The Mediating Effect of Student Engagement on the Influence of Parental Involvement on Pupils’ Academic Performance: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach

This study investigated the mediating role of Student engagement in the relationship between parental involvement and students’ academic performance using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). A causal-descriptive research design was employed involving 203 grade 4 to 6 students and 203 parents from Plantation Central Elementary School, Manolo Fortich District III, Division of Bukidnon, Philippines. Validated instruments were utilized to measure parental involvement and student engagement, while academic performance was based on students’ average grades. Results indicated very high levels of parental involvement and student engagement, alongside outstanding academic performance. Model fit indices confirmed that the proposed SEM exhibited good fit. While the direct effect of parental involvement on academic performance was significant, the indirect effect through Student engagement was not statistically significant, suggesting the presence of other mediating factors. Findings highlight the importance of strengthening home–school partnerships to support learners’ academic success.

Parental Involvement, Pupil Engagement, Academic Performance

1. Davaatseren, A., Myagmar, M., & Dulamsuren, N. (2024). Factors affecting students’ academic performance. Accounting Department, National University of Mongolia. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Cabrejas, M. M., & Mendoza, R. O. (2023). College students’ engagement and self-regulated learning strategies: Its influence on academic performance in the flexible learning modality. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(3), 73–84. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0193 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Ensign, J., & Woods, A. M. (2014). Strategies for increasing academic achievement in higher education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 85(6), 17–22. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2014.926844 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Factors contributing to poor academic achievement among low-performing pupils: A case study. (2022). Asian Journal of University Education, 18(4), 981–997. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v18i4.20008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Grolnick, W. S. (2016). Parental involvement and children’s academic motivation and achievement. In Springer eBooks (pp. 169–183). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Jaiswal, N. S. K., & Choudhuri, N. R. (2017). A review of the relationship between parental involvement and students’ academic performance. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(3). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. https://doi.org/10.25215/0403.052 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Munjirin, A., & Iswinarti, N. (2023). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi prestasi akademik remaja. Cognicia, 11(2), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v11i2.29010 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Park, G. R., & Kim, J. (2023). Parental involvement and academic achievement of adolescents: The mediating roles of school adjustment. School Psychology International. https://doi.org/10.1177/01430343231207134 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Sattar, T., Ullah, M. I., & Ahmad, B. (2022). The role of stakeholders’ participation, goal directness, and learning context in determining student academic performance: Student engagement as a mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 875174. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875174 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Selvarajoo, P. C. B., & Baharudin, S. N. A. (2023). Factors contributing to poor academic achievement among underachieving students in a high school in Klang Valley: A case study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i4/16902 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Siddiq, F., Gochyyev, P., & Valls, O. (2020). The role of engagement and academic behavioral skills on young students’ academic performance: A validation across four countries. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 66, 100880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100880 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Sun, Y., Wang, H., & Yang, C. (2023). Exploring the impact of parental involvement on student academic achievement in China. Proceedings of the IEEE International Technology Management Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/itme60234.2023.00056 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Utami, A. Y. (2022). The role of parental involvement in student academic outcomes. Journal of Education Review Provision, 2(1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.55885/jerp.v2i1.156 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Xiong, Y., Qin, X., Wang, Q., & Ren, P. (2021). Parental involvement in adolescents’ learning and academic achievement: Cross-lagged effect and mediation of academic engagement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(9), 1811–1823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01460-w [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Yau, P. S., Cho, Y., Shane, J., Kay, J., & Heckhausen, J. (2021). Parenting and adolescents’ academic achievement: The mediating role of goal engagement and disengagement. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(4), 897–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02007-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• The Indirect Effect of Liquidity and Activity on Company Value with Profitability as an Intervening Variable
• Effect of Financial Skills, Knowledge, and Attitude on The Financial Behaviour of Clergy
• A Decade of Review: Trends in Budget Execution and Financial Performance of Development Projects in Tanzania (2014/15-2023/24)
• The Influence of Pre-Project Planning on the Budget Absorption Rate of Public Funded Infrastructure Projects in Kenya a Comparative Case Study of Narok, Migori, and Kisii County Government Projects
• Assessment of Factors Influencing Digital Transformation in Hotels’ Facility Management in Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria