Applications of nanotechnology in vaccine development for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19)

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VIII, Issue II, February 2021 | ISSN 2321–2705

Applications of nanotechnology in vaccine development for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19)

Ravindra B. Malabadi^*1, Neelambika T. Meti², Raju K. Chalannavar^{3
1*, 3}Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199,
Mangalore, Karnataka State, India
²Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Katraj, Pune – 411046, Maharashtra State, India
*Corresponding author

Abstract:- This review paper highlights the use of nanotechnology as a new opportunities for the development of novel strategies in terms of prevention, detection, diagnosis and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (covid-19) infection is characterized by severe respiratory diseases, including bronchiolitis, pneumonia, high fever, throat infections, and common cold. SARS-CoV-2 infection is not limited to any particular class, and people of all age groups are vulnerable. The coronavirus is airborne mainly transmitted through droplets from the infected person or symptomatic patients or from asymptomatic people. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from one human to another human is much faster, which has already resulted in its spread around the world and led the WHO to declare the covid-19 outbreak as a global pandemic. These outbreaks have tested the limits of healthcare systems and have posed serious questions about management using conventional therapies and diagnostic tools. Therefore, new controlling measures to overcome this covid-19 pandemic is the development of a suitable and cost effective vaccines and therapeutics. Hence nanotechnology platforms in the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs have been developed based on nanomedicine, and have the potential to become innovative alternatives for overcoming COVID-19. A nano-based (mRNA-lipid nanoparticle) formulation for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and therapeutics is being developed as a delivery vehicle and found successful.

Keywords: Antigen, coronavirus, delivary vehicle, SARS-CoV-2, nanotechnology, nanoparticles, viral disease

Introduction

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus responsible for an ongoing human pandemic (COVID-19) (Yang, 2021; Shin et al., 2020). WHO officially identified coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic, due to its quick global spread (Zhou et al., 2020a, 2020b; Wu et al., 2020a, 2020b; Wu et al., 2004; Shi et al., 2020; V’kovski et al., 2020; Shin et al., 2020). The coronavirus can infect cells of the lungs, kidneys, heart and intestine, resulting in organ damage leading to the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (Zhou et al., 2020a, 2020b; Shin et al., 2020). The cause of the respiratory illness is a coronavirus of the betacoronavirus class now termed coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19). The virus was named as SARS-CoV-2 due to its genetic and structural similarity with SARS-CoV, and is the causative agent of the COVID-19 disease outbreak (Zhou et al., 2020a, 2020b; Wu et al., 2020a, 2020b; Wu et al., 2004; Shi et al., 2020; V’kovski et al., 2020; Kammila et al., 2008). Airborne transmission is highly virulent and represents the dominant route for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (covid-19) (Zhang et al., 2020; Shin et al., 2020). The worldwide impact of this pandemic is frightening, and threat to human population (Yang, 2021; Chauhan et al., 2020; Campos et al., 2020). The human race is also facing a crisis situation due to mandatory quarantines and lockdowns (Yang, 2021; Chauhan et al., 2020).

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