, R. (2006). The coaching schematic: Validation through expert coach consensus. Journal of Sport Sciences, 24(6), 549–564. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Akbar, A., Karim, Z. A., Zakaria, J., Khan, T., & Khan, A. (2024). Mapping the journey: developmental issues of U17 football players in Indonesia and Malaysia. Fizjoterapia Polska, 24(3). doi.org/10.56984/8zg020al7q [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2015). Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Bowen, G. A. (2020). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 20(3), 263-272. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Bryant, A., & Charmaz, K. (2022). The SAGE Handbook of Current Developments in Grounded Theory. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Charmaz, K. (2019). Constructing Grounded Theory (2nd ed.) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Child, S., & Shaw, S. (2023). A conceptual approach to validating competence frameworks. Research Matters: A Cambridge University Press & Assessment publication, 35, 27-40. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Côté, J. (2006). The Development of Coaching Knowledge. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 1(3), 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795406778604609 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Côté, J., Salmela, J., Trudel, P., Baria, A., & Russell, S. (1995). The coaching model: a grounded assessment of expert gymnastic coaches’ knowledge. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, (1), 1-17. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Conte, A. (2016). Antonio Conte will fit in at Chelsea, but will Chelsea fit with Antonio Conte? Retrieved from http://global.espn.com/football/blog/espn-fc-united blog/68/post/2843668/antonio-conte-not-ideal-fit-for-chelsea?src=com. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Cooper, S., & Allen, J. (2021). The coaching process of expert coaches: A coach-led approach. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(2), 211-223. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Cushion, C., Nelson, L., Armour, K., Lyle, J., Jones, R., Sandford, R., & O’Callaghan, C. (2010). Coaching as a social process: Implications for youth football. Sport, Education and Society, 26(1), 1-15. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Daher, W. (2023). Saturation in Qualitative Educational Technology Research. Educ. Sci., 13(2), 98 . https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13020098 [1]. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Dovetail. (2023). What Is Purposive Sampling? Technique, Examples, and FAQs. https:// dovetail [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. .com/research/sampling-methods/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Eather, N., Miller, A., Jones, B., & Morgan, P. J. (2021). Evaluating the impact of a coach development intervention for improving coaching practices and player outcomes in netball: The MASTER coaching randomized control trial. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(3), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120976966 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. EBSCO Research Starters. (2025). Purposive Sampling. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/purposive-sampling [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Fassinger, R. E., & Morrow, S. L. (2021). Toward Best Practices in Qualitative Methods for Counseling Psychology Research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(1), 1-15. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Hamid, A., & Kendall, G. (2021). Challenges in Malaysian youth football coaching: A grassroots perspective. Asia-Pacific Journal of Sports Development, 7(3), 112-125. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. Ismail, F. H., Karim, Z. A., Ahmad, M. F., & Nasir, N. I. (2024). The key themes of issues and challenges in developing the quality framework for football coaching education in Malaysia. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(7), 2024147. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024147 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. Ismail, F. H., Karim, Z. A., & Novri, G. (2020). Kompetensi guru sebagai jurulatih bola sepak dan kesannya terhadap prestasi pemain bola sepak Pusat Latihan Daerah Kuala Lumpur. Journal Sains Sukan Dan Pendidikan Jasmani, 9(1), 47–61. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. Karim, Z. A., & Nadzalan, A. (2023). Balancing curriculum and coaching: Challenges faced by school football coaches in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Sports Science, 12(2), 88-102. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. Karim, Z. A., & Nadzalan, A. (2017). Applied Pattern of School Football Coaches’ Coaching Process in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Sports Science and Recreation. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. Karim, Z. A., & Nadzalan, A. M. (2017a). The development of coaching knowledge among Malaysian accredited football coaches. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 6(4), 113-127 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. Karim, Z. A., & Nadzalan, A. M. (2017b). Malaysia Football Coaches: Development Characteristics. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(9), 305-312. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. Karim, Z. A., Ghafar, N., & Nadzalan, A. (2018). The Role of Observation in Enhancing Football Coaching Quality. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(4), 567-578. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. Khairulhalimi, N. F., & Karim, Z. A. (2020). Applied Pattern of School Football Coaches’ Coaching Process in Kuala Lumpur. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(5), 179–190. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. Khoo, K. K. (1994). Sekitar Sukan Malaysia. Berita Minggu May, 31. (1994). Sekitar Sukan Negara. Sekolah Berfungsi Lahirkan Bakat Sukan. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. Kjaer, J. B. (2017). Preparing Sports Coaches for the 21st Century: A Qualitative Case Study of A Graduate Sports Coaching Education Program. Pro Quest LLC. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. Küchle, A. (2025). The Competency Profiles of Elite Coaches. FIFA Training Centre. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
34. Li, L., Olson, H. O., Tereschenko, I., Wang, A., & McCleery, J. (2024). Impact of coach education on coaching effectiveness in youth sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 20(1), 340-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241283442 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
35. Lyle, J. (2002). Sports coaching concepts: A framework for coaches' behaviour. London and New York: Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
36. Lu, Y., Jian, M., Muhamad, N. S., & Hanafiah, M. H. (2024). Data saturation in qualitative research: A literature review in entrepreneurship study from 2004–2024. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(12). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
37. Jones, R. L., Edwards, C., & Viotto Filho, I. T. (2016). Activity theory, complexity and sports coaching: An epistemology for a discipline. Sport, Education and Society, 21(2), 200-216. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
38. Md Desa, A., & Salamuddin, N. (2022). Tahap kompetensi jurulatih sukan dalam melaksanakan latihan. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 7(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i3.1358 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
39. Memon, M. A., Thurasamy, R., Ting, H., & Cheah, J.-H. (2024). Purposive Sampling: A Review and Guidelines for Quantitative Research. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
40. Mohamed, A. R., Abd Karim, Z., & Md Nadzalan, A. (2023). Pembentukan model kejurulatihan sekolah sukan Malaysia: Penerokaan jurulatih elit dalam pembangunan atlet murid. EDUCATUM Journal of Social https://doi.org/10.37134/ejoss.vol9.2.3.2023 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
41. Nasiruddin, M. N., Fauzee, M. S. O., Sin, I., & Omar, M. N. (2020). The Motivation of Football Players: The Impact of Coach Leadership Style in Malaysian Sports Schools. In International journal of human movement and sports sciences (Vol. 8, Issue 4, p. 124). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
42. Nelson, L., Cushion, C., Potrac, P., & Groom, R. (2024). Psychological safety and coach-athlete relationships in youth football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 36(1), 77-93. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
43. Nelson, L., Cushion, C. J., Potrac, P., & Groom, R. (2014). Carl Rogers, learning and educational practice: Critical considerations and applications in sports coaching. Sport, Education and Society, 19(5), 513-531. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
44. National Football Development Program (NFDP) Report. (2022). Enhancing grassroots coaching in Malaysia. Ministry of Youth and Sports, Malaysia. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
45. O’Leary, Z. (2021). The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project (3rd ed.). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
46. Ono, J. I. (2025). Coaching Proficiency and Efficacy of Coaches in Sporting Activities. International Journal of Novel Research in Education and Learning, 12(2), 68-72. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
47. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
48. Paixão, A., Giménez, F.J., Navarro, B., Cerrada, J.A., Robles, J., & Abad, M.T. (2021). Perfil y concepción de la enseñanza del entrenador de fútbol base de la región de Beja (Portugal). [Profile and conception of the teaching of the base football coach of the region of Beja (Portugal). In Spanish.] Retos. Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, 42, 344-352. doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.87365 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
49. Price, B. (2020). Purposive Sampling: Complex or Simple? Nurse Researcher, 27(4), 41-45. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
50. Ramalu, R. R., Karim, Z. A., Elumalai, G., & Abd Malek, N. F. (2022). Malaysian State Sports Schools football coaching process model development: A grounded theory approach. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(4A), 67–81. https://doi.org/ 10.13189/ saj. 2022.101311 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
51. Rohman, U., & Setijono, H. (2017). Evaluation of Football Coach Competence of Early Age in Football Schools. Atlantis Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
52. Sarmento, H., Pereira, A., Anguera, M. T., Campanico, J., & Leitao, J. (2020). The coaching process in football: A qualitative perspective. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(3), 345-357. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
53. Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Jinks, C., (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & quantity 52, 1893–1907. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
54. Scribbr. (2023). What Is Purposive Sampling? Definition & Examples. https://www.scribbr.com/ methodology/purposive-sampling/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
55. Taragos M, & Strand B. (2021). Benefits of attaining coaching certification. Dakota Coach [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
56. Thornberg, R., & Charmaz, K. (2021). Grounded Theory and Theoretical Coding. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
57. van Rijnsoever, F. J. (2020). (I Can’t Get No) Saturation: A Simulation and Guidelines for Sample Sizes in Qualitative Research. PLoS ONE, 15(7), e0232076. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
58. Vickers, B., & Schoenstedt, L. (2011). Coaching development: Methods for youth sport introduction. Strategies: A Journal for Physical and Sport Educators, 1, 14-19. doi.org/10.1080/ 08924562 .2011 .10590938 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- IFRS S1 and S2: A Global and Indian Perspective with Implications for Auditors
- A Study on Consumer Attitudes and Buying Behavior towards organic Food Products
- India’s Transfer Pricing Framework: Evolution, Challenges, and Future Directions
- Application of Statistical Methods in Business Administration: A Quantitative Study on Organizational Performance
- Decoding Fintech Adoption: The Role of Trust, Risks and Perceived Benefits