Leveraging Indigenous Pig Genetic Resources for Climate-Resilient Breeding: Genomic Evidence, Functional Traits, and Future Directions

Climate change is fundamentally reshaping the conditions under which global pig production operates, exposing the vulnerability of commercially selected genotypes that have been optimised for productivity at the expense of environmental robustness. In this context, climate resilience is understood as the capacity of an animal to maintain productive performance, reproductive stability, and physiological homeostasis across a range of environmental stressors, including heat load, disease challenge, and nutritional scarcity. Indigenous pig breeds distributed across Africa, Asia, and Latin America represent a largely untapped reservoir of this resilience, having evolved adaptive traits such as thermotolerance, immunocompetence, and metabolic flexibility through centuries of exposure to harsh and variable production environments. This review synthesises recent advances in high-throughput genomic approaches including genome-wide association studies, whole-genome resequencing, and functional transcriptomics to elucidate the molecular signatures underpinning these adaptive capacities, with particular attention to heat shock protein regulation, immune pathway plasticity, and genotype-by-environment interactions. Building on this genomic evidence, an integrated breeding framework is proposed that combines multi-trait selection indices, reaction norm modelling, and structured introgression of adaptive alleles into commercial lines, thereby reconciling productivity with resilience without undermining genetic gain. Key constraints, particularly the phenotyping gap and accelerating genetic erosion of local breeds, are critically examined alongside emerging opportunities in precision phenotyping and gene editing. Collectively, this review positions the strategic utilisation of indigenous pig genetic resources not merely as a conservation imperative but as a practical and urgent foundation for sustainable, climate-smart pig production in a warming world.

Climate resilience; Indigenous pig breeds; Functional genomics; Heat stress

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