Correlation Between Total PSA Levels, Gleason Scores and Gleason Grade Groups in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: A Two-Year Retrospective Study from a South Eastern Nigerian Tertiary Hospital

Background: Prostatic adenocarcinoma remains a significant health burden in Nigeria, with most cases presenting at advanced stages. Understanding relationships between PSA levels, Gleason scores, and grade groups is crucial for risk stratification and treatment planning. However, comprehensive data from southeastern Nigeria remain limited.

Prostatic adenocarcinoma; Prostate-specific antigen; Gleason score; Grade group; Nigeria

1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394-424. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Jedy-Agba E, Curado MP, Ogunbiyi O, et al. Cancer incidence in Nigeria: a report from population-based cancer registries. Cancer Epidemiol. 2012;36(5):e271-278. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Odedina FT, Akinremi TO, Chinegwundoh F, et al. Prostate cancer disparities in Black men of African descent: a comparative literature review. Infect Agent Cancer. 2009;4 Suppl 1:S2. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(17):1156-1161. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level ≤4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2239-2246. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Oranusi CK, Mbonu OO, Oranusi IO. Prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination: are they adequate screening parameters in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in Africans. Afr J Urol. 2010;16:122-127. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Epstein JI, Egevad L, Amin MB, et al. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2016;40(2):244-252. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Pierorazio PM, Walsh PC, Partin AW, et al. Prognostic Gleason grade grouping: data based on the modified Gleason scoring system. BJU Int. 2013;111(5):753-760. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD, et al. A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score. Eur Urol. 2016;69(3):428-435. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280(11):969-974. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Cooperberg MR, Pasta DJ, Elkin EP, et al. The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score. J Urol. 2005;173(6):1938-1942. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Hernandez DJ, Nielsen ME, Han M, et al. Natural history of pathologically organ-confined (pT2), Gleason score 6 or less, prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2008;72(1):172-176. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Ekwere PD, Egbe SN. The changing pattern of prostate cancer in Nigerians: current status in the southeastern states. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94(7):619-627. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Badmus TA, Adesunkanmi AR, Yusuf BM, et al. Burden of prostate cancer in southwestern Nigeria. Urology. 2010;76(2):412-416. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Ogunbiyi JO, Shittu OB. Increased incidence of prostate cancer in Nigerians. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91(3):159-164. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Osegbe DN. Prostate cancer in Nigerians: facts and nonfacts. J Urol. 1997;157(4):1340-1343. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Adeloye D, David RA, Aderemi AV, et al. An estimate of the incidence of prostate cancer in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153496. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Jalloh M, Niang L, Ndoye M, et al. Prostate cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: an emerging reality. Ecancermedicalscience. 2013;7:336. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7-30. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Hoffman RM, Gilliland FD, Eley JW, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in advanced-stage prostate cancer: the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(5):388-395. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• The Impact of Ownership Structure on Dividend Payout Policy of Listed Plantation Companies in Sri Lanka
• Urban Sustainability in North-East India: A Study through the lens of NER-SDG index
• Performance Assessment of Predictive Forecasting Techniques for Enhancing Hospital Supply Chain Efficiency in Healthcare Logistics
• The Fractured Self in Julian Barnes' Postmodern Fiction: Identity Crisis and Deflation in Metroland and the Sense of an Ending
• Impact of Flood on the Employment, Labour Productivity and Migration of Agricultural Labour in North Bihar