Optimizing the Preoperative Holding Area Efficiency at Base Hospital Muthur

Authors

Rajiya Mohamed Muyees

Base Hospital Muthur (Sri Lanka)

Mahendran Dayalini

District General Hospital Kilinochchi (Sri Lanka)

D A M Dassanayake

Family Health Bureau, Ministry of Health (Sri Lanka)

Michael Maxvel Remance

Provincial Director of Health Services (Sri Lanka)

Yathavan Selvarajan

Laboratory Services Ministry of Health (Sri Lanka)

Article Information

DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI.2026.1307000383

Subject Category: Education

Volume/Issue: 13/7 | Page No: 5198-5209

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-08-06

Accepted: 2026-08-12

Published: 2026-08-20

Abstract

Background: Prolonged pre-operative waiting times within holding areas exacerbate patient anxiety and threaten perioperative workflow efficiency. Minimizing these delays is crucial for patient-centered care and optimal resource utilization.
Objectives: This clinical audit aimed to evaluate patient transit delays between ward transfer and Operating Theater (OT) admission, introduce an enhanced synchronization protocol, and statistically evaluate the subsequent impact on waiting times.
Methods: A two-phase observational audit was performed. Phase 1 (Pre-Audit Baseline, n = 28) tracked delays using traditional schedule-based workflows. Following the introduction of a communication-driven 'Just-in-Time' transfer policy, Phase 2 (Post-Audit Re-evaluation, n = 44) was conducted. Data were analyzed using a Welch’s independent t-test and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results: The baseline pre-audit revealed severe delays with a mean waiting time of 186.3 minutes (median = 140.0 min, max = 445.0 min). Post-intervention data demonstrated a highly significant shift, reducing the mean waiting time to 72.4 minutes (median = 30.0 min).
Conclusion: Active cross-departmental coordination significantly mitigates pre-operative stalls, successfully shifting the median patient wait time to align directly with international best-practice standards (≤ 30 minutes).

Keywords

Clinical audit, Preoperative waiting time, Holding area efficiency, Operating theatre workflow, Quality improvement, Just-in-Time patient transfer, Perioperative care, Operating room efficiency, Patient flow.

Downloads

References

1. Alvarez, R., Bonham, A. J., Buda, C. M., Carlin, A. M., Ghaferi, A. A., & Varban, O. A. (2019). Factors Associated With Long Wait Times for Bariatric Surgery. Annals of Surgery, 270(6), 1103–1109. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000002826 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Claire Suydam, R., Tanna, N., Clappier, M., Barnett, S., & Smith, M. L. (2022). Streamlining and Consistency in Surgery: Lean-Six-Sigma to Improve Operating Room Efficiency. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, 10(Suppl 10), 40. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gox.0000898516.63142.3a [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Cole, E., Hopman, W., & Kawakami, J. (2013). High resolution analysis of wait times and factors affecting surgical expediency. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 5(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.553 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Daoud, R. M., Alhoda, M., Jasim, Z., Fredericks, S., & Kause, J. (2026). Reducing Elective Surgery Backlogs Through Centralized Waiting List Management: A Quality Improvement Study. Inquiry: A Journal of Medical Care Organization, Provision and Financing, 63. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580261449124 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Eco, S., Petcka, N. L., Li, K., & Hechenbleikner, E. M. (2025). Quality Improvement in Rural and Low-Resource Settings. The American Surgeon, 91(5), 723–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031348251331296 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. El-Balka, R. M., Sakr, N., Rabie, A. H., & Saleh, A. I. (2025). A dynamic operation room scheduling DORS strategy based on explainable AI and fuzzy interface engine. Artificial Intelligence Review, 58(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11366-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Gerrein, B. T., Williams, C. E., & Von Allmen, D. (2013). Establishing a Portfolio of Quality-Improvement Projects in Pediatric Surgery through Advanced Improvement Leadership Systems. The Permanente Journal, 17(4), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/13-035 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. He, Z., An, M., Chen, D., Peng, H., Tao, H., & Cheung, K. M. C. (2025). Institution-Based Quality and Safety Improvement Initiatives in Spine Surgery: A Scoping Review. JBJS Reviews, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.24.00195 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Irwin, R., Stokes, T., & Marshall, T. (2015). Practice-level quality improvement interventions in primary care: A review of systematic reviews. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 16(6), 556–577. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1463423615000274 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Kringos, D. S., Sunol, R., Wagner, C., Mannion, R., Michel, P., Klazinga, N. S., & Groene, O. (2015). The influence of context on the effectiveness of hospital quality improvement strategies: A review of systematic reviews. BMC Health Services Research, 15(Suppl 2), 277. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0906-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Lin, Y.-K., & Chong, C. S. (2025). Solving Three-Stage Operating Room Scheduling Problems with Uncertain Surgery Durations. Mathematics, 13(12), 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13121973 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Lin, Y.-K., & Yen, C.-H. (2023). Genetic Algorithm for Solving the No-Wait Three-Stage Surgery Scheduling Problem. Healthcare, 11(5), 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050739 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Liu, J. J., Raskin, J. S., Hardaway, F., Holste, K., Brown, S., & Raslan, A. M. (2018). Application of Lean Principles to Neurosurgical Procedures: The Case of Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery, a Literature Review and Pilot Series. Operative Neurosurgery, 15(3), 332–340. https://doi.org/10.1093/ons/opx289 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Ludwig, K. K., Kong, A., Grossi, S., Joseph, K. A., Cox, S., & Pratt, D. (2025). Implementation of Quality Improvement Projects: A Practical Guide From the American Society of Breast Surgeons Patient Safety and Quality Committee. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 33(2), 1221–1231. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-025-18609-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Mengistu, B., Ray, D., Lockett, P., Dorsey, V., Phipps, R. A., Subramanian, H., Atkins, J. T., El Osta, B., Falchook, G. S., & Karp, D. D. (2016). Innovative Strategies for Decreasing Blood Collection Wait Times for Patients in Early-Phase Cancer Clinical Trials. Journal of Oncology Practice, 12(7), e784–e791. https://doi.org/10.1200/jop.2015.007674 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Mutlu, Ç. I., & Aslan, M. (2026). Patients’ Waiting Times in Operating Rooms and Relevant Reasons. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 32(1), e70361. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.70361 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Nicolay, C. R., Purkayastha, S., Greenhalgh, A., Benn, J., Chaturvedi, S., Phillips, N., & Darzi, A. (2012). Systematic review of the application of quality improvement methodologies from the manufacturing industry to surgical healthcare. The British Journal of Surgery, 99(3), 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7803 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Onyejesi, C. D., Elsayed, S. M., Daniel Isaac, J. M., Abady, E. M., Shehada, W., Alhaddad, J., & Alsabri, M. (2025). Improving patient outcomes through quality improvement and safety culture interventions in pediatric emergency care: A systematic review of best practices. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(11), 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-01010-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Pasquer, A., Cordier, Q., Lifante, J.-C., Poncet, G., Polazzi, S., & Duclos, A. (2024). Influence of a surgeon’s exposure to operating room turnover delays on patient outcomes. BJS Open, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsopen/zrae117 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Rashid, A., Sukumar, S., Dodkins, J., Zachou, G., Fearnhead, N. S., Walker, K., & Aggarwal, A. (2026). Quality improvement interventions in surgical oncology: Systematic review of international studies. BJS Open, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsopen/zrag053 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Raskin, J. S., Jia-Xin Liu, J., Raslan, A. M., Holste, K., & Marquart, J. (2015). 144 Application of Lean Principles to Neurosurgical Procedures. Neurosurgery, 62(Suppl 1), 212. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000467106.67924.90 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Sales-Coll, M., De Castro, R., & Hueto-Madrid, J. A. (2021). Improving operating room efficiency using lean management tools. Production Planning & Control, 34(13), 1261–1274. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1998932 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Siddique, K., Elsayed, S. E. A., Cheema, R., Mirza, S., & Basu, S. (2012). One-Stop Cholecystectomy Clinic: An Application of Lean Thinking - Can it Improve the Outcomes? Journal of Perioperative Practice, 22(11), 360–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/175045891602201103 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Tanna, N., Clappier, M., Barnett, S. L., Talamini, M. A., Coppa, G. F., Cifu, K., Bianculli, A. R., Drummond, D., Bello, S., & Smith, M. L. (2023). Streamlining and Consistency in Surgery: Lean Six Sigma to Improve Operating Room Efficiency. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 152(3), 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000010240 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Torkki, P. M., Alho, A. I., Peltokorpi, A. V., Torkki, M. I., & Kallio, P. E. (2006). Managing urgent surgery as a process: Case study of a trauma center. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 22(2), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266462306051087 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Veres, C., Stoian, M., Szabo, D.-A., & Gabor, M. R. (2025). The Role of Leadership in Lean Healthcare Transformation: A Mixed-Methods Study. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 17(1), 1538–1563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-025-02661-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Youssef, M., Kistin, M., Parasher, G., & Ma, T. (2013). Using Lean Management Principles to Improve Patient Satisfaction and Reduce Wait Times at UNM GI/Endoscopy. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 108, S588–S589. https://doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201310001-01943 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Zaid, E. B., Breed, C., Smith, R., Marzano, D., Curran, D., & Hammoud, M. (2015). Applying Lean Problem-Solving Techniques to Improve the Efficiency of an Operating Room Team Performing Scheduled Procedures in the Labor and Delivery Department. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 125(Suppl 1), 109S. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000463617.70024.e3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles