Mathematical Assessment of the Hydrogeochemical Evolution of Formation Waters and Salt Precipitation Risks in the Amirkhanli Area of the Siyazan Monocline

This article presents a comprehensive study of the geological structure, hydrogeological characteristics, and chemical composition of formation waters in the Amirkhanli field, located within the Siyazan monocline. The primary objective of the research is to determine the relationship between the mineralization level of formation waters and geological factors—based on an analysis of the field's lithological-tectonic structure and groundwater chemistry—and to calculate quantitative indicators of salt precipitation processes using mathematical methods.
In terms of regional structure, the Amirkhanli field is situated southeast of the Zaghli field and northwest of the Saadan field. The region is tectonically bounded by the Tengi-Beshbarmak anticlinorium to the south and the Talebi-Gaynarcha uplands to the north, while its eastern boundary is defined by the Gilgilchay River valley. The stratigraphic section of the field comprises Cretaceous deposits as well as Lower Paleogene sediments belonging to the Sumgayit, Govundagh, and Maykop series.
During the research process, laboratory analyses were conducted on 58 water samples collected from 48 wells spanning 16 geological horizons of the Amirkhanli field. It was determined that the genetic types of formation waters are primarily represented by calcium-chloride (CaCl₂), magnesium-chloride (MgCl₂), and sodium-bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) groups. The mineralization level of the groundwater varies across a wide range, from 3240 mg/L to 48907 mg/L. Minimum values for this parameter were found in the Upper Cretaceous complex, while maximum values were localized in the Maikop-Oligocene deposits. This differentiation is directly linked to lithological factors: Upper Cretaceous sandstones, characterized by high filtration capacity, facilitate the formation of waters with low mineralization, whereas Maikop clay-marl rocks, characterized by low permeability, foster the formation of highly mineralized waters. Based on the chemical analysis results of the field's formation waters, the study examined the salt composition distribution (calculated using the Fresenius method), hydrogeochemical characteristics, and potential technological complications that might arise during field development. The calculations indicate that the formation waters of the studied wells generally exhibit high mineralization and are characterized by complex ion-salt compositions. The research results enable the development of engineering and technical measures to prevent risks such as salt accumulation in the near-wellbore zone, equipment corrosion, and emulsion formation.

Formation waters, formation complex, mineralization, horizon, sediment, groundwater, Fresenius method, desalination, hydrogeochemistry, salt precipitation

1. Ismayilov, F., Salmanov, A., & Maharramov, B. (2023). Azerbaijanin neft-qaz yataglari va perspektivli strukturlari, Kitab 1 [Oil and gas fields and prospective structures of Azerbaijan, Book 1]. Baku: s. 177. (In Azerbaijani). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Hajiyev, F., et al. (1998). Azerbaijan Respublikasinin guruda yerleshen akhtarish-keshiyyat sahalarinin hidrogeokimyavi materiallar toplusu [Collection of hydrogeochemical data of onshore exploration and prospecting areas of the Republic of Azerbaijan]. Geological fund of "Neftqazelmitadqiqatlayiha" Institute, Baku: p. 322. (In Azerbaijani). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Hajiyev, F., et al. (1997). Azerbaijan Respublikasinin guruda yerleshen neft va gaz yataglarinin hidrogeokimyavi materiallar toplusu [Collection of hydrogeochemical data of onshore oil and gas fields of the Republic of Azerbaijan]. Geological fund of "Neftqazelmitadqiqatlayiha" Institute, Baku: p. 1012. (In Azerbaijani). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Kazymov, S. M., Safarov, A. V., Tagiyev, I. I., & Abbasov, M. M. (2007). Obshchaya Gidrogeologiya [General Hydrogeology]. ADNA, Baku. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Kartsev, A. A., Vagin, S. B., Shugrin, V. P., & Bragin, Yu. I. (2001). Neftegazovaya gidrogeologiya [Petroleum Hydrogeology]. Neft i gaz, Moskva: pp. 39–45. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Huseynov, F. A., & Kazimov, Sh. P. (2010). Karbohidrogen yataglarinin lay sulari va ishlenmanin mekhaniki-igtisadi gostericileri [Formation waters of hydrocarbon reservoirs and technical-economic indicators of development]. NQETLI, Baku: p. 212. (In Azerbaijani). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Li, Y., et al. (2022). Quantitative evaluation of water cut sources in late-stage mature oil fields using geochemical deconvolution models. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 208, 109750. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Appelo, C. A. J., & Postma, D. (2020). Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution (2nd ed.). CRC Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Zheng, M., et al. (2023). Scaling and corrosion risk assessment of formation waters in deep sedimentary basins. Applied Geochemistry, 145, 105423. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Al-Ghouti, M. A., et al. (2021). Produced water characteristics, treatment and reuse: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 28, 100458. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Bagirov, B. A. (2011). Neft-Qaz madan geologiyasi [Oil and Gas Field Geology]. ADNA Publishing, Baku: p. 190. (In Azerbaijani). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Obshchaya gidrogeologiya [General Hydrogeology]. Moscow: p. 423, (1996). (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Kartsev, A. A. (1963). Gidrogeologiya neftyanykh i gazovykh mestorozhdeniy [Hydrogeology of Oil and Gas Fields]. Moscow: p. 193. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Osnovy gidrogeologii [Fundamentals of Hydrogeology]. Moscow: 448 p., (2002). (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Akhundov, R. A., Mekhtiyev, U. Sh., & Rachinskiy, M. Z. (1976). Spravochnik po podzemnym vodam neftegazovykh i gazokondensatnykh mestorozhdeniy Azerbaydzhana [Handbook on Groundwater of Oil, Gas, and Gas Condensate Fields of Azerbaijan]. Maarif Publishing, pp. 302–303. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Kartsev, A. A., & Matusevich, V. M. (1986). Gidrogeologiya neftegazonosnykh basseynev [Hydrogeology of Oil and Gas Basins]. Moscow: Nedra, 224 p. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Matusevich, V. M., & Kovyatkina, L. A. Neftegazopromyslovaya gidrogeologiya [Oil and Gas Field Hydrogeology]. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Agalarov, M. S. (1960). Gidrokhimiya osnovnykh neftyanykh mestorozhdeniy Azerbaydzhana [Hydrochemistry of the Main Oil Fields of Azerbaijan]. Baku: Azerneftneshr, 263 p. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Akhundov, A. R., Mekhtiyev, U. Sh., & Rachinskiy, M. Z. (1976). Spravochnik po podzemnym vodam neftegazonosnykh i gazokondensatnykh mestorozhdeniy Azerbaydzhana [Handbook on Groundwater of Oil-Gas and Gas Condensate Fields of Azerbaijan]. Baku: Maarif, 327 p. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Kuliyev, A. M. (1957). K voprosu ostatochnoy vodonosnosti kollektorov neftyanykh mestorozhdeniy [On the Issue of Residual Water Saturation of Oil Reservoir Rocks]. Baku: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, p. 8. (In Russian). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Interplay of Students’ Emotional Intelligence and Attitude toward Mathematics on Performance in Grade 10 Algebra
• Numerical Simulation of Fitzhugh-Nagumo Dynamics Using a Finite Difference-Based Method of Lines
• Fixed Point Theorem in Controlled Metric Spaces
• Usage of Moving Average to Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Blood Sugar
• Exploring Algebraic Topology and Homotopy Theory: Methods, Empirical Data, and Numerical Examples