Effect of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Waste Powder Supplementation on in Vitro Fermentability and Digestibility in Male Goats

Goat production in tropical areas faces significant challenges due to seasonal forage scarcity and high feed costs, necessitating alternative feed resources. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel meal supplementation on the digestibility and fermentability of male goat rations in vitro. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with five supplementation levels: R0 (0%), R1 (5%), R2 (10%), R3 (15%), and R4 (20%) using a basal diet of Taiwan Napier grass and concentrate. The parameters evaluated included in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) concentration, and rumen ammonia-nitrogen (NH3). The results showed that the treatments significantly affected (P < 0.05) all parameters. The R3 treatment (15%) provided the most optimal results, yielding the highest IVDMD (64.08%), maximum IVOMD (72.06%), peak total VFA (171.89 mM), and ideal NH3 (10.08 mM). This efficiency was triggered by a substrate shift, where the high crude fiber of Taiwan Napier grass (27.12%) was substituted by lime peel meal which had lower crude fiber (11.92%), thereby reducing the total lignin proportion of the ration and optimizing fermentation. However, the 20% level (R4) induced a threshold effect that decreased the IVOMD (64.24%) and total VFA (141.92 mM) values due to the accumulation of bioactive compounds (saponins and limonene) that began to inhibit microbial activity. In conclusion, supplementing male goat rations with 15% lime peel waste meal optimizes rumen fermentation and feed digestibility, offering a sustainable alternative feed strategy to mitigate feed price instability.

Citrus aurantifolia, Rumen Fermentation, Digestibility, Goat, In Vitro

1. Adindaputri, Z. U., Purwanti, N., & Wahyudi, I. A. (2013). Pengaruh Ekstrak Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Konsentrasi 10% terhadap Aktivitas Enzim Glukosiltransferase Streptococcus mutans. Maj Ked Gi, 20(2), 126-131. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Barat. (2026). Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka (Vol.51). BPS Provinsi Jawa Barat. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Barat. (2024). Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka (Vol.49). BPS Provinsi Jawa Barat. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Timur. (2023). Produksi Tanaman Biofarmaka Jeruk Nipis dan Serai Menurut Kabupaten/Kota dan Tanaman di Provinsi Jawa Timur. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Conway, E. J. (1950). Microdiffusion Analysis and Volumetric Error. 3rd Ed. Crostay Loskwood and Sows Ltd., London. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Dinas Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura. (2024). Produksi Jeruk Nipis Berdasarkan Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Barat. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Dwiyanti, R. D., Nailah, H., Muhlisin, A., & Lutpiatina, L. (2018). Efektivitas Air Perasan Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli. Jurnal Skala Kesehatan, 9(2). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Ernawati, H. R., Suharjon., Fika, W., Sutopo., Rahmaniar, D., Husni, I., & Yunimar. (2023). Budidaya Jeruk Nipis Citrus aurantifolia. Jakarta: Pertanian Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Farda, F. T., Salsabilla, N. S., Erwanto., Liman., Mirandy, M., Sirat, P., & Muhtarudin. (2024). Kadar VFA dan NH3 dalam Cairan Rumen Kambing Rambon Jantan dengan Penambahan Tepung Bungkil Kedelai, Zinc, dan Chromium dalam Ransum. Wahana Peternakan, 8(3). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Filasari, O., Christiyanto, M., Nuswantara, L. K., & Pangestu, E. (2019). Produksi Volatile Fatty Acids dan Amonia (NH3) Hijauan Pakan Kambing secara In Vitro. Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, 17(1), 111-115. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Getachew, G., DePeters, E., & Robinson, P. (2004). In Vitro Gas Production Provides Effective Method for Assessing Ruminant Feeds. California Agriculture, 58, 54-58. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Haokip, S. W., Sheikh, KH. A., Das, S., Devi, O. B., Singh, Y. D., Wangchu, L., & Heisnam, P. (2023). Unraveling physicochemical profiles and bioactivities of citrus peel essential oils: a comprehensive review. European Food Research and Technology, 249(11), 2821–2834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-023-04330-w. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Hapsari, N. S., D, W., Harjanti dan A. Muktiani. (2018). Fermentabilitas pakan dengan imbuhan ekstrak daun babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides) dan jahe (Zingiber officinale) pada sapi perah secara in vitro. Agripet 18 (1):1- 9. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Hindratiningrum. N., M. D. Bata dan S. A. Santosa. (2011). Produk Fermentasi Rumen dan Produksi Protein Mikroba Sapi Lokal yang Diberi Pakan Jerami Amoniasi dan Beberapa Bahan Pakan Sumber Energi. Agripet. 11(2): 29-34. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Hindun, S. D. (2017). Potensi Limbah Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) Sebagai Inhibitor Tirosinase. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 4(2), 64. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Jena, K., Kleden, M. M., & Benu, I. (2020). Kecernaan Nutrien dan Parameter Rumen Pakan Konsentrat yang Mengandung Tepung Daun Kersen sebagai Pengganti Jagung secara In Vitro. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan, 7(2), 118-129. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Kalpikorini, D. A., Suhartati, F. M., & Syamsi, A. N. (2024). Kecernaan Bahan Kering dan Bahan Organik Pakan Berbasis Indeks Sinkronisasi Protein dan Energi secara In Vitro. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 6(2). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Mardalena. (2015). Evaluasi Serbuk Kulit Nenas Sebagai Sumber Antioksidan Dalam Ransum Kambing Perah Peranakan Etawah Secara In-Vitro. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 18(1). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Markham, R. (1942). A steam distillation apparatus suitable for micro‑Kjeldahl analysis. Biochemical Journal, 36, 790–791 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. McDougall, E. I. (1948). Studies on ruminant saliva. I. The composition and output of sheep’s saliva. Biochemical Journal, 43(1), 99–109 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Pratiwi, D., Suswati, I., & Abdullah, M. (2013). Efek Anti Bakteri Ekstrak Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) terhadap Salmonella typhi Secara In Vitro. SAINTIKA MEDIA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Kedokteran Keluarga, 9(2), 110-115. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Putri, F. D., Nurjanah, S., Widyasanti, A., & Nuranjani, F. (2023). Ekstraksi Minyak Atsiri Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle) dengan Perbedaan Waktu Pengeringan. TEKNOTAN, 17(3). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Ruiz, B., & Flotats, X. (2014). Citrus Essential Oils and Their Influence on The Anaerobic Digestion Process: an Overview. Waste Management, 34(11), 2063–2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.026. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Samii, S. S., Wallace, N., Nagaraja, T. G., Engstrom, M. A., Miesner, M. D., Armendariz, C. K., & Titgemeyer, E. C. (2016). Effects of Limonene on Ruminal Fusobacterium necrophorum Concentrations, Fermentation, and Lysine Degradation in Cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 94(8), 3326-3335. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Sari, R. (2023). Dukung SDG’s 15, FF UNAIR Edukasi Masyarakat untuk Manfaatkan Limbah Jeruk Nipis. Laporan Pengabdian Masyarakat Fakultas Farmasi UNAIR. Diakses 25 Juni 2025, pada https://ff.unair.ac.id/wrt/2075/dukung-sdgs-15-ff-unair-edukasi-masyarakat-untuk-manfaatkan-limbah-jeruk-nipis [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Seresinhe, T., Madushika, S. A. C., Seresinhe, Y., Lal, P. K., & Ørskov, E. R. (2012). Using Gas Production Technique Effects of Tropical High Tannin Non Legume and Low Tannin Legume Browse Mixtures on Fermentation Parameters and Methanogenesis. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(10): 1404 - 1410. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Stypinski, J. D., Weiss, W. P., Carroll, A. L., & Kononoff, P. J. (2024). Effect of Acid Detergent Lignin Concentration for Diets Formulated to be Similar in Neutral Detergent Fiber Content on Energy Utilization in Lactating Jersey Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 107(8), 5699–5708. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24318. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Sutardi, T. (1977). Ikhtisar ruminologi. Bahan penataran kursus peternakan sapi perah di Kayu Ambon. Lembang. Bogor: Departemen Ilmu Makanan Ternak Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Sutardi, T. (1979). Ketahanan Protein Bahan Makanan Terhadap Degradasi Mikroba Rumen dan Populasi Protozoa Rumen dan Pemanfaatnya bagi Produktivitas Ternak. Prosiding Seminar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Sutardi, T. (1980). Landasan Ilmu Nutrisi. Jilid I. Departemen Ilmu Makanan Ternak Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor: Bogor. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Tilley, J. M. A., & R. A. Terry. (1963). A Two-Stage Technique for The In Vitro Digestion of Forage Crops. J. British Grass Soc. 18: 104 – 111. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Tillman, A. D., Hartadi, H., Reksohardiprodjo, S., Prawirokusumo, S., Lendosoekodjo, S. (1998). Ilmu Makanan Ternak Dasar. Gadjah Mada University Press: Yogyakarta. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Tuwaidan, N. W. H., Sondakh, E. H. B., & Kaunang, C. L. (2024). Strategi Mitigasi Gas Metan pada Ternak Ruminansia. Zootec, 44(1), 148-173. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Van Soest, P.J. (1994) Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 476. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Wahyuni, I. M. D., Muktiani, A., & Christiyanto, M. (2014). Kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik dan degradabilitas serat pada pakan yang disuplementasi tanin dan saponin. Jurnal Agripet, 14(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v14i2.1886. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Yanza, Y. R., Setiawan, M. A., Fitri, A., Tanuwiria, U. H., Hidayat, C., Ramadhani, F., Hidayat, R., Fidriyanto, R., Harahap, R. P., Niderkorn, V., Respati, A. N., Jayanegara, A., Olorunlowu, S. A., Lagoda, J., Cieslak, A., & Irawan, A. (2026). Influence of Saponin Extracts on Enteric Methane Emission and Rumen Fermentation: a Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Experiments. BMC Veterinary Research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-026-05487-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• The Impact of Ownership Structure on Dividend Payout Policy of Listed Plantation Companies in Sri Lanka
• Urban Sustainability in North-East India: A Study through the lens of NER-SDG index
• Performance Assessment of Predictive Forecasting Techniques for Enhancing Hospital Supply Chain Efficiency in Healthcare Logistics
• The Fractured Self in Julian Barnes' Postmodern Fiction: Identity Crisis and Deflation in Metroland and the Sense of an Ending
• Impact of Flood on the Employment, Labour Productivity and Migration of Agricultural Labour in North Bihar