Epidemiology of Disability in Children with Cerebral Palsy in Eastern Uttar Pradesh: A Descriptive Study Using the ICF Framework

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major cause of childhood-onset disability and may be associated with difficulties in communication, cognition, feeding, sensation, and participation. Regional evidence on the functional profiles and service needs of children with CP in low- and middle-income settings remains limited. Objective: To describe disability among children with CP in Eastern Uttar Pradesh using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. Methods: This descriptive epidemiological survey included 2,139 children diagnosed with CP who were identified through hospitals, rehabilitation centres, physiotherapy colleges, non-governmental organisations, paediatric clinics, and community referrals. Assessments included the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88), Gross Motor Function Classification System–Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-E&R), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), Communication Function Classification System (CFCS), Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS), the Ten Questions screening tool, and structured questionnaires covering self-care, participation, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and rehabilitation use. Results: Spastic quadriplegia was reported as the predominant motor subtype, and many children were classified at GMFCS Levels IV and V. Educational participation was limited. Epilepsy, intellectual disability, visual impairment, and hearing impairment were reported as common comorbidities. Fewer than half of the children reportedly received regular physiotherapy; use of occupational therapy, speech therapy, and assistive devices was also described as low. Hearing impairment was reported to be associated with greater motor severity. Conclusion: The findings suggest substantial functional and participation challenges among the children included in this study, alongside gaps in rehabilitation and educational access. Early identification, decentralised rehabilitation, caregiver support, and inclusive education warrant attention. Numerical estimates, full statistical results, and key methodological details must be verified and added before submission.

Cerebral palsy, disability, ICF, functional classification, Eastern Uttar Pradesh

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