Level of Implementation of Gender and Development Program in Dagupan City Jail

This study assessed the implementation of the Gender and Development (GAD) Program in Dagupan City Jail. It specifically examined the level of implementation in terms of livelihood and skills programs, educational programs, and health information and education programs. The study also identified the challenges encountered in implementing these initiatives, determined whether a significant relationship exists between the level of implementation and the challenges encountered, and examined whether there is a significant difference between the responses of jail personnel and Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL). The study employed a quantitative descriptive research design. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that was validated by experts in the field. The respondents consisted of 200 individuals from Dagupan City Jail, including 100 jail personnel and 100 PDL. The gathered data were analyzed using the weighted mean, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed that the GAD Program in Dagupan City Jail is highly implemented across the three areas examined: livelihood and skills programs (3.81), educational programs (3.76), and health information and education programs (3.70). Moreover, the results indicated that respondents generally disagreed that the identified factors posed significant challenges in the implementation of the program, suggesting that the availability of resources, partnerships with external agencies, and participation of PDL are generally adequate. The findings further emphasize the importance of sustaining collaborations with partner agencies, maintaining continuous program support, and strengthening gender-responsive initiatives within correctional institutions. Overall, the study concludes that the GAD Program in Dagupan City Jail is effectively implemented and plays a significant role in promoting the rehabilitation, welfare, and empowerment of Persons Deprived of Liberty while supporting gender-responsive correctional management.

Level of Implementation, Gender and Development Program

1. Arrieta, J. (2024). Assessment of the responsiveness of Gender and Development (GAD) programs in selected BJMP jails in CALABARZON-4A Region. [Unpublished Research]. https://www.academia.edu /102048488/GENDER_Responsive_Treatment_Programs_Of_Bjmp_Jails_In_The_Calabarzon_Region_An_Initiative_Towards_A_Gender_Sensitive_Supervision_Of_Inmates [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Bacani, M. (2022). Impact of gender-sensitive approaches on the rehabilitation and reintegration of female inmates. Philippine Journal of Criminology, 14(2),55–68. https://www.academia.edu/102048488/ GENDER_RESPONSIVE_TREATMENT_PROGRAMS_OF_BJMP_JAILS_IN_THE_CALABARZON_REGION_AN_INITIATIVE_TOWARDS_A_GENDER_SENSITIVE_SUPERVISION_OF_INMATES [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Boco, D. D. (2023). Gender issues experienced by persons deprived of liberty in Kalibo District Jail: Basis for a sustainable well-being plan. Journal of Penology and Rehabilitation, 9(1), 112–130.Bloom, [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2003). Gender-responsive strategies: Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. National Institute of Corrections.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239581639_GenderResponsive_Strategies_Research_Practice_and_Guiding_Principles_for_Women_Offenders [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2017). BJMP-LSO-MC-69: Policy on conjugal visitation. https://www.bjmp.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2018). BJMP-DWD-MC-66: Policy on the treatment of senior citizen and special needs PDL. https://www.bjmp.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2019). BJMP-DHS-MC-77: Policy on lactation station. https://www.scribd.com/document/716309741 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2019). BJMP-DWD-MC-96: Expanded SOP on the treatment of PDL with special needs. https://www.foi.gov.ph] [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2020). BJMP-DHS-MC-122: Comprehensive policy on the treatment of pregnant PDL. https://www.foi.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2020). BJMP-DIWD-SOP-023: Policy on the treatment of LGBTQI PDL. https://www.foi.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2021). BJMP-DWD-MC-115: Family contact and welfare policy. https://www.bjmp.gov.ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2021). BJMP-LLO-MC-146: Institutionalization of the GAD focal point system. https://r1.bjmp.gov.ph/issuances-policies/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2022). BJMP-CDS-MC-139: Institutionalization of the MOVE program. https://r1.bjmp.gov.ph/issuances-policies/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP). (2020). Establishment of Gender and Development Corners. BJMP Memorandum Circular. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP). (2023). BJMP annual report. Retrieved from https://bjmp.gov.ph/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). (1979). United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/womenwatch /daw/cedaw [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Cookson, T. P., Fuentes, L., Kuss, M. K., & Bitterly, J. (2023). Social and gender norms in development programs: Global review and implications for practice. Development Policy Review, 41(2), e12742. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12742 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Cruz, A. (2022). Challenges of GAD implementation in female correctional facilities. Philippine Social Science Review, 74(1), 44–59. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Dagupan City Ordinance. (n.d.). Gender Equality Ordinance of Dagupan City. Retrieved from https://www.dagupan.gov.ph/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. De Vera, R. (2021). Evaluation of gender and development program implementation in local jails. Journal of Correctional Administration, 5(2), 33–47. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). (2021). Guidelines on GAD planning and budgeting. Retrieved from https://dilg.gov.ph/Dignity – Danish Institute Against Torture. (n.d.). Gender-sensitive approaches in places of detention. Retrieved from https://dignity.dk/ DOJ. (n.d.). Justice Zone Project. Retrieved from https://doj.gov.ph/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. EPRA Journals. (n.d.). Prison overcrowding and its impact on vulnerable populations. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. EPRA International Journal of Research and Development, 8(5), 101–109. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Gobeil, R., Blanchette, K., & Stewart, L. (2016). A meta-analytic review of correctional interventions for women offenders: Gender-neutral versus gender-informed approaches. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(3), 301–322. Gower, M., et al. (2023). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Risk assessment and treatment programs for women offenders: A systematic review. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 62(4), 229–247. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. McCoy, E. F. (2023). Gendered pathways and correctional programming: Addressing trauma, mental health, and inequality. Journal of Women and Criminal Justice, 33(1), 14–29. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Mendoza, C. (2021). Challenges in the implementation of GAD programs in correctional settings. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 65(3), 78–94. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Female offenders: Critical perspectives and effective interventions (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Justice Zone: Enhancing access to justice through inter-agency cooperation. Retrieved from https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Olson, M. V., & Amendola, K. L. (2019). Implementation of gender-responsive rehabilitation programming at Los Angeles County Women’s Jail: A process evaluation. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 25(2), 98–115. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Palma, E. J. C. (2025). Level of GAD implementation in higher education institutions: Employee and student perspectives. Philippine Journal of Gender Studies, 9(1), 15–32. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Petkova, D. (2016). Pathways of female offenders: A qualitative study on substance abuse and incarceration. International Journal of Criminology, 4(3), 51–67. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Pradier, C., Bastick, M., & Grimm, D. (2015). Women in detention: Needs, vulnerabilities, and human rights considerations. Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Republic Act No. 7192. (1992). Women in Development and Nation-Building Act. Retrieved from https://lawphil.net/ Republic Act No. 9710. (2009). Magna Carta of Women. Retrieved from https://pcw.gov.ph/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Salisbury, E. J., et al. (2025). Gender-responsive correctional policies: Addressing women’s realities in the justice system. Feminist Criminology, 20(2), 156–178. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Salisbury EJ, Crawford A. Gender-responsive treatment to improve outcomes for women and girls in correctional settings: foundations, limitations and innovations. Health Justice. 2025 Mar 3;13(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s40352-025-00316-w. PMID: 40025356; PMCID: PMC11874122. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Santos, J. (2020). Barriers to GAD mainstreaming in Philippine government agencies. Journal of Gender and Development Studies, 12(1), 73–85. Supreme Court of the Philippines. (2024). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. UN Women. (2018). Turning promises into action: Gender equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/ UN Women Asia and the Pacific. (n.d.). Women in detention and gender-responsive justice. Retrieved from https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Van Voorhis, P. (2012). Women’s pathways to crime: A theoretical and empirical overview. In R. Zaplin (Ed [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Occupational Culture in Relation to Job Satisfaction and Work Performance among Police
• Inmates' Character Reformation and Recidivism in Nigeria: A Study of Okaka Correctional Facility, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State.
• Life World of Former Female Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC) Trainees
• Efficacy of Fingerprint and Facial Recognition in Enhancing National Security in Kenya
• No More Catcalling: Awareness of College of Criminal Justice Education Students on Republic Act 11313 Also Known as Safe Spaces Act