Development and Evaluation of Tara Gum-Based Floating Clindamycin Tablets for Prolonged Gastric Retention and Sustained Drug Release

Background: Gastroretentive floating drug delivery systems can prolong gastric residence and provide sustained drug release. Natural polymers such as Tara gum offer useful swelling and hydration properties for developing controlled-release matrix tablets.
Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate clindamycin floating tablets containing Tara gum as a natural release-retarding polymer in combination with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC K4M), and to investigate the influence of polymer composition on swelling, floating behavior, and drug release.
Methods: Eight formulations (F1–F8) were prepared by direct compression, each containing 300 mg clindamycin. HPMC K4M (70–84 mg) and Tara gum (80–66 mg) were varied across formulations, while Carbopol 934, sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid, magnesium stearate, and talc were incorporated as formulation excipients. Pre- and post-compression parameters, drug content, in vitro drug release, swelling index, and floating characteristics were evaluated.
Results: Extracted Tara gum exhibited a swelling index of 18, bulk density of 0.42, tapped density of 0.59, Carr’s index of 17.85%, Hausner’s ratio of 1.12, angle of repose of 20.52°, and 20% yield. The formulations demonstrated satisfactory flow and tablet properties, with thickness of 3.91–3.96 mm, hardness of 6.5–7.3 kg/cm², drug content above 90%, and friability below 1%. Cumulative drug release at 6 h ranged from 74.3% to 94.2%. F6, containing 80 mg HPMC K4M and 70 mg Tara gum, showed the lowest drug release (74.3%), highest swelling index (265 ± 0.32 at 6 h), and approximately 6 h floating duration.
Conclusion: Tara gum effectively contributed to matrix swelling and sustained drug release. F6 was identified as the most promising formulation for prolonged in vitro release and floating behavior. Further optimization and in vivo gastroretention studies are warranted.

Tara Gum; Clindamycin; Floating

1. Garg S, Sharma S,(2003): Gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Business Briefing: Pharmatech; 5:160. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Dave BS, Amin AF, Patel MM. Gastroretentive drug delivery system of Clindamycin hydrochloride: Formulatation and in vitro evaluation. AAPS Pharm SciTech 2004;5:e34 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Arora S, Ali J, Ahuja A, Khar RK, Baboota A. Floating drug delivery system: A review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005;6:47 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. John Wesley, Ramsamay C and Anisree G 2014:Formulattion of controlled release effervescent floating tablet of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride: optimization and in-vitro in vivo evaluation. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Patil V, Gaikward P, Bankar V and Pawar S 2010. Formulation and evaluation of floating matrix tblet of locally acting h2- antagonist. International Journal of Pharmacy & Technology, 528-540 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Sharma N, Agrawal d, Gupta M and Khinchi M 2011. A comprehensive review on floating drug delivery system. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, 428-441 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Trivedi ND, Trivedi UN, Patel MM, Patel JK and Bhandari A Preparation and Evaluation of Floating Matrix Tablet of Ranitidine. American Journal of Drug Discovery and Development, 2011;18-23 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Nadigoti J and Shayeda, Floating Drug Delivery System. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Nantechnology, 2009;2:595-60 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Punitha K, Khadhir S, Ravichandiran V, Umadevi SK, Vaijayanthi V Padmapriya Sand Suresh KS: Intragastric Floating Drug Delivery System Of Clindamycin Hydrochloride. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical science, 2010;2:105-108 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Yeole P, Khan S and Patel V 2005. Floating drug delivery system: Need and development. Indian journal of pharmaceutical science, 67, 265. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Vinod M, Kolageri S, Bote S, (2022): Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablets of Pantoprazol, journal of drug delivery and therapeutics.12(5):34-45 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Yadav V, Ghimire R, Thapa D,(2022):Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablets of Clindamycin, International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical research.24(1) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Tripathi J, et al., current state and future perspective on gastroretentive drug delivery system pharmaceutics, 2019.11(4):193 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Arunachalam, A., et al.,Floating drug delivery system: A review. International journal of research pharmaceutical sciences, 2011.2 (1):76-83 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Sharma S, Nanda A, Singh L(2011): Gastroretentive drug delivery system: A review. International journal of research in pharmaceutics and biomedical sciences,.2 (3) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Sansarwal P, Sharma S, Ohri R,(2019):Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablets of ClindamycinHydrochloride with liquorice as natural ulcer protective agent: International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical research,17(1) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Kashif S, Zeeshan J,(2017):Formulation and Evaluation of Clindamycin Floating Tablets using different polymer combination: Journal of toxicological and pharmaceutical sciences,1(1),8-25 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Lachman L, Lieberman HA and Kanig JL 1976. The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy. Lea and Febiger Philadelphia. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Mayavanshi A, Gajjar S,(2008):Floating drug delivery system to increase gastric retention of drug: A Review. Research journal of pharmacy and technology, 1, 345- 348 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. K Pavani* 1 , Kondabala Bhavya sri2 , Barkam Mamatha2 , Daravath Rajesh2 , B Annie Jayachitra2 , A Manisha2 , Mirza Sami Ullah Baig, Formulation And Evaluation Of Clindamycin Hydrochloride Floating Drug Delivery EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) Volume: 10| Issue: 4| April 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. V. Prathyaksha1*, Dr. M. Rama Krishna1, Dr. K. Balaji International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health care Research (IJPHR) IJPHR |Vol.12 | Issue 3 | Jul - Sept -2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Chauhan YS, Kataria U, Dashora A, Formulation and evaluation of floating tablet for indomethacin, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2018; 8(4):338-345 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Vinod M, Chetankumar M, Bote S, Kolageri S, Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablets of Pantoprazole, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2022; 12(5):34-45 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Satbir Singh, Dr Gaikwad Dushyant Dadabhau, & Kehar Singh. (2022).Formulation And Evaluation Of Floating Drugs With Importance Of Floating Drug Delivery System. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 819-827. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Dhone, P. G., Sahu, Y. P., Sabitri, B., & Khandelwal, P. N. (2022). Formulation and evaluation of floating tablet of levofloxacin. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S1), 13468–13477. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Pavan AR, Grace XF and Ramakrishnan SR: Floating microspheres: a novel emerging trend in gastro retentive drug delivery. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2021; 12(6): 3019-33. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(6).3019-33. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Aundhia, Chintan & Shah, Nirmal & Patel, Snehal & Sen, Ashim & Patel, Priyank. (2019). Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Norfloxacin. 10.31838/ijpr/2020.SP1.103. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Deepika, & Khan, Rizwana & Sharma, Bhawna. (2020). Formulation And Evaluaton Of Floating Tablet. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 6. 238-247. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Verma, Priyanka & Khinchi, M & Soni, S & Verma, Anamika. (2018). FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF RANITIDINE FLOATING TABLETS. 10.13140/RG.2.2.10114.99524. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Gharti K, Thapa P, Budhathoki U, Bhargava A. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of floating tablets of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene oxide using ranitidine hydrochloride as a model drug. J Young Pharm. 2012 Oct;4(4):201-8. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Kharia AA, Hiremath SN, Singhai AK, Omray LK, Jain SK. Design and optimization of floating drug delivery system of acyclovir. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010 Sep;72(5):599-606. doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.78527. PMID: 21694992; PMCID: PMC3116305. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Jagdale SC, Agavekar AJ, Pandya SV, Kuchekar BS, Chabukswar AR. Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive drug delivery system of propranolol hydrochloride. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10(3):1071-9. doi: 10.1208/s12249-009-9300-8. Epub 2009 Aug 12. PMID: 19672719; PMCID: PMC2802136. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Gambhire MN, Ambade KW, Kurmi SD, Kadam VJ, Jadhav KR. Development and in vitro evaluation of an oral floating matrix tablet formulation of diltiazem hydrochloride. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007 Sep 7;8(3):E73. doi: 10.1208/pt0803073. PMID: 17915823; PMCID: PMC2750569. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Li S, Lin S, Daggy BP, Mirchandani HL, Chien YW. Effect of HPMC and Carbopol on the release and floating properties of Gastric Floating Drug Delivery System using factorial design. Int J Pharm. 2003 Mar 6;253(1-2):13-22. doi: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00642-7. PMID: 12593933. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Reynolds, J.E.F. Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, The Royal Pharmaceutical Society: London, 1996,1218-20. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-Bicarbonate [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Guar-Gum [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carbomer-941 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. K Pavani* 1 , Kondabala Bhavya sri2 , Barkam Mamatha2 , Daravath Rajesh2 , B Annie Jayachitra2 , A Manisha2 , Mirza Sami Ullah Baig, Formulation And Evaluation Of Clindamycin Hydrochloride Floating Drug Delivery Epra International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) Volume: 10| Issue: 4| April 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. V. Prathyaksha1*, Dr. M. Rama Krishna1, Dr. K. Balaji International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health care Research (IJPHR) IJPHR |Vol.12 | Issue 3 | Jul - Sept -2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Chauhan YS, Kataria U, Dashora A, Formulation and evaluation of floating tablet for indomethacin, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2018; 8(4):338-345 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Vinod M, Chetankumar M, Bote S, Kolageri S, Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablets of Pantoprazole, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2022; 12(5):34-45 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Satbir Singh, Dr Gaikwad Dushyant Dadabhau, & Kehar Singh. (2022). Formulation And Evaluation Of Floating Drugs With Importance Of Floating Drug Delivery System. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 819-827. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Dhone, P. G., Sahu, Y. P., Sabitri, B., & Khandelwal, P. N. (2022). Formulation and evaluation of floating tablet of levofloxacin. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S1), 13468–13477. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Pavan AR, Grace XF and Ramakrishnan SR: Floating microspheres: a novel emerging trend in gastro retentive drug delivery. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2021; 12(6): 3019-33. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(6).3019-33. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Aundhia, Chintan & Shah, Nirmal & Patel, Snehal & Sen, Ashim & Patel, Priyank. (2019). Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Norfloxacin. 10.31838/ijpr/2020.SP1.103. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Deepika, & Khan, Rizwana & Sharma, Bhawna. (2020). FORMULATION AND EVALUATON OF FLOATING TABLET. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 6. 238-247. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Verma, Priyanka & Khinchi, M & Soni, S & Verma, Anamika. (2018). Formulation And Evaluation Of Ranitidine Floating Tablets. 10.13140/RG.2.2.10114.99524. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Gharti K, Thapa P, Budhathoki U, Bhargava A. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of floating tablets of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene oxide using ranitidine hydrochloride as a model drug. J Young Pharm. 2012 Oct;4(4):201-8. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• From Policy to Practice: A Qualitative Exploration of Stakeholders’ Awareness and Experiences with the Implementation of the Zero-Tariff Executive Order on Critical Pharmaceutical Inputs
• A QBD Approach Based RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Dapagliflozin Propanediol Monohydrate and Sacubitril-Valsartan Sodium Complex Salt in Its Synthetic Mixture