The Influence of Public Green Open Space Availability on Land Surface Temperature in Wenang District, Manado City

Urban thermal conditions at the ground level are heavily influenced by the extent of vegetated public space a district manages to preserve, given that such areas function as natural buffers against excess heat accumulation and help sustain livable outdoor environments. This dynamic is clearly visible in Wenang, one of Manado City's officially designated urban service centers, where dense settlement patterns combined with extensive conversion of land into built structures have placed sustained pressure on remaining shared green space. Responding to this condition, the research pursued three objectives: first, to document the current extent of public green space provision; second, to trace how thermal patterns manifest across and around vegetated land; and third, to convert these findings into actionable guidance on siting future green infrastructure and upgrading existing locations, grounded throughout in empirical temperature and comfort measurements.The study integrated numerical analysis with spatial mapping methods. Vegetation condition was tracked using an index-based calculation (NDVI), while ground-level heat was estimated through satellite-derived temperature data (LST), both extracted from three Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image captures taken in 2016, 2021, and 2025. To confirm these remote measurements matched actual field conditions, the research team cross-checked them against direct site visits, manual sol-air temperature calculations, and thermal comfort assessments recorded on location.The findings revealed a substantial shortfall: only 11.19 hectares of land in Wenang currently serves as public green space, representing just 3.29% of the sub-district's total 339.6-hectare area—far below the 20% (67.92 hectares) threshold legally mandated by Law No. 26 of 2007, leaving an unmet requirement of 56.73 hectares. Notably, although vegetation cover intensified across nearly all monitored sites over the study period, six of the seven locations examined still recorded temperature increases of up to 2.8°C, demonstrating that greening alone has not been sufficient to counteract heat generated by surrounding development. Given its markedly elevated thermal readings, Wenang Selatan is identified as the top-priority site for establishing new green space, while the three existing locations are recommended for targeted improvements—primarily the addition of shade-producing vegetation and the replacement of heat-retaining surface materials with more thermally favorable alternatives.

Public Green Open Space; Surface Temperature; NDVI; Land Surface Temperature

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