Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerning HPV Infection, Cervical Cancer and HPV Vaccination among Healthcare Providers in Plateau State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Healthcare providers (HCPs) play a significant role in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery, particularly regarding knowledge, confidence, and counselling quality, which affect caregiver acceptance and uptake during the routine immunization programme. Nigeria included HPV vaccination in its national immunization schedule in 2023, but still lacks awareness and readiness to deliver HPV vaccination services, especially in Plateau State. This paper investigates knowledge, attitude and practice concerning HPV infection, cervical cancer and HPV vaccination among Healthcare providers in Plateau State, Nigeria.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 152 healthcare workers in primary healthcare facilities in Mangu, Riyom, and Qua'anpan who were present and on duty during the study, using a structured questionnaire to obtain information on HPV knowledge, attitudes, practices, training, and campaign engagement. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 27.0, with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests, odds ratios (ORs), and multivariate logistic regression, based on data collected from healthcare providers.
Results: About 19.7% knew HPV, with a favourable attitude of 79.6% and HPV-related practices of 84.2% of health providers. 88.2% had been trained and had previously been involved in HPV vaccination. The demographic characteristics were not significant at the 0.05 level in association with knowledge or attitude; practice was associated with age, sex, training, and campaign involvement regarding HPV. Campaign involvement independently predicted good practice/readiness among participants in multivariable analysis (AOR=13.44; 95% CI: 3.08-58.62; p<0.001).

HPV vaccine; cervical cancer; healthcare providers; knowledge attitude practice

1. Abdelhadi, L. M., Aryan, F. S., Alsabi, R., Samhan, G. A., & Al-Qaaneh, A. M. (2025). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with human papillomavirus vaccine recommendation among healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study. Infectious Disease Reports, 17(5), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17050126 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Abdul Kadhum, N. A., Azeez, Z. F., & Ahmed, E. S. (2024). Molecular pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus: Insights into viral oncoproteins and host integration. International Journal of Health & Medical Research, 3(10), 788–795. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijhmr.2024.v3i10n14 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Abebaw, E., Tesfa, M., Gezimu, W., Bekele, F., & Duguma, A. (2022). Female healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice towards cervical cancer screening and associated factors in public hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia. SAGE Open Medicine, 10, Article 20503121221095931. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121221095931 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Adegbite, S. B., Adenuga, E. A., & Okundare, A. A. (2026). Preventive healthcare awareness among non-teaching staff in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Ogun State. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 13(2), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2026.13020013 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Adekunle, A., Olufunmilayo, H., & Omowunmi, A. (2022). Attitude, perception and practice towards human papilloma virus vaccination among nurses in the Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7444810 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Adeyanju, G. C., Essoh, T. A., Sidibe, A. R., Kyesi, F., & Aina, M. (2024). Human papillomavirus vaccination acceleration and introduction in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country cohort analysis. Vaccines, 12(5), 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050489 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Adigwe, O. P., Oturu, D., & Onavbavba, G. (2022). Healthcare professionals’ views on access to vaccines in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Vaccine: X, 12, Article 100235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100235 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Afolabi, A. O., & Toivanen, P. (2020). Harmonization and categorization of metrics and criteria for evaluation of recommender systems in healthcare from dual perspectives. International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications, 11(1), 69–92. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijehmc.2020010105 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Akinsola, K. O., Bakare, A. A., Gobbo, E., King, C., Hanson, C., Falade, A., & Herzig van Wees, S. (2024). A systematic review of measures of healthcare workers’ vaccine confidence. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 20(1), Article 2322796. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2024.2322796 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Anyanwu, O. U., Ezeonu, C. T., Ezeanosike, O. B., Joeakunne, C. I., Asiegbu, U. V., & Chukwujindu-Anyanwu, T. A. (2024). Knowledge of HPV and willingness to accept HPV vaccine among HCW in a tertiary health facility in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5023113/v1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Arbyn, M., Xu, L., Simoens, C., & Martin-Hirsch, P. P. (2018). Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018(5), Article CD009069. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009069.pub3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Ayres, S., Gee, A., Kim, S., Hashibe, M., Praag, A., Kaiser, D., Chang, C. P., Brandt, H. M., & Kepka, D. (2021). Human papillomavirus vaccination knowledge, barriers, and recommendations among healthcare provider groups in the Western United States. Journal of Cancer Education, 37(6), 1816–1823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-021-02047-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Bakare, D., Gobbo, E., Akinsola, K., Bakare, A., Salako, J., Hanson, C., & King, C. (2024). Healthcare worker practices for HPV vaccine recommendation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 20(1), Article 2402122. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2024.2402122 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Balogun, F. M., & Omotade, O. O. (2022). Facilitators and barriers of healthcare workers’ recommendation of HPV vaccine for adolescents in Nigeria: Views through the lens of theoretical domains framework. BMC Health Services Research, 22, Article 824. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08224-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Berenson, A. B., Hirth, J. M., Chang, M., Kuo, Y. F., Richard, P., & Jones, D. L. (2021). A brief educational intervention can improve nursing students’ knowledge of the human papillomavirus vaccine and readiness to counsel. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(7), 1952–1960. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1852871 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Heinemeier, D., Korn, L., Holtmann, C., & Böhm, R. (2018). Beyond confidence: Development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. PLOS ONE, 13(12), Article e0208601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208601 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Bruni, L., Diaz, M., Barrionuevo-Rosas, L., Herrero, R., Bray, F., Bosch, F. X., de Sanjosé, S., & Castellsagué, X. (2016). Global estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage by region and income level: A pooled analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 4(7), e453–e463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30099-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Burton, C. L. (2020). HPV immunization: A review of parent and stakeholder attitudes on school-based programmes. British Journal of Child Health, 1(4), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.12968/chhe.2020.1.4.171 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Casey, R. M., Adrien, N., Badiane, O., Diallo, A., Ndiaye, M., Sene, D., & ... (2022). National introduction of HPV vaccination in Senegal—successes, challenges, and lessons learned. Vaccine, 40(Suppl 1), A10–A16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.079 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Cortaredona, S., Verger, P., Constance, J., Diallo, A., Ba, E. H., Maradan, G., & ... (2025). Understanding vaccine recommendation behaviours among healthcare workers in Senegal: A cross-sectional analysis. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 30(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.70002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Cunningham-Erves, J., Koyama, T., Huang, Y., Jones, J., Wilkins, C. H., Harnack, L., Mcafee, C., & Hull, P. C. (2019). Providers’ perceptions of parental human papillomavirus vaccine hesitancy: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Cancer, 5(2), Article e13832. https://doi.org/10.2196/13832 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Czajka, H., Czajka, S., Biłas, P., Pałka, P., Jędrusik, S., & Czapkiewicz, A. (2020). Who or what influences the individuals’ decision-making process regarding vaccinations? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124461 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. de Martel, C., Plummer, M., Vignat, J., & Franceschi, S. (2017). Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. International Journal of Cancer, 141(4), 664–670. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30716 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Delie, A. M., Bogale, E. K., Anagaw, T. F., Tiruneh, M. G., Fenta, E. T., Endeshaw, D., Eshetu, H. B., Adal, O., Tareke, A. A., & Kebede, N. (2024). Healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice towards cervical cancer screening in Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 14, Article 1436095. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1436095 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Drolet, M., Bénard, É., Pérez, N., Brisson, M., & HPV Vaccination Impact Study Group. (2019). Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 394(10197), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30298-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Fu, Y., He, Y., Wang, Z., & Sun, J. (2025). Strategies, barriers, and facilitators for healthcare professionals to recommend HPV vaccination: A systematic review. Vaccines, 13(4), 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040402 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Gilkey, M. B., & McRee, A. L. (2016). Provider communication about HPV vaccination: A systematic review. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 12(6), 1454–1468. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1129090 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Gilkey, M. B., Calo, W. A., Moss, J. L., Shah, P. D., Marciniak, M. W., & Brewer, N. T. (2016). Provider communication and HPV vaccination: The impact of recommendation quality. Vaccine, 34(9), 1187–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.023 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Gökçay, G., Akar, N., Bağış, K. O., & Uğurlu, A. (2024). The relationship between individuals’ knowledge of human papillomavirus, attitudes towards HPV vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy: A cross-sectional study. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 28(6), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2024/v28i6.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Guillaume, D., Waheed, D. E. N., Schleiff, M., Muralidharan, K. K., Vorsters, A., & Limaye, R. J. (2024). Global perspectives of determinants influencing HPV vaccine introduction and scale-up in low- and middle-income countries. PLOS ONE, 19(1), Article e0291990. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291990 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Herzig van Wees, S., Bakare, A. A., Akinsola, K. O., Salako, J., Bakare, D., Gobbo, E., Hanson, C., Falade, A. G., & King, C. (2025). Building HPV vaccine confidence through codesigned interventions with and for healthcare workers in Nigeria: Protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 15(4), Article e098308. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-098308 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Jacobson, R. M., St. Sauver, J. L., Griffin, J. M., Maclaughlin, K. L., & Finney Rutten, L. J. (2020). How health care providers should address vaccine hesitancy in the clinical setting: Evidence for presumptive language in making a strong recommendation. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(9), 2131–2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1735226 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. John-Akinola, Y. O., Oluwasanu, M. M., Oladepo, O., Olowookere, O. O., & Oyedele, K. (2022). Cervical cancer and human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge, utilization, prevention educational interventions and policy response in Nigeria: A scoping review. Cancer Control, 29, Article 10732748221130180. https://doi.org/10.1177/10732748221130180 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Kagina, B. M., Wiysonge, C. S., Hussey, G. D., & Abdullahi, L. H. (2020). Lessons learnt during the national introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes in 6 African countries: Stakeholders’ perspectives. South African Medical Journal, 110(6), 525–531. https://doi.org/10.7196/samj.2020.v110i6.14332 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Kailemia, P. N., & Mukami, V. (2025). Exploring intersectional determinants of, and interventions for, low uptake of human papillomavirus vaccine in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 15(1), Article e083848. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083848 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Kaushal, S., Chelva, M., West, N., Erwin, E., Marandu, P. D., Yuma, S., Shelley, D., & Yeates, K. (2023). Abstract 35: Examining levels of awareness, barriers and enablers regarding the cervical cancer prevention and treatment pathway for patients and health providers in Tanzania: A qualitative study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 32(Suppl 6), 35. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.asgcr23-abstract-35 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Kong, W., Bustamante, G., Margolis, M., McRee, A., Pallotto, I., & Gilkey, M. (2021). Recommending inequality? Patterns of US healthcare providers’ HPV vaccine recommendations. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 30(4), 808–814. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0218 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Kutz, J. M., Rausche, P., Gheit, T., Puradiredja, D. I., & Fusco, D. (2023). Barriers and facilitators of HPV vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 23, Article 974. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15842-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Lin, C., Mullen, J., Smith, D., Kotarba, M., Kaplan, S. J., & Tu, P. (2021). Healthcare providers’ vaccine perceptions, hesitancy, and recommendation to patients: A systematic review. Vaccines, 9(7), 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070713 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. MacDonald, N. E., & SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161–4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Makwe, C. C., & Anorlu, R. I. (2011). Knowledge of and attitude toward human papillomavirus infection and vaccines among female nurses at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. International Journal of Women's Health, 3, 313–317. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S22792 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Mehra, P., & Mishra, A. (2021). Role of communication, influence, and satisfaction in patient recommendations of a physician. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 46(2), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/02560909211027090 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Mengistie, B. A., Demeke, M., & Setegn, A. (2025). Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake and its determinants among women in Africa: An umbrella review. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article 1537250. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1537250 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Mohammed, Y., Reynolds, H. W., Waziri, H., Attahiru, A., Mikailu, F., Adewole, A. O., Wisdom, M., Uba, B., Kamateeka, M., Waziri, N. E., Melton, M., Aliyu, N., Habila, I., Tukur, M., Olowo-Okere, A., Lawong, B. D., Bello, T. B., Muhammad, L. S., Fasogbon, O., & Nguku, P. (2024). Exploring the landscape of routine immunization in Nigeria: A scoping review of barriers and facilitators. Preprints.org. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202405.1388.v1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Murciano-Gamborino, C., Pérez-Breva, L., Diez-Domingo, J., & Fons-Martinez, J. (2025). Promoting HPV vaccination in culturally diverse populations: A reflexive tool for healthcare professionals. Open Research Europe, 5, Article 381. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21810.1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Nishioka, H., Onishi, T., Kitano, T., Takeyama, M., Imakita, N., Kasahara, K., Kawaguchi, R., Masaki, J. A., & Nogami, K. (2022). A survey of healthcare workers’ recommendations about human papillomavirus vaccination. Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research, 11(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2022.11.2.149 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Ogundele, O., Ogundele, T., & Beloved, O. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy in Nigeria: Contributing factors – way forward. Journal of General Practice, 18(1). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Olubodun, T., Ogunsola, E. A., Coker, M. O., Olayinka, S. A., Elegbede, W. À., Ojediran, J. O., Olajide, K. B., Sanni, S. B., Oluwadare, T. O., Inetagbo, O. T., Balogun, M. R., Owolabi, O. O., Anyadiegwu-Bello, C. C., Runsewe, O. A., Temitayo-Oboh, A. O., Soyannwo, T., Ogunsiji, O. B., & Banke-Thomas, A. (2024). HPV vaccine knowledge, attitude, and programme satisfaction among parents and caregivers of vaccine recipients in Ogun state Nigeria. Reproductive Health, 21(1), Article 179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-024-01913-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Omayo, L. N., Malande, O. O., Musyoki, A. M., Hoffman, P. X., & Adamu, V. E. (2023). Determinants of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine hesitancy in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Journal of the African Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 2, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.15641/jafspidvol2pp1-29/1666 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Onyekachi, I. (2022). Health education for social change: A strategy for public health development in Nigeria. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6499351 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Poland, C. M., & Poland, G. A. (2025). Vaccination as a public health measure: Challenges. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society (pp. 1–5). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs318.pub2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Sağtaş, F., & Gürsoy, M. Y. (2023). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccination among male nurses. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 30(4), Article e13228. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.13228 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Sobalik, M., Fabiś-Czajkowska, M., Kapała, W., & Wojciechowska, M. (2025). Knowledge and attitudes of medical staff and medical students towards human papilloma virus (HPV) infections and vaccinations – Literature review and implications for health education. Biuletyn Głównej Biblioteki Lekarskiej, 58(385), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0017 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Sonawane, K., Zhu, Y., Lin, Y. Y., Damgacioglu, H., Lin, Y., Montealegre, J. R., & Deshmukh, A. A. (2021). HPV vaccine recommendations and parental intent. Pediatrics, 147(3), Article e2020026286. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-026286 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Swain, L., Meetu, S., Vineeta, V., Mohanty, S., Samantaray, D., & Leena, D. (2022). Instructing nurses about human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers and the importance of HPV vaccination. International Journal of Advance Research in Nursing, 5(1), 197–200. https://doi.org/10.33545/nursing.2022.v5.i1c.248 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Tajudeen, W. A., Adesina, K. A., Fakorede, J. I., Muraina, O. A., Ikotun, B. M., Adesiyan, H. J., Olayinka, A. O., & Omisore, A. G. (2023). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of disease prevention among health talk-giving healthcare workers in primary health centres at Osogbo. Research Journal of Health Sciences, 11(3), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v11i3.5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Talabi, O., Gilbert, H., Fawzi, M. C. S., Anorlu, R., & Randall, T. (2023). Examining barriers and facilitators of HPV vaccination in Nigeria, in the context of an innovative delivery model: A mixed-methods study. BMJ Public Health, 1, Article e000003. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Taumberger, N., Joura, E. A., Arbyn, M., Kyrgiou, M., Sehouli, J., & Gultekin, M. (2022). Myths and fake messages about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: Answers from the ESGO Prevention Committee. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 32(10), 1316–1320. https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2022-003685 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Thacker, N., & Uttekar, S. (2022). Vaccine hesitancy: What critical role can healthcare professionals play? Pediatric Infectious Disease, 4(1), 11–12. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10081-1334 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Tsu, V. D., Lamontagne, D. S., Atuhebwe, P., Bloem, P. N., & Ndiaye, C. (2021). National implementation of HPV vaccination programs in low-resource countries: Lessons, challenges, and future prospects. Preventive Medicine, 144, Article 106335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106335 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Waheed, D. E. N., Bolio, A., Kyesi, F., Miano, C. W., Tefera, Y. L., Kinteh, M., Beygum, J., Chisupa, E., Koussai, K. S., Guillaume, D., Biey, J., Ndiaye, C., Sidibe, A., & Vorsters, A. (2024). Routine HPV vaccination: Reflection on delivery strategies based on countries’ experiences. Vaccine, 42, S37–S40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.009 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Waheed, D. E. N., Mumba, M., Alfred, D., Bogale, M., Rujumba, J., Bakeera-Kitaka, S., Lweya, T., Madhuri, A., Karafillakis, E., & Vorsters, A. (2024). Identifying key challenges and optimizing approaches for training of health care professionals for HPV vaccination programmes. Vaccine, 42, S22–S26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.064 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. (2023, October 24). Nigeria to vaccinate 7.7 million girls against leading cause of cervical cancer. https://www.afro.who.int/countries/nigeria/news/nigeria-vaccinate-77-million-girls-against-leading-cause-cervical-cancer [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. World Health Organization. (2020). Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240014107 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Zavaleta-Monestel, E., Mora-Jiménez, J., Cruz Mora, K., & Arguedas-Chacón, S. (2026). Optional vaccines, collective risk. Cureus, 18(2), Article e104135. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.104135 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Tribal Child Nutrition and Health in District of Sundargarh: A Public Health Review of ICDS Intervention
• Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards Prostate Cancer Screening Amongst Men Aged 40-60 Years in The Buea Health District: A Cross-Sectional Study
• Compliance with JCI Protocols: A Focus on Employee Safety
• Influence and Involvement of Teachers in Menstrual Hygiene Management of Female Secondary School Students in Kogi State, Nigeria
• A Critical Evaluation of Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana in Bihar