Volume IV Issue XII - International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS)

Determination of Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Analysis of the Ethylacetate Extract of Carica Papaya Seed

Nna, P.J., Egbuje, O.J. and Don-Lawson, D.C. December 2019 Page No.: 01-07

Carica papaya (pawpaw) belongs to the family of Caricaceae with over 22 species. It is a large perennial herb with a rapid growth rate. Different parts of the plants are used to treat several diseases such as ulcer, diabetes, malaria, hypertension and skin diseases. powdered papaya seeds (70 g) was macerated with 150 mL ethyl acetate to obtain 15 g extract. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of the extract were carried out based on standard procedures. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, Flavonoids, triterpenoids, reducing sugars, glycosides and steroids and absence of anthraquinone. Presence of these phytochemicals were further confirmed and quantified by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionzation Detector (GC-FID). GC-FID revealed presence of compounds such as catechin (36.8538 μg/g) quinine (16.6331 μg/g), kaempferol (1.5637 μg/g) and rutin (5.9840 μg/g) etc. The extract was active against disease-causing microbes such as Vancomycinresistantenterococci (VRE), Proteusmirabilis, Coniophoraputeana, Fomitopsispinicola, Fusariumoxysporum, Scloratiumrolfsii Candidaalbicans, and Candidakrusei with inhibition zones that ranged between 16 mm and 22 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration MIC was 10 mg/mL against the sensitive pathogens except for C. albicans and Scloratium rolfsii, which was 5 mg/mL. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 40 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL against VRE and Proteusmirabilis, respectively. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of extract against Candida krusei, Coniophora puteana, Fomitopsispinicola and Fusarium oxysporum was 40 mg/mL. The MFC of C. albicans and Scloratium rolfsii was 20 mg/mL. The present study showed that ethyl acetate extract of C. papaya is rich in phytochemicals and has potential antimicrobial activities.

Page(s): 01-07

Date of Publication: 16 December 2019

Nna, P.J.
Department of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Egbuje, O.J.
Department of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Don-Lawson, D.C.
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Rivers State, Nigeria

References

[1]. Agarwal, A., Vyas, S. and Agarwal, D.P. (2016) Therapeutic Benefits of Carica papaya Leaf Extracts in Dengue Fever patients. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 4(2A): 299-302
[2]. Ayoola, P.B. and Adeyeye, A. (2010). Phytochemical and Nutrient Evaluation of Carica papaya (pawpaw) Leaves. IJRRAS, 5(3): 325-328
[3]. Aron, P.M. and Kennedy, J.A.(2008). Flavan-3-ols: Nature, Occurrence and Biological Activity. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52:79-104.
[4]. Basalingappa, K.M., Raghu, N., Gopenath, T.S., Karthikeyan, M. and Gnanasekaran, A. (2018). Medicinal Uses of Carica Papaya. Journal of Natural and Ayurvedic Medicine, 2(6): 1-11
[5]. Bergonio, K.B. and Perez, M.A. (2016). The potential of Male papaya (Carica papaya L.) Flower as a Functional Ingredient for Herbal Tea Production. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15(1): 41-49.
[6]. Chen, X., Hu, T., Han, Y., Huang, W., Yuan, H., Zhang, Y., Du, Y. and Jiang, Y. (2016). Preventive Effects of Catechins on Cardiovascular Disease. A Review. Molecules, 21(1759):pp.7
[7]. Deniz, I.V. (2009). Screening of Traditional Medicinal Plants from Zimbabwe for Phytochemistry, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antiviral and Toxicological Activities.Ph.D Thesis.School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. 187 pp
[8]. Emejulu, A.A., Nwufo, K.C., Ene, A.C. and Obasi, U.K. (2017). GC-FID Phytochemical Analysis and Intraperitoneal Lethal Dose, (LD50) Determination of Ethanol Root Extract of Mueuna pruriens. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biomedicines, 4(7):23-28.
[9]. Eskandar, M. and Somayeh, H. (2015). Saponin: Properties, Methods of Evaluation and Applications. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 5(3): 207-220
[10]. Jyotsna, K.P., Yashab, K., Priyanka, P. and Harison, M. (2014). Antibacterial Activity of Seed and Leaf Extract of Carica Papaya var. Pusa dwarf Linn. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9(2): 29-37
[11]. Linus, U.A., Jatau, Y.D, Muluh, E.K., Anyam, J.V. and Igoli J.O. (2016). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum extracts. BritishBiotechnologyJournal of Science and Technology, 16(2):1-8.
[12]. Liu, Y., Pan, Q., Yan, G., He, J. and Duan, C. (2010). Changes of Flavan-3-ols with Different Degrees of Polymerization in Seeds of ‘Shiraz’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Marselan’ Grapes after Veraison. Molecules, 15:7763-7774.
[13]. Natarjan, S., Theivanai and Vidhya, RM. (2014). Potential medical properties of Carica papaya Linn.International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencs, 6(2):168-173.
[14]. Nna, P.J., Don-Lawson, D.C. and Agber, C.T. (2018). Evaluation of the Bioactive Constituents and Antimicrobial Potentials of the Ethyl acetate Extract of Costus afer Stem. International Journal of Chemical Science, 2(5):41-44
[15]. Nwofia, G.E., Ojimelukwe, P. and Eji, C. (2012). Chemical composition of leaves, fruit pulp and seeds in some Caricapapaya (L) morphotypes. International Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plants, 2(1):200-206
[16]. Ocloo, A., Nwokolo, N.C. and Dayie, N.T. (2012). Phytochemical Characterization and Comparative Efficacies of Crude Extracts of Carica papaya. International of Drug Rsearch and Technology, 2(5): 399-406
[17]. Oyeleke, G.O. Isola, A.D. Salam, M.A. and Ajao, F.D. (2013). Evaluation of Some Chemical Composition of Pawpaw (Carica Papaya) Seeds under Normal Storage Ripening.Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 4(6): 8-21
[18]. Osakebe, N. (2013). Flavan-3-ols Improve Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors: Evidence and Mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 52(3):186-193
[19]. Padam, P.A., Giri, R.G. and Meena, R. (2013). Isolation of Catechin from Acacia catechu Willdenow, Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content in Camelliasinensis kuntze and Camelliasinensis kuntze var. assamica Collected from Different Geographical Region and their Antioxidant Activities. Scientific World, 11(11):32-36.
[20]. Panzarini, E., Dwikat, M. and Mariano, S. (2014). Administration Dependent Antioxidant Effect of Carica papaya Seeds Water Extract. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 13
[21]. Roshan. A., Verma, N.K. and Gupta, A. (2014). A Brief Study on Carica Papaya- A Review. International Journal of Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research, 2(4): 541-550
[22]. Sabri, F.Z., Belarbi, M., Sabri, S and Alsayadi, M.M (2012).Phytochemical Screening and identification of some compounds from Mallow.Jounal of Natural Products and Plant Resources, 2(4):512-516
[23]. Satheesh, K.B., Suchetha, K.N., Vadisha, B.S., Sharmila, K.P and Mahesh, P.B (2012). Preliminary Phytochemical screening of Various Extracts of Punica granatum Peel, Whole Fruit and Seeds.Nitte University Journal of Health Science, 2(4): 34-38
[24]. Singh, R. (2015). Medicinal plants: A review. Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(11): 50-55
[25]. Tarik, M.H., Ghaffar, B., Ahmed, T., Sultan, A., Irfan, M. and Farrukh. M.J. (2015). Phytochemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Different Chemical Extracts of Papaya Seeds on Clinical Isolates of (FGSH Hospital) Islamabad. International Journal of Pharmacy, 5(1):122-126
[26]. Tor-Anyiin, T.A, Anyam, J.V., Anger, G. and Anyam, J.N. (2015). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Dried Deed Extracts of Maranthes ployandra. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 40(1): 24

Nna, P.J., Egbuje, O.J. and Don-Lawson, D.C. “Determination of Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Analysis of the Ethylacetate Extract of Carica Papaya Seed” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.01-07 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/01-07.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Modal Parameters Determination of Steel Benchmark Warehouse by System Identification Using ANN

Sertaç TUHTA, Furkan GÜNDAY December 2019 Page No.: 08-12

Today, civil engineering structures suffer from dynamic effects. Earth on structures have been severely damaged by the earthquake. Thus, there has been loss of life and property. This has particularly affected countries located on active fault lines. Pre- and post-earthquake measures have been developed in world. For these reasons, it is necessary to determine the dynamic performance of structures around the world. There are various methods for determine the dynamic performance. System identification is one of these methods. Mathematical model of the structural system is obtained by system identification method. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is a system identification method. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can adapt to their environment, adapt, work with incomplete information, make decisions under uncertainties and tolerate errors. Steel warehouse sample was used in this study. The system identification of the steel warehouse structure with the ANN method of 0.95 was made successfully. As a result of this study, The ANN approach can provide a very useful and accurate tool to solve problem in modal identification studies.

Page(s): 08-12

Date of Publication: 18 December 2019

Sertaç TUHTA
Department of Civil Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey
Furkan GÜNDAY
Department of Civil Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey

References

[1]. Marquardt, D. W. (1963). An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. Journal of the society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 11(2), 431-441.
[2]. Hagan, M. T., Demuth, H. B., & Beale, M. H. (1996). Neural network design, PWS Pub. Co., Boston, 3632.
[3]. Hagan, M. T., &Menhaj, M. B. (1994). Training feed forward networks with the Marquardt algorithm. IEEE transactions on Neural Networks, 5(6), 989-993.
[4]. MATLAB. (2010). version 7.10.0 (R2010a). Natick, Massachusetts: The MathWorks Inc.
[5]. Tuhta.S., Gunday F., Aydin H., Dynamic Analysis of Model Steel Structures Retrofitted with GFRP Composites under Microtremor Vibration International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)Volume: 3 | Issue: 2 | Jan-Feb 2019.
[6]. Tuhta.S., Abrar O., Gunday F., Experimental Study on Behavior of Bench-Scale Steel Structure Retrofitted with CFRP Composites under Ambient Vibration, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, 2019.
[7]. J. Kim, System Identification of Civil Engineering Structures through Wireless Structural Monitoring and Subspace System Identification Methods, PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 2011.
[8]. G.F. Sirca Jr., H. Adeli, System identification in structural engineering, Scientia Iranica A (2012) 19 (6), 1355–1364.
[9]. Tuhta, S., &Günday, F. (2019). Multi Input Multi Output System Identification of Concrete Pavement Using N4SID. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovative Research Development, 4(1).
[10]. Tuhta, S., Alameri, I., &Günday, F. (2019). Numerical Algorithms N4SID for System Identification of Buildings. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering Technology Science, 1(6).
[11]. Tuhta, S., Günday, F., Aydin, H., &Alalou, M. (2019). MIMO System Identification of MachineFoundation Using N4SID. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovative Research Development
[12]. Tuhta, S., &Günday, F. (2019). Mimo System İdentification of İndustrial Building Using N4sid with Ambient Vibration. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology.
[13]. Gunday.F., “OMA of RC Industrial Building Retrofitted with CFRP using SSI” International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, 2018.
[14]. Gunday.F., “GFRP Retrofitting Effect on the Dynamic Characteristics of Model Steel Structure Using SSI” International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, 2018.
[15]. Dushimimana, A., Günday, F., &Tuhta, S. (2018). Operational Modal Analysis of Aluminum Model Structures Using Earthquake Simulator. Presented at the International Conference on Innovative Engineering Applications.
[16]. Günday, F., Dushimimana, A., &Tuhta, S. (2018). Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis of a Model Steel Structure Using Blast Excitation. Presented at the International Conference on Innovative Engineering Applications.
[17]. Tuhta, S., &Günday, F. (2019). Application of Oma on The Bench scale Aluminum Bridge Using Micro Tremor Data. İnternational Journal of Advance Research and Innovative İdeas in Education, 5(5), 912–923.
[18]. Kasimzade, A., Tuhta, S., Günday, F., & Aydin, H. (2019). Investigation of Modal Parameters on Steel Structure Using FDD from Ambient Vibration. Presented at the 8th International Steel Structures Symposium, Konya.
[19]. Kasimzade, A., Tuhta, S., Aydin, H., &Günday, F. (2019). Determination of Modal Parameters on Steel Model Bridge Using Operational Modal Analysis. Presented at the 8th International Steel Structures Symposium, Konya.
[20]. Tuhta, S., Günday, F., & Abrar, O. (2019). Experimental Study on Effect of Seismic Damper to Reduce the Dynamic Response of Bench Scale Steel Structure Model. İnternational Journal of Advance Research and Innovative İdeas in Education, 5(5), 901–911.
[21]. Tuhta, S., Günday, F., & Aydin, H. (2019). Numerical Algorithms for System Identification of Benchmark Steel Structure. Presented at the iSTE-CE’xx2019- International Conference on Innovation, Sustainability, Technology and Education in Civil Engineering.

Sertaç TUHTA, Furkan GÜNDAY, “Modal Parameters Determination of Steel Benchmark Warehouse by System Identification Using ANN” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.08-12 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/08-12.pdf

For Full Text Click here

The Effect of Ingested Kerosene Contaminated Diets on the Liver, Kidney and Lungs of Wistar Albino Rats

Sangari Joel S; Grace Avuwa O; Ishaya Y. Longdet; Richard J. Kutshit; Istifanus Gurumtet December 2019 Page No.: 13-23

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ingested kerosene contaminated diets on the liver, kidney and lungs of wistar albino rats. Twenty (20) wistar albino rats were grouped into four (4) of five (5) rats each. Group A was the control group while group B, C and D were administered 1 ml, 2ml and 4ml respectively to kerosene contaminated diets. The result of the final body weight of the animals showed significant increase (p<0.05) in group B (150.43±8.785), group C (156.30±3.691) and group D (135.70±7.503). Compared to the control group (98.53±6.678). The results of the biochemical parameters were; The activity of AST was significantly higher in group B (104.93±2.555^b), group C (129.47±23.700^b) and group D (146.13±28.010^b) compared to the control group (92.89±0.465). The activity of ALT was significantly higher in group B (27.00±7.000^b), group C (29.50±1.500^b), group C (29.50±1.500^b) and group D (44.00±5.000^b) compared to the control group (20.00±1.000). ALP activity in the animals were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group B (67.56±1.450^b), group C (69.94±0.170^b) and group D (96.91±1.130^b) compared to the control group (61.36±0.650). There is a significant reduction (P<0.050) in group B (61.62±8.390^a), group C (62.09±0.680^a), and group D (62.01±2.095^a) Glutathiione (GSH) activities compared to the control group (89.00±0.400). In this study, exposures of the albino rats to kerosene showed significant increase (p<0.05) in serum creatinine level of group B (64.06±3.045^b), group C (60.56±1.450^b) and group D (71.66±1.350^b) compared to the control group (51.66±1.550). Urea was retained in group D (7.11±1.485^b) as indicated by the significant increase (p<0.05) in serum urea compared to the control group (5.47±0.185). Whereas the level of urea in group B (4.08±0.590^a) and C (5.43±1.325^a) decreases as compared to the control group ((5.47±0.185). In this study, sodium increased significantly (p<0.05) in group B (133.35±3.050^b), group C (138.75±5.050^b) and group D (141.85±1.250^b) compared to the control group (128.90±4.800). In this study, potassium increased significantly (p<0.05) in group B (10.32±0.825^b), group C (9.28±0.310^b) and group D (10.94±0.665^b) compared to the control group (6.94±0.110). . In this study, chloride increased significantly (p<0.05) in group C (27.49±2.805^b) compared to the control group (25.78±2.140). Whereas the level of chloride in group B (24.91±2.460^a) and group D (25.73±3.630^a) decrease compare to the control group (25.78±2.140). Histological examination of the liver, kidney and the lungs indicated that kerosene contaminated diets induced significant degenerative changes in the structural integrity of both the hepatic, renal and the lungs cells. However, the histological examination of the control group showed normal histological structure. Therefore, the results of this work suggest that kerosene contaminated diets indicated oxidative stress and could possibly cause adverse effect on the kidney and impaired liver and lungs functions.

Page(s): 13-23

Date of Publication: 18 December 2019

Sangari Joel S
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Grace Avuwa O
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Ishaya Y. Longdet
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Richard J. Kutshit
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Istifanus Gurumtet
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

References

[1]. Abubakar, H. D. (2017). An intensity of household kerosene use in Bauchi state, Nigeria. A tobit analysis. Nig. J. Manage. Tec & Dev. 8(2)
[2]. Allen, S. E. (2002). The liver: Anatomy, Physiology, Disease and Treatment. North Eastern University Press, USA.
[3]. American Petroleum Institute. P. H. T.(2010). Group Kerosene/jet fuel category assessment document #201–16846A. Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute.
[4]. Anon (2009), ^”Kerosene” http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0663.htm.
[5]. Baba, U. A.; Apollos, N. C.; Harry, C. D.; Adzu Yusuf, Ambe, J. C. (2016). An unusual accidental kerosene poisoning. Case Report. Arc J. of pediatrics. 2(1): 1-3
[6]. Burke, Z. D., Thowfeequ, S., Tosh D. (2006). Liver specification: a new role for rats in liver development. Current Biology, 16(17): 688 – 690.
[7]. Dede, E. B., Igboh, N.M., Ayalogu, O.A. (2002). Chronic toxicity study of the effect of Crude Petroleum (Bonny light), Kerosene and Gasoline on rats using Haematological parameters. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 6(1):60- 63.
[8]. Fidelis, I. A. and Murphy, D. O. (2014). Possible protective role of palm oil and beaf liver on the kidney and liver of wistar albino rats fed diesel contaminated diet. An. Int. J. of the Nig. Soc. for Exp. Bio. 26(4): 124-129
[9]. Fidelis, I.A and Caleb, C. N. (2015). Effects of honey supplementation on hydrocarbon induced kidney and liver damage in wistar albino rats. An. Int. J. of the Nig. Soc. for Exp. Bio. 27(1): 50-55
[10]. Igboh, N.M., Dede, E.B., Ayalogu, O.E. (2001). Acute toxicity effects of crude Petroleum (Bonny light), Kerosene and Gasoline in Albino Rats. J. Appl. Environ. Manage. 5(2):73-74.
[11]. Maiyoh, G. K., Njoroge, R. W. & Tuei, V. C. (2015) Effects and mechanisms of kerosene use-related toxicity, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2(8) 25-26
[12]. Mensah, T. & Adu, G. (2013). An empirical analysis of household energy choice in Ghana. Uppsala Working Paper Series No 6.
[13]. Mills, E. (2005). The specter of fuel-based lighting. Science; 308:1263–64. [PubMed: 15919979]
[14]. Momoh Johnson and Damazio, O. A. (2014). Hepatotoxicity of household kerosene (HHK) on liver enzyme makers and its effects on hematological and oxidative stress parameters on wistar albino rats. Sci. J. Med. & Cli. Trials. 2014, page 7.
[15]. Momoh Johnson and Oshin, T. T. (2015). Severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of gasoline (petrol) on some biochemical parameters in wistar male albino rats. American J. of Biochem. 5(1): 6-14
[16]. Moore, K.L., Dalley, A.F.(2006). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 5th Edition Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1209.
[17]. Nicholas, L. L.; Kirk, R. S.; Alison Gamthier.; Michael, N. B (2012). Kerosene: A review of household uses and their hazards in low and middle income countries. J. Tox. Env. Health. B. Crit. Rev. 15(6): 396-432
[18]. Nwachuku, E. O.; Okolonkwo, B.N.; Bartimaeus E.S.; Brisibie, N. (2015). Does a singular exposure of male albino rats to kerosene affect the liver? J. Med. & Bio. Sci. Res. 1(8): 122-117
[19]. Ofusori, D. A.; Ayoka, A. O.; Adeeyo, O. A. & Adewole, S. O. (2009) Mixture of kerosene and xylene: a contribution to clearing agents. Int. J. Morphol., 27(1):211-218.
[20]. Ogara, A. L.; Joshua, P. E.; Omeje, K. O, Onwurah I.N (2016). Effects of ingested crude oil contaminated diets on antioxidant enzymes and lipid profile in wistar albino rats. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 20(4): 927-932
[21]. Orisakwe, E., Njan, A.A., Afonne, O.J., Akumka, D.D., Orish, V.N., and Udemezue, O. O. (2004). Investigation into the nephrotoxicity of Nigerian bonny light crude oil in albino rats, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 1, 106-110
[22]. Ovuru, S.S., and Ekweozor, I.K.E. (2004). Haematological changes associated with crude oil ingestion in experimental rabbits, Afr. J. Biotechnol., 3, 346- 348
[23]. Ozougwu, J. C. (2017). Physiology of the Liver. Int. J. of Res. In Phar. & Biosci. 4(8): 13-14
[24]. Ozougwu, J. C., Eyo, J. E. (2014). Hepatoprotective effects of Allium cepa extracts on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rat. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(26): 2679 -2688.
[25]. Parikh, K.S. (2010) Report of the expert group on a viable and sustainable system of pricing petroleum products. New Delhi, India.
[26]. Park, B.K., Pirmohamed, M., Kitteringham, N.R., (1995). The role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in hepatic and extrahepatic human drug toxicity. Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 68(3): 385 – 424.
[27]. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K.C., Onyemaenu, M.O., Wegwu, M.O., Ayalogu, E.O (2011). Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of kerosene and petrol- contaminated diets in wister albino rats. Res. J. Environ. Toxic. 5:49-57.
[28]. Proctor D.A. (1995). Short History of Breathing Physiology. New York, NY.: Dekker.
[29]. Ritchie G, Still K, Rossi J, Bekkedal M, Bobb A, Arfsten D.(2003). Biological and health effects of exposure to kerosene-based jet fuels and performance additives. J Toxicol Environ Health B; 6:357–451.
[30]. Ritchie, G. D., Still, K. R., Alexander, W. K., Nordholm, A. F., Wilson, C. L., Rossi, J., 3rd and Mattie, D. R. (2001). A review of the neurotoxicity risk of selected hydrocarbon fuels. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 4, 223-312.
[31]. Ritchie, G., Still, K., Rossi, J., Bekkedal, M., Bobb, A. and Arfsten, D. (2003). Biological and health effects of exposure to kerosene-based jet fuels and performance additives. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 6, 357-451.
[32]. Shenoy, B.V. (2010). Lessons learned from attempts to reform India’s kerosene subsidy. Geneva, Switzerland: International Institute for Sustainable Development;
[33]. Speight J. (2015). Handbook of petroleum product analysis, 2nd Ed.
[34]. Speight, J.G., and Ozum, B.( 2002). Petroleum Refining Processes. Marcel Dekker, New York.
[35]. Uboh, F.E., Akpanabiatu, M.I., Ndem, J.I., Alozie, Y. and Ebong, P.E. (2009). Comparative nephrotoxic effect associated with exposure to diesel and gasoline vapours in rats, J. Toxicol Environ Health Sci., 1, 68-74
[36]. Uhegbu, F. O.; Imo chinedu, Feanacho, N. G. (2015). Effects of exposure of male albino rats to kerosene, diesel, and petrol on kidney function. Int. Res. J.
[37]. Yakini, O.L. (2011). Kerosene adulteration in Nigeria: Causes and effects. Am. J. Soc. Manage.Sci. 2(4): 1-3

Sangari Joel S; Grace Avuwa O; Ishaya Y. Longdet; Richard J. Kutshit; Istifanus Gurumtet “The Effect of Ingested Kerosene Contaminated Diets on the Liver, Kidney and Lungs of Wistar Albino Rats” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.13-23 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/13-23.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Fuels from Cassava Seed Oil using an Indigenous Salt Catalyst

Martin Muiruri, Aloys M. Osano, Bakari Chaka December 2019 Page No.: 24-30

Hydrocarbon fuels from cassava seeds oil can supplement fossil fuels hence reducing over-reliance on non-renewable energy sources. This research put emphasis on the extraction of cassava seeds oil from cassava seeds then converting the synthesized oil into hydrocarbon fuels using indigenous salt catalyst. Samples were extracted by soxhlet extraction method using petroleum ether. The samples were then characterized for physical-chemical parameters, functional groups, bio-metal concentrations, acid and free fatty acid values, saponification value and iodine values. Antifungal analysis was conducted using C. albicans species. The obtained oil was then esterified using the indigenous salts and the products characterized against a control sample. The percent extraction yields obtained using the solvent petroleum ether was 43.17±0.00%. The oil was pale yellow, odorless and liquid at room temperature with no pH value. The oil had very low electrical conductivity and specific gravity values. The samples had high acid and free fatty acid values, moderate saponification value (236.32±0.10mgOH) and low iodine value (83.50±2.00wij). The anti-fungal inhibitions were moderate. The samples had high iron and zinc concentrations. During trans-esterification process, it was observed that carboxylic -OH, acetylenic and amide peaks were removed. Consequently, sp³ -CH peaks intensified illustrating more saturation in the hydrocarbons formed. The conversion of the oil using the indigenous salts produced combustible gases and liquid. In conclusion, use of the indigenous salt aided in fast production of quality fuels from cassava oil.

Page(s): 24-30

Date of Publication: 20 December 2019

Martin Muiruri
Department of Mathematics & Physical Sciences, School of Science, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya. Address; 861-20500, Narok, Kenya
Aloys M. Osano
Department of Mathematics & Physical Sciences, School of Science, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya. Address; 861-20500, Narok, Kenya
Bakari Chaka
Department of Mathematics & Physical Sciences, School of Science, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya. Address; 861-20500, Narok, Kenya

References

[1]. Ajiwe, V., Umerie, S., Okeke, C., Oburota, V. (1994). Extraction and utilisation of cassava seed oil. Bioresource Technology, Vol: 47, Page: 85-86.
[2]. Alves, A., Manthey, L., Isbell, T., Ellis, D., &Jenderek, M. M. (2014). Diversity in oil content and fatty acid profile in seeds of wild cassava germplasm. Industrial Crops & Products, 60, 310-315.
[3]. Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. (2010). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 25, 183-194.
[4]. Farzin, L. and Mohammad, E. (2014). Determination of Metal Contents in Edible Vegetable Oils Produced in Iran Using Microwave-assisted Acid Digestion. Journal of Applied Chemical Research, 8, 35-43.
[5]. Fréty, R., Rocha, M., Brandão, S., Pontes, Luiz, A., Padilha, J., Borges, L. & Gonzalez, W. (2011). Cracking and hydrocracking of triglycerides for renewable liquid fuels: alternative processes to transesterification. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22, 1206-1220.
[6]. From nature with love (August 24, 2019). Saponification chart. Retrieved from https://www.fromnaturewithlove.com/resources/sapon.asp
[7]. Gunstone, F. (2011). Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses, Second Edition. 10.1002/9781444339925.ch1.
[8]. Innocent, C. and Ugochukwu, E. (2015). Comparative study of trace metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn) contents of local and imported vegetable oil brands consumed in Nigeria. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 5:22-29.
[9]. Joana V., Luis C. & José, M. (2015) Investigation of adulteration of sunflower oil with thermally deteriorated oil using Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics, Cogent Food & Agriculture, 1:1,doi: 10.1080/23311932.2015.1020254
[10]. Judicaël, T., Patrice, B., Adjima, B., Nèbpawindé, K., Anne, M., Amadé O. and Imaël H.(2017). “Chemical Composition, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Nutritional Value of Lanneakerstingii Seeds and Seed Oil,” Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, vol.2017; 6 pages, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2840718.
[11]. Kardash, E., &Tur’yan, Y. (2005). Acid Value Determination in Vegetable Oils by Indirect Titration in Aqueous-alcohol Media. CroaticaChemica Acta. 78. 99-103.
[12]. Manshad, A, Rostami, H. (2015) Prediction of Wax Precipitation in Crude Oil Systems Using Gaussian Processes. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 37: 84-91.
[13]. Mendil, D., Uluözlü, O., Tuzen, M. and Soylak, M. (2009). Investigation of the levels of some element in edible oil samples produced in Turkey by atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165, 724
[14]. Mudgal, D., Surendra, S., and Satya, P. (2014). “Corrosion Problems in Incinerators and Biomass-Fuel-Fired Boilers,” International Journal of Corrosion, vol. 2014, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/505306.
[15]. Opaluwa, A. &Oyetunji, A. (2012). Evaluating the baked compressive strength of produced sand cores using cassava starch as binder for the casting of aluminium alloy T-joint pipe. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3, 25-32.
[16]. Opoku, N., Banful, B., Manu-Aduening, J., Tandoh, P. and Owusu, S. (2017). Germination and Vigour Responses of Seeds of Three Cassava Varieties to Pre-germination Treatments and Storage Durations. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research. 3: 1-9.
[17]. Osano A., Okong’o E., Oyaro N. and Kiptoo J. (2013). Compositional and Structural Characterization of indigenous Salts in Kenya: A case study of ‘Para’, ‘Magadi’ and ‘Lebek’ crystalline salts. International Journal of BioChemiPhysics, Vol. 20, 56-61.
[18]. Popoola, T. and Yangomodou, O. (2006). Extraction, Properties and Utilization Potentials of Cassava Seed Oil. Biotechnology, 5: 38-41.
[19]. Zhang, Y., Wu, H., Sun, M., Peng, Q., & Li, A. (2018). Photosynthetic physiological performance and proteomic profiling of the oleaginous algae Scenedesmus acuminatus reveal the mechanism of lipid accumulation under low and high nitrogen supplies. Photosynthesis Research: Official Journal of the International Society of Photosynthesis Research, 138, 73-102.
[20]. Zhao, X., Wei, L., Cheng, S., Julson, J. (2017). Review of heterogeneous catalysts for catalytically upgrading vegetable oils into hydrocarbon biofuels. Catalysts, 7, 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7030083.

Martin Muiruri, Aloys M. Osano, Bakari Chaka “Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Fuels from Cassava Seed Oil using an Indigenous Salt Catalyst” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.24-30 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/24-30.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Optimization of Anti-microbial and Pesticidal Efficacies of bio-slurry using Terminalia b. and Acanthaceae spp. extracts

Bakari Chaka, Osano A., Githua D., Osigo M. December 2019 Page No.: 31-41

Over time, many plant pests have grown resistant to commercial pesticides. More pesticides are thus used to combat their effects leading to agricultural expenses and environmental pollution. Biogas slurry is known to have a natural pesticidal effect. This study aimed at analyzing the effects of using two indigenous biogas additives (Terminalia b. and Acanthaceae spp.) in hastening the antimicrobial and pesticidal activity of bio-slurry. Kitchen waste was used as the biogas substrate for a retention period of 30 days. The extracts were characterized for pesticidal components before subjecting to antimicrobial analysis. Both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (E. coli) bacteria along with Candida albicans fungus were used for antibacterial and antifungal tests respectively. In vitro efficacy tests were carried out on aphids and fall armyworms and the toxicity studies (acute dermal toxicity and acute dermal irritation) carried out on lab animals. The results indicated abundance of organophosphates with traces of chlorides, organochlorides and carbamates in the test samples. There was significant antifungal and antibacterial properties of the additive samples compared to the control sample (p ≤ 0.05, n= 8). The samples were effective in the control of aphids (Brassica alboglabra) as observed in the in vitro analysis. Suppression of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) was not satisfactory enough. The samples were dermally non-toxic, neither do they induce dermal irritation.

Page(s): 31-41

Date of Publication: 20 December 2019

Bakari Chaka
Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, School of Science and Information sciences, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
Osano A.
Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, School of Science and Information sciences, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
Githua D.
Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, School of Science and Information sciences, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
Osigo M.
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Information sciences, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya

References

[1]. AlFaify, S., Shkir, M., Arora, M., Irfan, A., Algarni, H., Abbas, H., & Al-Sehemi, A. G. (2018). Quantum chemical investigation on molecular structure, vibrational, photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of l-threoninium picrate: an admirable contender for nonlinear applications. Journal of Computational Electronics, 17, 4, 1421-1433.
[2]. Anstrom, D. M., Zhou, X., Kalk, C. N., Song, B., & Lan, Q. (2012). Mosquitocidal Properties of Natural Product Compounds Isolated from Chinese Herbs and Synthetic Analogs of Curcumin. Journal of Medical Entomology, 49, 2, 350-355.
[3]. Arbeli, Z., Garcia-Bonilla, E., Pardo, C., Hidalgo, K., Velásquez, T., Peña, L., C, E. R., … Roldan, F. (2016). Persistence of pentolite (PETN and TNT) in soil microcosms and microbial enrichment cultures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 9, 9144-9155.
[4]. Beberashvili, I., Yermolayeva, T., Katkov, A., Garra, N., Feldman, L., Gorelik, O., Stav, K., … Efrati, S. (2018). Estimating of Residual Kidney Function by Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Hemodialysis Patients Without Urine Collection. Kidney & Blood Pressure Research, 43, 1, 98-109.
[5]. Beji, R., Hamdi, W., Kesraoui, A., & Seffen, M. (2017). Effects of salts on phosphorus adsorption in alkalize Tunisian soil. Euro-mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 2, 1, 1-9.
[6]. Bevan, R., Brown, T., Matthies, F., Sams, C., Jones, K., Hanlon, J., & La, V. M. (2017). Human biomonitoring data collection from occupational exposure to pesticides. Efsa Supporting Publications, 14, 3.)
[7]. Chaka B., Osano A. (2019). Removal of carbonyl-containing effluents by photodegradation using β-carotene embedded onto zinc oxide particles. Journal of Health Science 7 (2019) 262-272.
[8]. Claxton, T., Hossaini, R., Wild, O., Chipperfield, M. P., & Wilson, C. (2019). On the Regional and Seasonal Ozone Depletion Potential of Chlorinated Very Short-Lived Substances. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 10, 5489-5498.
[9]. Cristale, J., Álvarez-Martín, A., Rodríguez-Cruz, S., Sánchez-Martín, M. J., & Lacorte, S. (2017). Sorption and desorption of organophosphate esters with different hydrophobicity by soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 24, 36, 27870-27878.
[10]. Deshmukh, R. A., Joshi, K., Bhand, S., & Roy, U. (2016). Recent developments in detection and enumeration of waterborne bacteria: a retrospective minireview. Microbiologyopen, 5, 6, 901-922.
[11]. Desianti, N., Potapova, M., Enache, M., Belton, T. J., Velinsky, D. J., Thomas, R., & Mead, J. (2017). Sediment Diatoms as Environmental Indicators in New Jersey Coastal Lagoons. Journal of Coastal Research, 78, 127-140.
[12]. Dubey, J. P., Parnell, P. G., Sreekumar, C., Vianna, M. C. B., De, Y. R. W., Dahl, E., & Lehmann, T. (2004). Biologic and Molecular Characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii Isolates From Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), Black-Winged Lory (Eos cyanogenia), and Cats (Felis catus). Journal of Parasitology, 90, 5, 1171-1174.
[13]. Eaton, D., Daroff, R., Autrup, H., Bridges, J., Buffler, P., Costa, L., Coyle, J., … Spencer, P. (2008). Review of the Toxicology of Chlorpyrifos With an Emphasis on Human Exposure and Neurodevelopment. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 38, 1, 1-125
[14]. Erickson, I. I. I. D. J., Sulzberger, B., Zepp, R. G., & Austin, A. T. (2014). Effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, solar UV radiation, and climate change on biogeochemical cycling: interactions and feedbacks. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 14, 1, 127-148.
[15]. González, C. I., Maine, M. A., Cazenave, J., Sanchez, G. C., & Benavides, M. P. (2015). Physiological and biochemical responses of Eichhornia crassipes exposed to Cr (III). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 5, 3739-3747.
[16]. Guo, P., Zhu, L., Wang, J., Wang, J., Xie, H., & Lv, D. (, 2015). Enzymatic activities and microbial biomass in black soil as affected by azoxystrobin. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 2, 1353-1361.
[17]. Hansen, U., & Thünemann, A. F. (2016). Considerations using silver nitrate as a reference for in vitro tests with silver nanoparticles. Toxicology in Vitro: An International Journal Published in Association with Bibra, 34, 120-122.
[18]. Harley, K. G., Engel, S. M., Vedar, M. G., Eskenazi, B., Whyatt, R. M., Lanphear, B. P., Bradman, A., … Wolff, M. S. (2016). Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphorous Pesticides and Fetal Growth: Pooled Results from Four Longitudinal Birth Cohort Studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124, 7, 1084-92.
[19]. Harvey, D. J. (2018). Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 37, 4, 353-491.
[20]. Jacob, S., & Banerjee, R. (2017). Nutrient Enrichment of Organic Manure Through Biotechnological Means. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 8, 3, 645-657.
[21]. Kimie K., Masaki C., and Erina W. (2013). Verification of Performane Characteristics of Testing Method for Ammonia Nitrogen Content in Fertilizer by Formaldehyde Method, Research Report of Fertilizer Vol. 6, p. 139 – 147
[22]. Kwon, H., Anastassiades, M., Dörk, D., Hong, S.-M., & Moon, B.-C. (2018). Compensation for matrix effects in GC analysis of pesticides by using cucumber extract. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 410, 22, 5481-5489.
[23]. Lamichhane, R., Lama, N., Subedi, S., Singh, S. B., Sah, R. B., & Yadav, B. K. (2019). Use of Pesticides and Health Risk among Farmers in Sunsari District, Nepal. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 17, 1, 66-70.
[24]. Liu, J. B., Xue, P. C., Cao, S. C., Liu, J., Chen, L., & Zhang, H. F. (2018). Effects of dietary phosphorus concentration and body weight on postileal phosphorus digestion in pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 242, 86-94.
[25]. Lorke, D. E., Stegmeier-Petroianu, A., & Petroianu, G. A. (2017). Biologic activity of cyclic and caged phosphates: a review. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 37, 1, 13-22.
[26]. Maghanga J., Kituyi, J., Kisinyo, P. and Ng’etich, W. (2013). Impact of Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications On Surface Water Nitrate Levels Within A Kenyan Tea Plantation, J. Of Chem., 13,http://dx.doi.org/10.115/2013/196516.
[27]. Magu M., Govender P., Ngila J. (2016). Geochemical modelling and speciation studies of metal pollutants present in selected water systems in South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. Vol. 92. 44-51.
[28]. Masayoshi K. (1988). Second Revision of The Methods of Analysis of Fertilizers (Details), p. 39 – 42, Yokendo, Tokyo
[29]. Masbou, J., Drouin, G., Payraudeau, S., & Imfeld, G. (2018). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation during abiotic hydrolysis of pesticides. Chemosphere, 213, 368-376.
[30]. Mekonnen M. (2017).http://www.snv.org/update/bio-slurry-promising-natural-pesticide-fight-against-fall-armyworm. Accessed on 10th July, 2019.
[31]. Meyer, G., Frossard, E., Mäder, P., Nanzer, S., Randall, D. G., Udert, K. M., & Oberson, A. (2018). Water soluble phosphate fertilizers for crops grown in calcareous soils – an outdated paradigm for recycled phosphorus fertilizers? Plant and Soil: An International Journal on Plant-Soil Relationships, 424, 367-388.
[32]. Moreau, D., Bardgett, R. D., Finlay, R. D., Jones, D. L., & Philippot, L. (2019). A plant perspective on nitrogen cycling in the rhizosphere. Functional Ecology, 33, 4, 540-552.
[33]. Mugwisi, T. (2017). Applying indigenous knowledge in agricultural extension: the case of Agritex workers in Zimbabwe. Indilinga African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 16, 1, 160-177.
[34]. Nayan, N., van, E. G., Kabel, M. A., Sonnenberg, A. S., Hendriks, W. H., & Cone, J. W. (2019). Improving ruminal digestibility of various wheat straw types by white-rot fungi. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99, 2, 957-965.
[35]. Nicolas B., Xu N. (2013). https://energypedia.info/images/e/ed/Using_Bio-slurry_for_Pest_Control_on_Apple_and_Tobacco_in_China. Accessed on 6th July, 2019
[36]. Nile, A. S., Kwon, Y. D., & Nile, S. H. (2019). Horticultural oils: possible alternatives to chemical pesticides and insecticides. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 21, 21127-21139.
[37]. Osano A., Cheruiyot L., Chacha J., Maghanga J. (2009). Role of organic nutrients on the distribution of macro-invertebrates; A case study of River Sosiani, Eldoret town. J. of Agric. Pure and Applied Sci. and Technology, 4. Pg.32-39.
[38]. Osano A., Cheruiyot L., Kituyi L. (2004) The effects of zinc, copper and lead on the distribution of macro-invertebrates; A case study of River Sosiani, Eldoret. Journal of The Kenya Chemical Society, vol 2(1). 8-13.
[39]. Qu, C., Albanese, S., Lima, A., Doherty, A. L., Arienzo, M., De, V. B., Qu, C., … Piccolo, A. (2016). The status of organochlorine pesticide contamination in the soils of the Campanian Plain, southern Italy, and correlations with soil properties and cancer risk. Environmental Pollution, 216, 500-511.
[40]. Seppala, O., Karvonen, A., & Valtonen, E. T. (2007). Phenotypic Variation in Infectivity of Diplostomum spathaceum Cercariae Within a Population. Journal of Parasitology, 93, 5, 1244-1246.
[41]. Sigurdarson, J. J., Svane, S., & Karring, H. (2018). The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/technology, 17, 2, 241-258.
[42]. Silva, J. A. G., Resende, M. L. V., Monteiro, A. C. A., Pádua, M. A., Guerra-Guimarães, L., Medeiros, F. L., Martins, S. A., … Botelho, D. M. S. (2019). Resistance inducers applied alone or in association with fungicide for the management of leaf rust and brown eye spot of coffee under field conditions. Journal of Phytopathology, 167, 430-439.
[43]. Singla, A., Dubey, S. K., Ali, M. A., & Inubushi, K. (2015). Methane flux from paddy vegetated soil: a comparison between biogas digested liquid and chemical fertilizer. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23, 2, 139-148.
[44]. Staley, Z. R., Harwood, V. J., & Rohr, J. R. (2015). A synthesis of the effects of pesticides on microbial persistence in aquatic ecosystems. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 45, 10, 813-836.
[45]. Supreeth, M., & Raju, N. S. (2017). Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan by bacteria and fungi. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 101, 15, 5961-5971.
[46]. Thomas, D. T., Rintoul, A. J., & Masters, D. G. (2007). Sheep select combinations of high and low sodium chloride, energy and crude protein feed that improve their diet. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 105, 1, 140-153.
[47]. Vaseem, H., & Banerjee, T. K. (2016). Evaluation of pollution of Ganga River water using fish as bioindicator. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment: An International Journal Devoted to Progress in the Use of Monitoring Data in Assessing Environmental Risks to Man and the Environment, 188, 8, 1-9.
[48]. Wang, S., Li, F., Liu, Y. Z., Zhao, H., & Chen, H. (2019). High-throughput screening of toxic substances by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and their identification via databank construction. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 411, 18, 4049-4054.
[49]. Weber, J. B., Wilkerson, G. G., Michael, L. H., Wilcut, J. W., Leidy, R. B., Senseman, S., Witt, W. W., … Peeper, T. F. (2000). A proposal to standardize soil&solution herbicide distribution coefficients. Weed Science, 48, 1, 75-88.
[50]. Weiss, A., Heinold, S., Brunisholz, R., Schmidt, H., & Drissner, D. (2019). Application of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and specific PCR for tracking of E. coli O157:H strain 431/97 in Batavia lettuce. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 6, 1, 1-9.
[51]. XIII International Entomophagous Insects Workshop. 2003). Journal of Insect Science, 3, 33, 1-30.
[52]. Zhuang, Q., Young, A., Callam, C. S., McElroy, C. A., Ekici, O. D., Yoder, R. J., & Hadad, C. M. (2016). Efforts toward treatments against aging of organophosphorus-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1374, 1, 94-104.
[53]. Ziegler, P., Sree, K. S., & Appenroth, K.-J. (May 01, 2019). Duckweed biomarkers for identifying toxic water contaminants? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15, 14797-14822

Bakari Chaka, Osano A., Githua D., Osigo M. “Optimization of Anti-microbial and Pesticidal Efficacies of bio-slurry using Terminalia b. and Acanthaceae spp. extracts” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.31-41 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/31-41.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Investigating the Relationship between Water Table and Topographic Variations within Owerri Metropolis

Nwosu, L. I.; Nwachukwu M. A.; Emujakporue, G. O.; Ibekwe K.E., Nwosu B.O. December 2019 Page No.: 42-51

Twenty (20) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out in different locations in Owerri Metropolis, Imo state of Nigeria in order to investigate the relationship between water table and topographic variations for sustainable groundwater development. OHMEGA – 500 resistivity meter was used to acquire the field data through vertical electric sounding (VES) with maximum electrode spread of 700 m. At each VES location, coordinate and elevation were measured using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The field data were interpreted using the Advanced Geosciences Incorporation (AGI) 1D inversion software. The results revealed 12 geoelectric layers that could be constrained to about 6 lithological units. A near surface (water table) aquifer composed mainly of medium to coarse sand with low resistivity values was observed in Owerri West Area. The resistivity values ranged from 0.6Ωm to 1100.8Ωm. The depth to the water table varied across the area with surface elevation and it ranges from 16.80m to 85.6m. The aquifer thickness also varied from 13.23m to 111.56m and often not terminated. Areas of high aquifer thickness such as Awaka, Amakohia, and New Owerri have high groundwater potential and are good for siting water boreholes with high yield expectations. The study revealed that areas of topographic highs like Owerri North with elevation above 200ft generally have high value for depth to water table while areas of topographic lows in Owerri Municipal and Owerri West have shallow water table suggesting higher aquifer vulnerability to contamination. Finally, the modelled relationship between water table and elevation across Owerri Metropolis is y = 0.38464406179 + 0.97247494717x – 0.00428862105x², where y is the depth to water table and x is the elevation

Page(s): 42-51

Date of Publication: 21 December 2019

Nwosu, L. I.
Department of Physics University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Nwachukwu M. A.
Department of Environmental Management, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Emujakporue, G. O.
Department of Physics University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Ibekwe K.E.
Department of Physics University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Nwosu B.O.
Department of Environmental Management, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

References

[1]. Alabi, A.A., Bello, R., Ogungbe, A.S. and Oyerinde, H.O., (2010). Determination of groundwater potential in Lagos State University, Ojo Using geoelectric methods (vertical electrical sounding and horizontal profiling); Report opinion, 2: 68-75.
[2]. Anomohanran, O. (2011). Determination of groundwater potential in Asaba, Nigeria using surface geoelectric sounding. Int. J. Physical sci. 6:7651-7656.
[3]. Anomohanran , O. (2011). Underground water exploration of Oleh Nigeria using the Electrical Resistivity method, Scientific Res. Essays; 6: 4295-4300.
[4]. Anomohanran, O. (2013). Geophysical investigation of groundwater potential in Ukelegbe, Nigeria. J. Applied Sci., 13: 119-125 DOI: 10.3923/jas.2013.119.125.
[5]. Egwebe, O., Aigbedion, I., and Ifedili, S.O. (2004). A Geo-electric investigation for groundwater at IvbiaroEbesse; Edo State: Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 22, pp. 146-150.
[6]. Ekine, A.S., Osobonye .,(1996). Surface geo-electric sounding for the determination of Aquifer characteristics in parts of Bonny Local Government Area of River State.Nigeria journal of physics, 85, pp93-97.
[7]. Ezeh, C.C and Ugwu, G.Z., (2010). Geoelectric sounding for estimating groundwater potential in Nsukka LGA, Enugu State, Nigeria. Int. J. Phys. Sci. 5(5):415-420. 3:14-21.
[8]. Isife, F. A., Balogun, O., and Adedapo, O, J. (2000). Hydro-geophysical investigation of the Federal Polytechnic, Ado–Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. African Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.1, No. 2, pp. 158-165.
[9]. Mbonu, D.D.C., Ebeniro, J.O., Ofoegbu, C.O and Ekine, A.S., (1991). Geoelectrical sounding for determination of aquifer characteristics in Umuahia area of Nigeria Geophysics, 56(5), 284-291.http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443042
[10]. Mbipom, E.W., Okwueze, E.E and Onwuegbuche, A.A., (1966). Estimation of aquifer transmissivity using Ves data from the Mbaise area of Nigeria.Nigeria Journal of Physics, 3, 82.
[11]. Nwosu Leonard and NdubuezeDoris.2017. Geoelectric Investigation of Water Table Variation with SurfaceElevation for Mapping Drill Depths for Groundwater Exploitation in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria.Ijsrm.Human; Vol. 5 (4): 40-54.
[12]. Nwosu, L.I., Ekine, A.S and Nwankwo, C.N., (2013). Evaluation of groundwater potential from Pumping Test Analysis and Vertical Electrical Sounding Results: A case study of Okigwe District of Imo State, Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 14(1):536-548.
[13]. Nwachukwu M.A, Ohuawu C.Nwachukwu I. and Nnorom U., (2012). Sustainable water supply from boreholes in neighborhood community besieged by off-campus students;Intl Jl of Water Resources & Environ Eng. Vol. 4(11), pp. 352-362
[14]. Nwachukwu M. A., Huan, F, and Ophori, D. (2010).Groundwater Flow Model and Particle Track Analysis for Selecting Water Quality Monitoring Well Sites, and Soil Sampling Profiles. Journal of Spatial Hydrology. 10(1): 23-34
[15]. Nwachukwu, M.A., Huan, F, Amadi, M.I., and Umunna A, F. U., (2010).The Causes and the Control of Selective Pollution of Shallow Wells by Coliform Bacteria, Imo River Basin Nigeria.Springer; Jl. Water Quality Exposure and Health Vol 2, (2) pp 75-84,
[16]. Offodile, M. E. (1983). The occurrence and exploitation of groundwater: in Nigerian Basement rocks. Nigeria Journal of Mining and Geology, Vol. 20 Nos. 1 and 2 pp. 131 – 146.
[17]. Olayanju G. M. (2011). Very low frequency – electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and Offset Wenner resistivity survey of spring sources for groundwater development. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 3(13), 324 – 340.
[18]. Onabanjo, O. (2001). African Journal of Science and Nature (Ajsn).
[19]. Whiteman, A. (1989). Nigeria; its Petroleum Geology resource and Potentials, Vol 2, Graham and Trotman Publ., London SWIVIDE.

Nwosu, L. I.; Nwachukwu M. A.; Emujakporue, G. O.; Ibekwe K.E., Nwosu B.O. “Investigating the Relationship between Water Table and Topographic Variations within Owerri Metropolis” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.42-51 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/42-51.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Elemental Characterization of Soils Collected From Mining Sites in Anka Local Government Area Zamfara State, Northwest Nigeria by Instrumental Thermal and Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis

C.P Egwuogu, M.O.A Oladipo December 2019 Page No.: 52-59

Elemental concentration of Fifteen samples representatively collected from three different mining sites: Bagega, Dareta and Sunke in Anka LGA, Zamfara state, Nigeria were determined using Instrumental Thermal and Epithermal Neutron activation analysis available on NIRR-1 at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Quality control of the work was assured by analyzing an international standard reference material, NIST 1633b using the same scheme employed in this investigation. A baseline of 34 elements were found and established. Ten elements; Si, Fe, Ba, Sb, Ti, Al, K, Ca, Mg and Na showed concentrations above 1000ppm (µgg-1) in most of the samples. Most of the trace elements were present in concentrations within the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) of various countries.

Page(s): 52-59

Date of Publication: 24 December 2019

C.P Egwuogu
Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
M.O.A Oladipo
Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

References

[1]. Butu, A.W., and Iguisi EO (2013). Heavy metal concentration in soil and sediment along river Kubanni Zaria, Nigeria; Comprehensive Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 2(2), pp. 26 – 34.
[2]. Dooyema, C.A., Neri, A., Lo, Y.C., Durant, J., Dargan, P.I., Swartout, T., Biya, O., Gidado, S.O., Haladu, S., Sani-Gwarzo, N., Nguku, P.M., Akpan, H., Idris, S., Bashir, A.M., and Brown, M.J .(2010). Outbreak of Fatal Childhood Lead Poisoning Related to Artisanal Gold Mining in Northwestern Nigeria.Environmental Health Perspectives (Brogan & Partners) 120, no. 4 : 601-607.
[3]. Ewa, I.O.B., Oladipo, O.A., Dim, L.A. (1992). Cluster analysis of elemental concentrations of cored Nigerian river sediment. J. Environ. Sci. Health. Environ. Sci. Eng. 27 (1), 1-11 (part A)
[4]. Hooda, P. S. (2010) (Ed.).Trace Elements in Soils.Wiley- Blackwell.
[5]. Kabata-Pedias, A. and Pedias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soiland plants. Third ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
[6]. Kogo,B.E., Gajere,E. N., Ogunmola, J.K., and Ogbole, J.O. (2009). Neutron Activation Analysis of Soil Samples from Different Parts of Abuja Metropolis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 4 (4): 254-262.
[7]. Momoh, S. (2013).Need to Empower Artisanal Miners.http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/entrepreneur/entrepreneur- news/51345- need- to-empower- artisanal-miners (accessed March 1, 2013).
[8]. Oladipo, M.O.A. (1992). Neutron Activation Analysis of Clay and their Classification for mineral prospecting; Nigerian Journal of Mining and Geosciences Vol.28: 19 – 21.
[9]. Oladipo, M.O.A., Njingab, R.L., Achid, S.S., Ogunleyea, P.O., Alfab , B., and Ibrahim, A.A. (2012). Analysis of Savannah and Rainforest Soils of Nigeria using Thermal Neutron Activation Analysis Technique.International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(8): 583 – 589.
[10]. Ramani, R.V. (2001). Environmental planning in the Mining Industry- Progress and Prospects. IMM No. 41, pp 5-9.
[11]. SAS, 1985.The Cluster procedure, SAS users’ guide; statistics version, 5th edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, pp. 255-315
[12]. Yarzab, R.F., Given, P.h., Davis. a. (1980) .Fuel 59, 81- 90.

C.P Egwuogu, M.O.A Oladipo “Elemental Characterization of Soils Collected From Mining Sites in Anka Local Government Area Zamfara State, Northwest Nigeria by Instrumental Thermal and Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.52-59 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/52-59.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Phytochemical Analysis, Volatile Components and Biological Evaluation of the leaf of Calotropis Procera (Asclepiadaceace)

A.M Kutelu, S.K Okwute December 2019 Page No.: 60-67

The dried and powdered leaf of C. procera was exhaustively macerated in 98% methanol for 8days. The extract obtained was concentrated using the rotary evaporator to give a residue. Phytochemical qualitative analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoid, Saponins, tannins and flavoinoids. The plant was screened against the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method. The crude methanolic extract of the leaves of C.procera exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms tested with some degree of variations against the standard drug, penicillin. It was found that the higher the concentration of the crude extract of C. procera the stronger the activities against the organisms. The in vivo ant-malarial study of the crude extract was evaluated using the 4-day suppressive test. The results showed that the crude extract of this plant exhibited dose-dependent suppression of parasites growth in mice. The methanolic leaf extract of C. Procera caused 31.02%, 45.17% and 50.12% suppression in parasitaemia of P. berghei ANKA infected mice at 200, 400 and 800mg/kg body weight, respectively. The essential oil from the leaves was extracted through steam distillation using the Clevenger-type apparatus and was analyzed by GC-MS. About 49 compounds were revealed with known biological activities, they are essentially aliphatic hydrocarbon, long chain fatty alcohols, long chain fatty acids and their derivatives and some aromatic compounds including naphthalene, a thymol and a phthalate. The major chemical constituents present in the oil were 1-heptacosanol (9.11%), 6-octadecenoic acid (4.56%), 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (oleic acid) (4.67%), octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (stearic acid) (3.86%), 1-nonadecene (6.79%) and eicosane (4.02%). The highest peak area was obtained for1-Heptacosanol (C27H56O) with retention time of 19.339 and peak area of 9.11% while the lowest peak was for 1, 6-dimethynaphthalene (C12H12) with retention time of 8.192 and peak area of 0.21%. This study highlights the presence of secondary metabolites in the leaf parts and chemical constituents in the essential oil of C. procera, and provide an overview of the different classes of molecules present that have led to their pharmacological activities which may account for the ethno medicinal uses of the plant, it is also confirmed that the essential oil could be used for the treatment of various diseases.

Page(s): 60-67

Date of Publication: 24 December 2019

A.M Kutelu
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria
S.K Okwute
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria

References

[1].Kumar, V. L., Sangraula, H. and Dewan, S. (2011). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of latex of Calotropis procera in different models of inflammation. Journal of inflammatory pharmacology, vol. 9, issue 3, pp 257-264.
[2]. Oliveira, J. S., Costa-lotufo, L. V., Bezerra, D. P., Figueiredo, I. S. T., Moraes, M. O., Pessoa, C. and Ramos, M. V. (2010). In vivo growth inhibition of sarcoma 180 by latex proteins from Calotropis procera. Arch Pharmacol .382(2):139-149.
[3]. Syed, A. M., Muhammad, Z., Syed, B. H., Sarwat, N. M.,Rizwan,A.and Wasif, N. (2013).Evaluationof allelopathic effects of Calotropis procera against wheat (Triticum aestivum) using seedling vigor and germination indices. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 3(5):25-30.
[4]. Hassan A Alhazmi1, Shahnaz Sultana, Andleeb Khan and Mohammed Al-Bratty1.(2018). GC-MS Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Leaves. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 10(1):45-49.
[5]. Mudi, S. Y. and Buka, A. (2011). Anti-plasmodia activity of leaf extracts of Calotropis procera Linn. Biokemistri. 23(1):29-34.
[6]. Shobowale OO; NJ Ogbulie; EE Itoandon; MO; Oresegun; SOA Olatope. Nigerian Food J. 2013, 31(1), 77-82.
[7]. Sukhdev Swami Handa, Suman preet singh Khanuja, Gennaro Longo, Dev Dutt Rkesh. (2008). Extreaction technologies for medinal and aromatic plants, International centre for science and high technology.
[8]. Harborne J.B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London pp. 49-188.
[9]. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard NCCLS (2002) retrieved online on November 3, 2018
[10]. Robi, O, Moo-Young M and Anderson WA (1996). Antimicrobial activity of Annatto (Bixa orellana extract). Int J Pharm.34: 87-90.
[11]. Peters,W.(1965).Drug resistance in plasmodium berghei chloroquine resistance.Expl. Parasitol.17:80-89).
[12]. Maegraith, B G; Deegan, T and Sherwood, E. Jones. (1995). Suppression of malarial. (P. berghei by milk British Medical journal. 2(4799): 1388).
[13]. Seiber, J.N., Nelson, C.J. & Lee, S.M. (1982). Cardenolides in the latex and leaves of seven Asclepias species and Calotropis procera. Phytochem.21: 2343–2348.
[14]. Saber, A. H. & Maharan, G.H. (1969). Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Crio university.7: 91-104.
[15]. Saxena, V.K. & Saxena, Y.P. (1979). Yoga and Homeopathy. J. of Research in Indian Medicine.14:152-154.
[16]. Okwu D.E., and Okwu M.E. (2004). Chemical composition of Spondias mombin linn plant parts. Journal of Sustain Agric. Environ. 6(2):140-147.
[17]. Zwadyk P. (1992). Enterio bactericeae in Zinsser Microbiology, 20th Ed. Gerog thieme Verlag, Stuggart.Pp.87.
[18]. Othira J.O., Onek L.A., Deng L.A., Omolo E.O. (2009). Insecticidal potency of Hyptis spicigera preparations against Sitophilus zeamais l andTribolium castaneum (herbst) on stored maize grains. African Journal of Agricultural research.Vol.4 (3):187-192.
[19]. Fyhrquist P, Mwasumbi L, Haeggstra C. A, Vuorela H,HiltureaR, Vuorela P. (2002). Ethobotanical and amicrobial investigation of some speies of Terminalia and combretum (combretaceae) grown in Tanzania. Journal of Ethnophamarcology,79:169-177.
[20]. Elegani A.A., El-nima M. S. E. I and Muddathir A.K. (2002). Antimicrobial activity of some species of the family Combretaceae. Phytotherapy Research. 16: 551-561
[21]. Abaoba O.O. Efuwape B.M. (2001). Antibacterial properties of some Nigerian species. Biological Research Communications. 13:183-18.
[22]. Mohanta T.K., Patra J.K., Rath S.K., Pal D.K., Thatoi H.N. (2007). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of oils and nuts of Semicarpus acardium L. Science Research Essay.2 (11):486-490.
[23]. Philipson, JD. and Wright, CW. (1990). “Antiprotozoal compounds from plants source,” PlantaMedica.1990. vol. 57, pp. 553–559.
[24]. Milliken, W. (1997). “Malaria and antimalarial plants in Roraima, Brazil,” Tropical Doctor. vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 20–25.
[25]. Christensen, SB and A. Kharazmi, A. (2001). “Antimalarial natural products: isolation, characterization and biological properties,” in Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources, Tringali, Ed. 2001. pp. 379–432.
[26]. David, A.F., Philip, J. R., Simon, L.C., Reto B and Solomon N. (2004), Nature Reviews; 3:09-520.
[27]. Okokon J.E., Ettebong, E and Anitis, B.S. (2008)Indian J. Pharmacol, 40 (3) 111-113.
[28]. Kiseko, K;Hiroryuki, M; Syun-ichi, F; Ryuiichi, F; Tomotaka, K. and Seiji, M. (2010). Anti-malarial activity of leaf extract of Hydrangea macrophyla, a common Japanese plant. ActaMed. Okoyama. 54 (5):227-23.
[29]. Chandrawat P*. and Sharma R. A. (2015). GC-MS of Fruits of Calotropis procera: A Medicinal Shrub.Research Journal of Recent Sciences ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(IVC-2015), 11-14.
[30]. Zarrini G., Bahari-Delgosha Z., Mollazadeh-Moghaddam, K., Shahverdi A.R. (2010) Post-antibacterial effect of thymol,Pharmaceutical biology, 48(6), 633–636.
[31]. Undeger Ü., Basaran A., Degen G. H., Basaran N. (2009). Antioxidant activities of major thyme ingredients and lack of (oxidative) DNA damage in V79 Chinese hamster lungfibroblast cells at low levels of carvacrol and thymol, Foodand Chemical Toxicology, 47(8), 2037–2043.
[32]. Andersen A. (2006) Final report on the safety assessment of sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol,chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol,isopropyl cresols, thymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol, International journal of toxicology, 25(1), 29–127.
[33]. Trombetta D., Castelli F., Sarpietro M. G., Venuti V.,Cristani M., Daniele C., Saija A., Mazzanti G., Bisignano G. (2005). Mechanismsof Antibacterial Action of ThreeMonoterpenes, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49(6), 2474–8
[34]. Teres, S. Barcelo-Coblijn, G. Benet, M. Alvarez, R. Bressani, R. Halver, J. E. Escriba, P. V. (2008). “Oleic acid content is responsible for the reduction in blood pressure induced by ol’ive oil”. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences.105 (37):13811–6.Bibcode:2008PNAS.10513811T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807500105. JSTOR 25464133. PMC 2544536. PMID 18772370.
[35]. Kapseu, C. Parmentier M. (1997). Fatty acid composition of some vegetable oils from Cameroon.Science Aliments 17:325-33.
[36]. Rocquelin G., Tapsoba, S. Mmemba F., Gallon G., Picq C. (1998). Lipid content and fatty acid composition in foods commonlyconsumed by nursing Congolese woman:Incidences on their essential fatty acid intakes and breast milk fatty acids.Int. Journal of Food Science & Nutrition. 49(5):343-352
[37]. WHO. (2013). Technical report series 916, Report of a JOINT WHO/FAO Expert consultation,Diet,Nutrition and the prevention of chronic disease,World health organisation, http://www.who.int Geneva. P. 88 (Table 10).
[38]. Uauy R., Aro, A. Clarke, R. Ghaforumissa R., L’Abbe Mozaffarian M., D., Skeaff Stender M.,S.and Tavella M. (2009). Review: WHO Scientific update ontransfatty acids:Summary and Conclusions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.63:68-75.

A.M Kutelu, S.K Okwute “Phytochemical Analysis, Volatile Components and Biological Evaluation of the leaf of Calotropis Procera (Asclepiadaceace)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.60-67 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/60-67.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Assessment of Pozzolanic behavior of Saw Dust Ash in Load Bearing Hollow Sandcrete Blocks

Akilu Muhammad, Bilyaminu Sani December 2019 Page No.: 68-72

The use of waste materials or by products of industrial process as alternative cementatious materials in concrete and mortar is essential for the sustainability of our environment. It contributes in utilization of cheaper construction materials and save environmental degradation with better waste disposal processes. This paper presents an assessment of pozzolanic behaviour of Saw dust/Wood ash in load bearing blocks. The possibility of using Saw Dust Ash (SDA) as a construction material was experimentally investigated. Saw dust, a waste product of wood processing was burnt to 554⁰C for 14 hours in incinerator to produce the ash which was sieved using 90. SDA was replaced with Ordinary Portland Cement OPC at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, in the production of load bearing sandcrete blocks. Compressive strength test results of 2.95 N/mm², 2.87 N/mm², 2.77 N/mm², 2.70 N/mm² and 1.74N/mm² were obtained for 0% 5%, 10% and 15% and 20% replacement respectively. This result showed that SDA is a good pozzolan for up to 15% replacement of OPC with it in load bearing sandcrete blocks whose minimum strength is 3.5N/mm². Therefore, the study suggest the use of SDA as a partial replacement of OPC fora maximum of 15% in load bearing hollow sandcrete blocks.

Page(s): 68-72

Date of Publication: 25 December 2019

Akilu Muhammad
Department of Building Technology College of Environmental Studies, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State Nigeria
Bilyaminu Sani
Department of Building Technology College of Environmental Studies, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State Nigeria

References

[1]. Mehta, P.K. “High performance, High Volume fly Ash Concrete for sustainable development”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, University of California, Berkeley, USA 1987.
[2]. Elinwa, A. U.; Ejeh, S. P. and Mamuda, A., M., “Assessing of the fresh concrete properties of self-compacting concrete containing sawdust ash”, Construction and Building Materials,22 (6) 1178-1182, 2004. www.ijera.com.
[3]. Marthong, C., “Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Ccement”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN: 2248-9622 Vol. 2 Pp 1980-1986 (2012), www.ijera.com.
[4]. Sumaila S., A., and Job O., F.,: A preliminary Assessment of Saw Dust Ash, Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 3 (2). Pg. 155-159, (1999).
[5]. Etiegni L, Campbell AG. “Physical and chemical characteristics of wood ash”,Bioresource Technol, 37 (2) 173–8, 1991.
[6]. Neville, A., M.,“Properties of concrete”, Fourth and Last Edition. Johnwiley and sons, Inc. Education Limited 1996.
[7]. Naik T., R., Kraus R., N., Siddique R. “Demonstration of manufacturing technology for concrete and CLSM utilizing wood ash from Wisconsin”. Report No. CBU-2002-30, Report for Year 1 activities submitted to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, for Project # 01-06 UWM Center for By-Products Utilization. Milwaukee: Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; p.124, 2002.
[8]. Naik T., R., “Tests of wood ash as a potential source for construction materials”. Report No CBU-1999-09. Milwaukee: UWM Center for By-Products Utilization, Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; pp. 61, 2004.
[9]. Abdullahi, M., “Characteristics of Wood Ash/Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete” Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, (8) 9-16, 200.
[10]. Udoeyo F., F., Dashibil P., U.,“Sawdust ash as concrete materials”, Journal of Civil Eng. 14 (2) 173–6. 2006. www.Elsevier.com
[11]. Raheem A., A., Sulaiman O., K., “Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in the Production of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications. (3) 713-721, 2013. www.sciencedirect.com
[12]. Indian Standard (IS) 2185-1, “Concrete Masonry units, part 1”, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 2005.
[13]. B S 1881: Part 116 (1983), method for determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes, British Standards Institution, London, UK.

Akilu Muhammad, Bilyaminu Sani “Assessment of Pozzolanic behavior of Saw Dust Ash in Load Bearing Hollow Sandcrete Blocks” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.68-72 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/68-72.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Effects of Anthranilic acid on Nickel Absorption by Olea Europaea Seedlings Replanted in Hydroponic Solutions

Dagari, M.S, Badamasi, H and Abdu, S.Z December 2019 Page No.: 73-77

Hydroponic experiments were conducted to examine the effects of anthranilic acid on nickel ion (Ni²⁺) absorption by Olea europaea plants. The concentration of each of Ni²⁺ and anthranilic acid in the hydroponic mixtures was varied from 0.000 to 0.025 M. Seedlings of olive (Olea europaea) obtained from a garden at the Department of Forestry and Wild life, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil and identified by Baha’uddeen Said Adam of the Department of Plant Science, Bayero University, Kano were replanted in the green house of Biological Sciences Department, Bayero University Kano. The change in plant weight (ΔWP), determined by subtracting the weight before planting from the corresponding weight after harvest decreased highly significantly (p<0.001) as the concentration of Ni²⁺ was increased from 0 to 0.0250 M and anthranilic acid kept constant at 0, 0.0025 and 0.025 M respectively. The concentrations of root and shoot Ni²⁺ increased highly significantly (p<0.001). The Ni²⁺ translocation factor (TF) increased highly significantly (p<0.001) in the absence of anthranilic acid. As the concentration of anthranilic acid was increased to 0.0025 and 0.025 M, values of TF were less than 1 which signified increased retention of Ni²⁺ in olive (Olea europaea) roots with very little translocation to the shoots. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of the olive (Olea europaea) seedlings first increased when the concentration of Ni2+ was increased from 0 to 0.0250 M in absence of anthranilic acid. But, increasing the concentration of anthranilic acid to 0.0025 and 0.025 M decreased the contents of these pigments.

Page(s): 73-77

Date of Publication: 25 December 2019

Dagari, M.S
Department of Chemistry, Federal University Gashua, Nigeria
Badamasi, H
Department of Chemistry, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria
Abdu, S.Z
Department of Chemistry, Federal University Gashua, Nigeria

References

[1] ACGIH. (2003). Nickel. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
[2] Adachi A, OkiayuM, Nishikawa A, et al. (1998). Metal levels in rain water from Kobe City in Japan. Bull Environ ContamToxicol 60:892-897
[3] Adamo P, Dudkha S, Wilson MJ, et al.(1996). Chemical and mineralogical forms of Cu and Ni in contaminated soils from the Sudbury mining and smelting region, Canada. Environ Pollut, 91 (1):11-19.
[4] Ahmad MS, Ashraf M, Hussain M (2010). Phytotoxic effects of nickel on yield and concentration of macro- and micro-nutrients in sunflower (Helianthus annuusl.) Achenes. J. Hazard. Mater. 10:234-240.
[5] Al-Qarawi, A.A., Al—Damegh. M.A. and Elmougy, S.A(.2002). Effect of freeze dried extract of Olea europaeaon the pituitary-throid axis in rats. Phytother. Res .16: 286-287.
[6] Barceloux D.G.(1999). Nickel. Clin. Toxicol, 37(2): 239-258
[7] Boisvert, S. (2007) Inhibition of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II and depletion of extrinsic polypeptides by nickel. BioMetals, 20:879-889.
[8] Boominathan, R. and Doran , P.M. (2002) Ni-induced oxidative stress in roots of the Ni hyperaccumulatorAssylumbertalonii. New Phytol.,156 :205-2015.
[9] Boskou, D., (1996). Olive Oil: Chemistry and Technology. Champaign: AOSCS Press.
[10] Brown PH, Welch RM, Cary EE, Checkai RT (1987). Beneficial effects of nickel on plant growth. J. Plant. Nutr. 10:2125-2135.
[11] Chen C.Y., Su Y.J., Wu P.F., Shyu M.M. (2002). Nickel-induced plasma lipid peroxidation and effect of antioxidants in human blood: involvement hydroxyl radical formation and deplation of alpha-tocopherol. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 65(12): 843-852
[12] Chen, C., Huang, D. and Liu, J. (2009) Functions and toxicity of nickel in plants: Recent advances and future prospects. Clean-Soil, Air, Water, 37: 304-313.
[13] Cotton FA, Murillo CA, Bochmann M, Wilkinson G (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Sixth edition 1355
[14] Covas, M.I., K. Nyyssonen and H.E. Poulsen, (2006).The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors, Ann. Int. Med, 145: 333-431
[15] Determination of total carotenoid and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biocem. Soc. Trans., 603: 591-592
[16] Eskew DL, Welch RM, Norvell WA (1984). Nickel in higher plants.Further evidence for an essential role, Plant Physiol. 76:691-693.
[17] Faiza,I.Wahiba K., Nassira G., Chahrazed B. and Atik, B.F. (2011). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of olive (Olea europaea L.) from Algeria. J. Microbiol. Biotech. Res. 1:69-73
[18] International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man. (1990).Report of the International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man. Scand J Work Environ Health, 16: 1 Spec Nol-82. PMID:2185539
[19] Jansen, M.H. (1989). 150,000 acres and risking ; Greenhouse agriculture in Korea and Japan. Proc. 10th Annual Conference on Hydroponics, Hydroponic Society of America, pp, 79-83.
[20] Jensen.M.H.(1977).Energy alternatives and conservation for greenhouses. Hortscience 12: 14-24
[21] Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd edn. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, FL, P. 413.
[22] KuckPH(2008).Nickel. In: Mineral commodity summaries. Reston, VA, US Geological Survey. Ref Type: Report
[23] Magnus K, Andersen A, Hogetveit AC (1992). Cancer of respiratory organs among workers at a nickel refinery in Norway, Int J Cancer, 30: 681-685.PMID:7160938
[24] Massanti, F. (1976). Floating hydroponics; A new method of soiless culture. In: Proc. Intern Working Group on Soiless Culture, 4th International Congress on Soiless Culture, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain, pp. 91-98.
[25] Ottalenghi AD, Haseman JK, Payne WW et al . (2007). Inhalation studies on nickel sulfide in pulmonary carcinogenesis of rats. J Natl Cancer Inst,54: 1165-1172.
[26] Salnikow K., Wang S., Costa M. (1997). Induction of activating transcription factor 1 by nickel and its role as a negative regulator of thrombospondin I gene expression. Cancer Res., 57: 5060-5066
[27] Salt DE, Kato N, Kramer U, Smith RD, Raskin I (2000). The role of root exudates in nickel hyperaccumulation and tolerance in accumulator and nonaccumulator species of Thlaspi, In: Terry N, Banuelos G (eds) Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water.
[28] Satish,T. and Ansari Z. (2013). Ethanobotanical medicinal importance of Oleaeuropaea(zaytun). Int. j. Pure Appl. Biosci. 1: 15-18
[29] Sheibley FE (1943) Carl juliusFritzche and the discovery of anthranilic acid. . Chem. Educ 20: 115.
[30] Smith -Sivertsen T, Tchachtchine V, Lund E et al.(1980). Urinary nickel excretion in populations living in the proximity of two russian nickel refineries:a Norwegian -Russian population-based study. Environ HealthPerspect, 106: 503-511. doi:10.1289/ehp.98106503 PMID:9681979
[31] Sorahan T (2004).Mortality of workers at a plant manufacturing nickel alloys,1958-2000.OccupMed(Lond),54:2834.doi:10.1093/occmed/kqg127PMID:14963251
[32] Taghreed HA, Khalid FA, Amer JJ, Aliea SK (2013) Synthesis, spectral and antimicrobial activity of mixed ligand complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Anthranilic Acid and Tributylphosphine. Chem. Mater. Res .3: 126-133
[33] Tundermann JH, Tien JK, Howson TE (2005). Nickel and nickel alloys.In:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Volume 17 (online edition)
[34] USGS (2008). Nickel.In:2006 Minerals Yearbook. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey.
[35] WHO (2007). Nickel in Drinking Water. WHO/SDE/WSH/07.08/55. Geneva: World Health Organization
[36] Zhang Q, Salnikow K, Kluz T et al. (2003).Inhibition and reversal of nickel-induced transformation by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. ToxicolApplPharmacol,192:201-211.doi:10.1016/S0041008X(03)00280-1 PMID:14575637
[37] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955. (references)
[38] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
[39] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.
[40] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.
[41] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
[42] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

Dagari, M.S, Badamasi, H and Abdu, S.Z “Effects of Anthranilic acid on Nickel Absorption by Olea Europaea Seedlings Replanted in Hydroponic Solutions ” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.73-77 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/73-77.pdf

For Full Text Click here

A Comparative Study of Procedural and Declarative Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

Ephraim N.Eyina, Anasuodei Moko, Friday E. Onuodu December 2019 Page No.: 78-81

Knowledge representation and reasoning is most desirable factor to make the system intelligent. A System can be said to be intelligent if its intelligence is equal to the intelligence of animal (human) being in a particular area. Because of incomplete, ambiguous and unclear information the job of making intelligent system is quite difficult. The objective of this work is to present the rule and application technique for making the system effective and optimistic. The condition for optimistic and effective is because the system must be intelligent to reply the response (answer) with a sureness of some factor. The researchers present the comparison between various knowledge representative and reasoning techniques.

Page(s): 78-81

Date of Publication: 25 December 2019

Ephraim N.Eyina
Department of Computer Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rivers State, Nigeria
Anasuodei Moko
Department of Computer Science, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Friday E. Onuodu
Department of Computer Science, University of Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria

References

[1]. E. David, “Knowledge Representation”. Retrieved 28-09-2019 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/knowledge-representation, 2001
[2]. S. Jahanzaib, and A Tarique. “Artificial Intelligence and its Role in Near Future”. Journal Of Latex Class Files. 14(8),1-11., 2015
[3]. James L. C. “Intelligent Systems: Reasoning and Recognition”. Retrieved 02-10-2019 from http://www-prima.imag.fr/Prima/jlc/Courses/2012/ENSI2.SIRR/ENSI2.SIRR.S11.pdf, 2013
[4]. K. John. “knowledge Representation in Neural Networks”. Retrieved 24-09-2019 from https://deepminds.science/knowledge-representation-neural-networks/, 2018
[5]. N. K.Joost, J. W. B.Egbert, A. K. Walter, and Van der P, Peter.”Artificial Intelligence: Definition, Trends, Techniques and Cases”. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, the Netherlands. Retrieved 23-11-2019 from http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c15/e6-44.pdf, 2019
[6]. D. Poole, “Artificial Intelligence: foundations of computational agents”. Retrieved 28-9-2019 from https://artint.info/html/ArtInt_11.html, 2017
[7]. S. J.Russell, and P. Norvig, “Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach”. Retrieved 24-09-2019 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2009, 2009
[8]. M. M. Smart, “Difference between Procedural and Declarative Knowledge”. Retrieved 04-10-2019 from https://techdifferences.com/difference-between-procedural-and-declarative-knowledge.htm, l2019
[9]. M.Turan, Y.Almalioglu, H.Gilbert, A. E.Sari, U.Soylu, and M.Sitti “Endo-vmfusenet: deep visual-magnetic sensor fusion approach for uncalibrated, unsynchronized and asymmetric endoscopic capsule robot localization data,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.06041, 2017
[10]. R. G. Veera, “Artificial Intelligence. Describe procedural Vs declarative knowledge?” Retrieved 04-10-2019 from http://artificialintelligence-notes.blogspot.com/2012/09/describe-procedural-vs-declarative.html, 2018

Ephraim N.Eyina, Anasuodei Moko, Friday E. Onuodu “A Comparative Study of Procedural and Declarative Knowledge Representation and Reasoning ” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.78-81 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/78-81.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Contaminants in Parts of Owerri West Area of Imo State Nigeria

Nwosu Bright O., Nwosu Leonard I. December 2019 Page No.: 82-94

This study aims at assessing aquifer vulnerability to contamination by applying DRASTIC model and comparing with the level of groundwater contamination by nitrate concentration around the surrounding communities of Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO). Field data was acquired for the groundwater depth, aquifer media, and impact of vadose zone using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) with Schlumberger electrode array. The data were interpreted using the Advanced Geosciences Incorporation (AGI) 1D inversion software. The hydraulic conductivity was calculated from apparent resistivity of the aquifer. On the other hand, the net recharge, soil media, topography and nitrate concentration was obtained from research documentaries. The groundwater vulnerability map was developed while the different data used to build the DRASTIC model were arranged in a geospatial database using spatial analyst extension of ArcGIS 10.2. The results show that low vulnerability zone with index of 120-130 was obtained at Nekede and Ihiagwa while moderate vulnerability zone of 130-145 was recorded at Obinze, FUTO and Eziobodo. The area with low vulnerability is characterized by high depth to water table (60.5m) having highest elevation in the area (229ft) and lowest hydraulic conductivity (150m/day) as well as low nitrate concentration (4.1mg/l). Areas of high vulnerability have high nitrate concentration, low depth to water table and elevation with very high hydraulic conductivity. Comparative analysis of the DRASTIC index showed that the groundwater recharge and the impact of the vadose zone parameters had the greatest influence on the groundwater vulnerability index.

Page(s): 82-94

Date of Publication: 25 December 2019

Nwosu Bright O.
Department of Environmental Management, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Nwosu Leonard I.
Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

References

[1]. Abdullahi N. K., Osazuwa I. B., and Sule P. O. (2011): Application of integrated geophysical technique in the investigation of groundwater contamination; A case study of municipal solid waste leachate. Ozean journal of applied science, vol 4, pp 7–25.
[2]. Aller L., Bennet, T., Lehr J. H., Petty R. J., and Hackett G. L., (1987): DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA 600/2-87-035).
[3]. Bagarello V., and Sgroi A., (2007): Using the simplified falling head technique to detect temporal changes in field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity at the surface of a sandy loam soil. Soil & Tillage Research vol 94, 283–294.
[4]. Brouwer C., Prins K., Kay M., and Heibloem M. (2001): Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Methods. chapter two.
[5]. Doerfliger N., Jeannin, P.Y., and Zwahlen, F., (1999): Water Vulnerability Assessment in Karst Environments: A New Method of Defining Protection Areas Using a Multi-Attribute Approach and GIS tools (EPIK method). Environmental Geology, vol 39 (2), pp. 165-176
[6]. Eke D.R., Opara A.I., Inyang G.E., Emberga T.T., Echetama H.N., Ugwuegbu C.A., Onwe R.M., Onyema J.C., Chinaka J.C (2015): Hydrogeophysical Evaluation andVulnerabilityAssessment of Shallow Aquifers of the Upper Imo RiverBasin, Southeastern Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 4, 125-136
[7]. Evans B.M., and Myers W.L., (1990): A GIS-Based Approach to Evaluating Regional Groundwater Pollution Potential with DRASTIC. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (March-April), pp. 242-245.
[8]. IkechukwuIjeh and Nathaniel Onu (2012): Appraisal of the Aquifer Hydraulic Characteristics from Electrical Sounding Data in Imo River Basin, South Eastern Nigeria: the Case of Imo shale and Ameki Formations. Journal of Environment and Earth ScienceVol 2(3) Pp. 61-76.
[9]. Iuliana Gabriela Breaban and MadalinaPaiu (2012): Application of DRASTIC model and GIS for evaluation of aquifer vulnerability; study case Barlad city AREA. Water resources and wetlands.pp 555-593.
[10]. Lodwick W.A., Monson W., and Svoboda L., (1990): Attribute Error and Sensitivity Analysis of Map Operations in Geographical Information Systems: Suitability Analysis. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, vol 4, pp. 413-428.
[11]. Mattsson M.K, Liu X, Yu D, Kontro M.H (2015): Depth, soil type, water table, and site effects on microbial community composition in sediments of pesticide-contaminated aquifer. IAHS Publication,Vol22(13)
[12]. Napolitano P., and Fabbri A.G., (1996): Single-Parameter Sensitivity Analysis for Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment Using DRASTIC and SINTACS. HydroGIS-96: Application of Geographic Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources Management. IAHS Publication, No. 235, pp. 559-566.
[13]. NkwoadaAmarachi, Alisa Christopher, and DuruIjeoma(2016): Public Participation in Solid Waste Management Practices within Owerri Urban of Imo State. Nigeria International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) vol 5 (3) pp 1749- 1754
[14]. Nwachukwu Michael A., AslanAslan and Maureen I. Nwachukwu (2010): Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in sustainable groundwater development, Imo River Basin Nigeria. International Journal of water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 5(6), pp. 310-320.
[15]. Nwachukwu M. A., Ohuawunwa C., Nwachukwu I. and Nnorom U. (2012): Sustainable water supply from boreholes in neighborhood communities besieged by off-campus students. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 4(11), pp. 352-362
[16]. NwosuLeonard and Ndubueze Doris (2016): Geoelectric investigation of water table variation with surface elevation for mapping drill depths for groundwater exploration in owerri metropolis, Imo state Nigeria.Indian journal of applied researchVol 5 (4) pp 40-45
[17]. Nwosu L. I and Nwankwo C.N (2013): Surface Geoelctric Survey for Delineating Aquifer Horizon for Siting Standard Water Wells in Water Problem Area of Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. Indian journal of applied research Vol 6 PP 271-275
[18]. Nwosu Leonard I. and Nwosu Bright O. (2016): Assessment of the Quality of Water Resources by Integrating Physico-chemical Analysis Result with Geoelectric Survey Information in Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria. . Indian journal of applied researchVol 6 (11) pp. 113-117
[19]. Ross, N. (2010): Clearing the waters a focus on water quality solutions. Nairobi, Kenya:UNEP. ISBN 978-92-807-3074-6.
[20]. Samouelian A., Cousin I., Tabbagh A., Bruand A. and Richard G. (2005): Electric Resistivity Survey in Soil Science: a review. Soil Tillage Research 83 (pp173 – 193)
[21]. Usman Sheikh Abdullahi (2009): Evaluation of models for assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(2): 138 – 142
[22]. US-NRC (National Research Council in the United States), (1993): Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment, Contamination Potential under Conditions of Uncertainty: National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp 210.
[23]. Uzoigwe, L.O., Mbajiorgu C.C. and Alakwem O.P. (2012): Development of intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves for parts of Southeastern Nigeria. Special publication of the Nigerian Association of hydrologic sciences. Pp. 24-44.
[24]. WHO: (World Health Organization), (1998): Nitrate and nitrite in Drinking-water, Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality.

Nwosu Bright O., Nwosu Leonard I. “Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Contaminants in Parts of Owerri West Area of Imo State Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.82-94 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/82-94.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Comparative Evaluation of Nutrient Contents of Fonio Offals of Digitatria Exilis and Digitariai Burua Speices

S. D. Sudik December 2019 Page No.: 95-98

This experiment was conducted to compare the nutrient contents of fonio offals of Digitaria exilis and Digitariai burua offals. The results revealed that moisture between D. exilis and D. iburua offals was similar. However, D. iburua offal was higher in crude protein, ether extract and organic matter while D. exilis offal was higher in total ash, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract and dry matter. Calcium, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese were higher in D. exilis offal while D. iburua offal was higher only in phosphorus and iron. Both offals had similar contents of magnesium and sodium. The non-essential amino acids in D. exilis offal were glutamic acid, proline and serine while aspartic acid, cysteine, and glycine were in D. exilis offal. Essential amino acids in D. exilis offal were only alanine and leucine while arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and tyrosine were higher in D. iburua offal. D. exilis offal was higher in acid detergent fibre, acid detergent, phytate, oxalate and tannin while D. iburua offal was higher only in neutral detergent fibre. In conclusion, variation exists between the offal of D. exilis and D. iburua offals. D. iburua offal is predominantly higher in minerals, fibre and phytochemicals while D. iburua offal is higher in protein and essential amino acids. These offals are potential alternative fibre ingredients for livestock.

Page(s): 95-98

Date of Publication: 26 December 2019

S. D. Sudik
Department of Animal Science, Federal University, Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria

References

[1]. Agbede, J. O. (2000). Biochemical composition and nutritive quality of the seeds and leaf protein concentrate from under-utilized herbaceous legumes. Ph. D Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
[2]. AOAC (2000).Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Official methods of analytical Chemists.18thed. Washington D.C.
[3]. Ballogou, V. Y., Soumanou, M. M. Toukourou, F. and Hounhouigan, J. D. (2013). Structure and Nutritional Composition of Fonio (Digitariaexilis) Grains: A Review International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(1):73-79.
[4]. Beniter, I. V. (1989). Amino acid and fatty acid profiles in aquaculture nutrition studies 1-3, In: S. S. de Silva (ed). Fish Nurition Research in Asia. Proceedings of the Third Asiab Fish Nutrition Network Meeting.Asian Fish Society Special Publication, 4, 166.Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.
[5]. Day, R. A. and Underwood, A. L. (1986).Qualitative Analysis.5thed. New Delhi, India: Prentice-Hall Publicaions, 701.
[6]. Heuzé V., Tran G., 2015.Rice bran and other rice by-products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.https://www.feedipedia.org/node/750
[7]. Heuzé V., Tran G., Sauvant D., Lebas F. (2016). Maize bran and hominy feed. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.https://www.feedipedia.org/node/712
[8]. Jideani, I. A. (2012).Digitariaexilis (acha/fonio), Digitariaiburua (iburua/ fonio) and Eluesinecoracana (tamba/finger millet)-Non-conventional cereal grains with potential. Scientific Research and Assays, 7 (45): 3834-3843.
[9]. Lasztity, R. (1984). The Chemistry of Cereal Proteins. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.
[10]. Makkar, H.P.S. (2000). Quantification of tannins in tree foliage-a laboratory manual; a joint FAO/IAEA working document, Vienna, Austria.
[11]. National Research Council NRC (1996).Last Crops of Africa Vol.1 Grains, National Academy Press, Washington DC. USA. 59-75.
[12]. Philip, T. and Itodo, I. (2006).Acha (Digitaria spp.) a “Rediscovered” Indigenous Crop of West Africa. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR E-journal Invited Overview, 23 (3):1-9
[13]. Sudik, S. D. (2016). Nutrient distributions and biochemical studies of acha (Digitariaspp) in infant weaning foods and poultry diets.Ph. D Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
[14]. Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. (1991).Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
[15]. Young, S. M. and Groove, J. F. (1990). Influence of variety and treatment on Phytin content of wheat food resources, 5: 103-105.

S. D. Sudik “Comparative Evaluation of Nutrient Contents of Fonio Offals of Digitatria Exilis and Digitariai Burua Speices ” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.95-98 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/95-98.pdf

For Full Text Click here

A Block Scheme with Bernstein Single Step Method for Direct Solution Second Order Differential Equations

Ojo Ezekiel Olukunle, Okoro Felix M. December 2019 Page No.: 99-103

A continuous one-step hybrid block method with two-off grid points using Bernstein polynomial as basis function for solving directly the general second order initial value problems of ordinary differential equations is derived. The scheme is based on collocation and interpolation techniques at desired off grid points and implemented as block mode so as to obtain approximate solution at both step and off step points. The method was applied on linear and non-linear ODE and found to be consistent, zero stable and convergent. Numerical results of the proposed scheme show efficiency over some existing schemes.

Page(s): 99-103

Date of Publication: 26 December 2019

Ojo Ezekiel Olukunle
Department of Mathematics, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Nigeria
Okoro Felix M.
Department of Mathematics, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Nigeria

References

[1]. Adeniran, A.O.& Longe,I.O (2019). Solving Directly Second Order Initial Value Problems with Lucas Polynomial Journal of Advance in Mathematics Computer Science 32(4):1-7.
[2]. Adeniran, A. O., Odejide S. A. & Ogundare, B. S. (2015) ’One-Step Hybrid Numerical Scheme for Direct solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations., International Journal of Applied Mathematics Volume 28 No. 3 pp.197-212
[3]. Adeniyi, R. & Adeefa, E. (2013). On chebyshev collocation approach for a continuous formulation of implicit hybrid methods for vips in second order odes. Journal of Mathematics, 12, 9 -12.
[4]. Adesanya, A.O., Anake, T.A. and Oghoyon, G.J. (2009). Continuous Implicit Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations. Journal of Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics, 15, 71-78.11
[5]. Adesanya, A.O., Odekunle, M.R., Adeyeye, A.O., (2012), Continuous Block Hybrid-Predictor-Corrector Method for the Solution of y′′ = f(x, y, y′), Intern. J. of Math. and Soft Computing, 2(2), pp.35-42.
[6]. Adesanya, A.O., Odekunle, M.R., Alkali, A.A., (2012), Order Six Block Predictor-Corrector Method for the Solution of y′′ = f(x, y, y′), Cana- dian J. of Sci. and Engr., 3(4), pp.180-185.
[7]. Adeyefa,E.O., Joseph, F.L. & Ogwumu O.D.(2014). Three-Step Implicit Block Method for Second Order Odes, International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, Vol.3 PP.34-38
[8]. Anake, T. (2011). Continuous implicit hybrid one step methods for the solution of initial value problems of general second order ordinary differential equation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Covenant University.
[9]. Anake, T.A, Bishop, S.A., & Agboola,O.O. (2015). On a Hybrid Nunerical Algorithm for the Solutions of Higher Order Ordinary Differential Equations. TWMS J. Pure Appl. Math., V.6, N.2, 2015, pp.24-29
[10]. Anake, T.A, Awoyemi, D. O. & Adesanya, A. (2012a). One step implicit hybrid block method for the direct solution of general second order ordinary differential equations. IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics, 42(4), 224 -228.
[11]. Awoyemi, D. O. and Kayode S.J. (2005a) ’A maximal order collocation method for direct solution IVPs of general second ordinary differential equations’, In Proceedings of the conference organized by the National Mathematical Center, Abuja
[12]. Aysegul A.D, and Nese.I.A (2003), Bernstein Collocation Method for Solving Nonlinear Differential Equations. Numerical Computational Application, 18(3) 293-300.
[13]. Dahlquist, G. (1978) ’On accuracy and unconditional stability of LMM for second order differential equations’, BIT, Vol. 18, pp. 133-136, 1978.
[14]. Fatunla, S.O. (1992). Parallel method for second order ordinary differential equation, In: Proceedings of the National Conference of Computational Mathematics, held at University of Benin, Nigeria (1992), 87 99.
[15]. Fatunla, S. O. (1991) ’Block methods for second order IVPs’, International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 41 (1991) pp.55-63.
[16]. Kamoh N.M, Abada A.A, & Soomiyol M.C (2018). A block procedure with continuous coefficient for the direct solution of general second order initial value problems of (ODEs) using shifted Legendre polynomial as basis function. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research andDevelopment Vol. 5 No 236-214.
[17]. Kayode, S. J. and Adeyeye, O. (2013). ’A Two-Step Point Hybrid Method for genereal Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations’, African Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Research, 6(10) pp.191-196 .
[18]. Kayode, S. J. & Adegboro. J. O. (2018). Predictor-Corrector Linear Multistep Method for Direct Solution of Initial Value Problems of Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations, Asian Journal of Physicaland Chemical Sciences 6(1): 1-9.
[19]. Kayoed, S.J. and Obarhua, F. (2015). 3-step y-function hybrid method for direct numerical integration of second order ivps in odes. Theoretical Mathematics Applications, vol 5, no J, 2015, 39 -51, 5(1), 39 -51.
[20]. Lambert, J. D. (1973) ’Computational Methods in Ordinary Differential Equations’, New York: John Wiley.
[21]. Sagir, A. (2012). An accurate computation of block hybrid method for solving stiff ordinary differential equations. Journal of Mathematics, 4(18 -21).

Ojo Ezekiel Olukunle, Okoro Felix M. “A Block Scheme with Bernstein Single Step Method for Direct Solution Second Order Differential Equations” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.99-103 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/99-103.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Life Product Assessment Test Analysis (Case Study of AKT Bulb)

Ilo H.O, Fatoki O, Obanla O. James December 2019 Page No.: 104-108

This paper work, life product assessment test analysis has its basis in reliability analysis on life data. It is to determine the probability capability of parts, components, equipments, products, system and so on to survive up to certain time. It is based on the application of continuous distributions called lifetime distributions. Though, there are many continuous distributions, but this paper focus on Weilbull distribution. Some concepts associated with reliability theory, such as; reliability function, cumulative density function, hazard function and so on are discussed. By linearization, the probability plots of the lifetime distributions are used to estimate the parameters of these distributions with the use of median rank.

Page(s): 104-108

Date of Publication: 27 December 2019

Ilo H.O
Department of Statistics, Ogun State Institute of Technology, Igbesa Ogun State, Nigeria
Fatoki O
Department of Statistics, Ogun State Institute of Technology, Igbesa Ogun State, Nigeria
Obanla O. James
Department of Statistics, Ogun State Institute of Technology, Igbesa Ogun State, Nigeria

References

[1]. Bain, L. J. and Englehardt, M. (1991), Statistical Analysis of Reliaiblity and Life-Testing models. Theory and methods, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, New York
[2]. Barlow, R.E. and Life testing, Holt, Rinchart and Winston, New York
[3]. Birnbaum, Z.W. and Saunders, S.C. (1969, “A new family of life distributions,” Journal of applied probability, vol. 6, pp. 319-327.
[4]. Cos, D. R. and Oakes, D. (1984) Analysis of survival data, Chapman and Hall, London New York.
[5]. Kececioglu, Demitri, Relaibility & Life Testing Handbook, Prentice Hall, Inc., Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey, Vol. 1 and 2, 1993 and 1994.
[6]. Lawless, J.F. Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1982.
[7]. Mann, Nancy R. Schafer, Ray E., and Singpurwalla Nozer D., method for statistical Analysis of Reliability and Life Data, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York 1974.
[8]. Meeker, W.Q, and Escobar, L.A., Statistical methods for Reliability Data, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1998.
[9]. Hoyland, A., and Rausand, M. (1994), System Reliability Theory, John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York.
[10]. Kalbfleisch, J.D. and Prentice, R.L. (1980). The Statistical Analysis of failure Data, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
[11]. Kovalenko, I. N. Kuznetsov, N.Y. and Pegg, P.A. (1997), Mathematical theory of Reliability of Time Department System with practical applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
[12]. Nelson, W. (1982), Applied Life Data Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

Ilo H.O, Fatoki O, Obanla O. James ” Life Product Assessment Test Analysis (Case Study of AKT Bulb)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.104-108 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/104-108.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Comparing Serum Haemoglobin Levels of Women who Received Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) with Sulphadoxine Pyrimethamine (SP) and their Controls during Antenatal Care (ANC) in a Malaria Endemic African Community

Chukwu, L.C., Unekwe, P.C., Nweke, I.N., Okam, P.C., Agbasi, P.U., Onoh, C.C., Ohadoma S.C., Ekenjoku, A.J., Olisa CL December 2019 Page No.: 109-115

Background: The importance of optimal serum Haemoglobin (Hb) levels during antenatal periods need not be further overemphasized as it has been the clinical weapon against the menace of anaemia in pregnancy. Optimal Hb status helps a pregnant woman to enjoy an uneventful pregnancy course as well as to avert the problems of anaemia in pregnancy which may include intrauterine growth retardations (IUGR), preterm births, neonatal anaemias, increased admissions into special care baby units and even neonatal deaths. AIM: This study compared the serum Haemoglobin levels of women who received Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) with Sulphadoxine Pyrimethamine (SP) and those of their controls during antenatal care (ANC). Method: This study was conducted at the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri (FMC) Imo State Nigeria. Owerri is in a typical malaria endemic setting in Africa. Ethical clearance and certification was obtained from the ethics committee of FMC, Owerri enabling commencement of longitudinal recruitment of participants after adequate counseling and informed consent involving both groups. It was a laboratory based, cross-sectional descriptive study involving 296 participants who clearly satisfied the criteria for inclusion for either the study or control groups. Recruited participants were followed up through their entire antenatal course till delivery to enable collection of blood samples for Haemoglobin estimation which was done using the Cyanmethemoglobin method as described by Cook in 1985. This method derives its principle from the fact that when blood is mixed with a solution containing potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide (Drabkin’s solution), the potassium ferricyanide oxidizes iron to form methemoglobin. The potassium cyanide will then combines with methemoglobin to form cyanmethemoglobin (HiCN), which is a stable color pigment read photometrically at a wave length of 540nm. Data Analysis: The data obtained was computed and analyzed using the computer Software Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc, 2007, Chicago). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, range, percentages etc) were determined for continuous variables. P-value less than (<0.05) at 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant. Result: The mean haemoglobin value was higher among the study group than the control. Mean Hb of the study group was 14.70 ± 2.34 while the minimum and maximum serum Hb levels were 9.00 and 20.40 respectively. From the control group, the mean Hb was 11.95 ± 2.04 while the minimum and maximum serum Hb levels were 7.20 and 16.70 respectively. From the results above, the mean difference of 2.75 was found to be statistically significant with p value= 0.0001; 95% CI =1.275 – 1.647. This implied that evidence of significant effects was found on the Hb levels between the women that took IPT-SP compared to their counterparts that did not take it.

Page(s): 109-115

Date of Publication: 30 December 2019

Chukwu, L.C.
College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Igbariam, Nigeria
Unekwe, P.C.
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria
Nweke, I.N.
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Abia State University Uturu, Nigeria
Okam, P.C.
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria
Agbasi, P.U.
Department of Prosthetics and O Orthotics, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria
Onoh, C.C.
Department of Health Science/Public Health Unit, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria
Ohadoma S.C.
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Sciences, University Calabar, Nigeria
Ekenjoku, A.J.
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Abia State University Uturu, Nigeria
Olisa CL
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria

References

[1]. Abro H., Ustadi A. M., Younis N. J., Abdou A. S., Al Hamed D., Saleh A. A. (2008). “Malaria and hematological changes,” Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 287–291, 2008. View at Google Scholar
[2]. Kuthala K. K., Meka S., and Kanikaram S. (2013). “A study on course of infection and haematological changes in falciparum-infected in comparison on with Artemisinin(s)-treated mice,” Malaria Research and Treatment, vol. 2013, Article ID 426040, 10 pages, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/426040
[3]. Federal Ministry of Health [FOH Nigeria]; National guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malarial. (2011). National Malaria and Vector Control 33 Division, Abuja Nigeria.
[4]. Nahlen B L. (2000). Rolling Back Malaria. N Eng J Med, 343:651-652
[5]. http://www.malariajournal.com/content/6/1/16 (Andrew vallely et al 2007)
[6]. World Health Organization (2004). A Strategic framework for malaria prevention and control during pregnancy in the Africa Region. World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa; 2004
[7]. Yeboah, D. F; Afoakwah, R; Nwaefuna, E. K; Verner, O; Boampong, J. N (2016). Quality of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Given as Antimalarial Prophylaxis in Pregnant Women in Selected Health Facilities in Central Region of Ghana. Journal of Parasitology Research, Volume 2016, Article ID 9231946, 6 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9231946
[8]. Facer C. A. (1994). “Haematological aspect of malaria,” in Infection and Haematology, pp. 259–294, Oxford Butterworth Heineman Limited, 1994
[9]. Murphy, G. S and Oldfield, E. C. (1996). “Falciparum malaria,” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 747–775, 1996
[10]. Jandle, J. H. (1996). “Hemolytic anemia’s caused by infection of red blood cells,” in Blood, pp. 473–501. Little brown company, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1996
[11]. Briand V; Cottrell, G; Massougbodji, A; Cot M. (2007). “Intermittent preventive treatment for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in high transmission areas,” Malaria Journal, vol. 6, article 160, 2007
[12]. O O Asa; AA Onayade; Adesegun Fatusi; Kayode T Ijadunola. (2008). Efficacy of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria with Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in Preventing Anaemia in Pregnancy among Nigerian Women. Maternal and Child Health Journal 12(6):692-8 • February 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s10995-008-0319-3
[13]. WHO, “WHO Expert Committee on Malaria: eighteenth report,” WHO Technical Report Series. (1986). 735, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1986, http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39415.
[14]. Mbonye AK., Bygjerb Ib., Mahnussen P. (2008). Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: a community-based delivery system and its effect on parasitemia, anemia and low birth weight in Uganda. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. January 2008, Volume 12, Issue 1, Pages 22-29
[15]. www.maps-streetview.com/nigeria/owerri 2011
[16]. Baker FJ,. Silverton RE., Pallister CJ. (1998). Introduction to Medical and Laboratory Technology: Blood Collection and Microscopic Study. Butterworth-Heineiman, 7th ed
[17]. Adefioye OA., Adeyeba OA., Hassan WO., Oyeniran OA. (2007). prevalence of malaria parasite infection among pregnant women in Osogbo, Southwest Nigeria,” American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 43–45
[18]. Coulibaly SO., Gies S., D’Alessandro U. (2007). “Malaria Burden among Pregnant Women Living in the Rural District of Boromo, Burkina Faso,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 56–60, 2007
[19]. Obonyo CO. (2006). Malaria, Anemia and Antimalarial Drug Assistance in African Children [Ph.D. thesis], University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2006, http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2006-0929-200211
[20]. Edison M., Jeeva JB., M. Singh M. (2011). “Digital analysis of changes by Plasmodium vivax malaria in erythrocytes,” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 11–15, 2011
[21]. Chesbrough, M. (2005). Distinct laboratory practice in tropical countries, part 1; Examination of blood Blood for Malaria Parasites. Low Price Edition. Cambridge University Press. www.Cambridge.org/9780521676304
[22]. Chukwu LC,. Okam PC., Ekenjoku AJ. (2019). Pattern of Parasitological Responses in PatientsTreated With Artemether-Lumefantrine Combination for Uncomplicated Malaria in Elele Nigeria. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS). e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 14, Issue 5 Ser. II (Sept – Oct 2019), PP 21-28, www.Iosrjournals.Org
[23]. Cook JD. (1985). Measurement of Iron Status. A report of the International Nutritional Anaemia Consultive Group (INACG). New York: Washington DC; 1985, Ch.II: pp 4
[24]. Megnekou R., Djontu JC., Bigoga JD., Medou FM., TenouS., Abel L. (2015). Impact ofplacental Plasmodium falciparum malaria on the profile of some oxidative stress biomarkers in women living in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Plos One Publishers,. doi: 2015; 10(8): e0134633. PMCID: PMC453404, PMID:26267795
[25]. Ahmed, A. A., Ernest, T., Fatai, A. F., Mufliat, A., Olubukola, A. T., Oriola, I. M., Olusoji, E. (2010). Protective response to Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine during intermittent presumptive treatment of malaria in pregnant women in Sagamu, Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(10) pp. 754-759, Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpp
[26]. Falade, C. O., Yusuf, B. O, Fadero, F. F., Mokuolu, O. A., Hamer, D. H., Salako, L. A. (2007). Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine is effective in preventing maternal and placental malaria in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. Malaria Journal.6(88). doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-88 http://www.malariajournal.com/content/6/1/88

Chukwu, L.C., Unekwe, P.C., Nweke, I.N., Okam, P.C., Agbasi, P.U., Onoh, C.C., Ohadoma S.C., Ekenjoku, A.J., Olisa CL “Comparing Serum Haemoglobin Levels of Women who Received Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) with Sulphadoxine Pyrimethamine (SP) and their Controls during Antenatal Care (ANC) in a Malaria Endemic African Community” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.109-115 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/109-115.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Exponential-Gamma Distribution and Its Applications

Ayeni Taiwo Michael, Ogunwale Olukunle Daniel, Adewusi Oluwasesan Adeoye December 2019 Page No.: 116-120

Researchers in medical sciences have applied different statistical methodologies in modeling diverse prevailing diseases. In this study we apply the new Exponential-Gamma distribution in modeling patients with remission of Bladder Cancer and survival time of Guinea pigs infected with tubercle bacilli. We compared the performance of the results with other existing statistical distributions. The result shows that the Exponential-Gamma distribution performed better than the existing distributions.

Page(s): 116-120

Date of Publication: 30 December 2019

Ayeni Taiwo Michael
Department of Statistics, Ekiti State University, Nigeria
Ogunwale Olukunle Daniel
Department of Statistics, Ekiti State University, Nigeria
Adewusi Oluwasesan Adeoye
Department of Statistics, Ekiti State University, Nigeria

References

[1]. Gurung, P., Veerakumarasivam, A., Williamson, M., Counsell, N., Douglas, J., Tan, W.S., Feber, A., Crabb, S.J., Short S.C., Freeman, A., Loss of expression of the tumour suppressor gene AIMP3 predicts survival following radiotherapy in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer.Int J Cancer, 136(3), pp 709-720, Feb. 2015.
[2]. Riester, M., Taylor, J.M., Feifer, A., Koppie, T., Rosenberg, J.E., Downey, R.J., Bochner, B.H., Michor, F.,Combination of a novel gene expression signature with a clinical nomogram improves the prediction of survival in high-risk bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 18(5), pp1323-1333. Jan. 2012
[3]. Rosser, C.J., Liu, L., Sun, Y., Villicana, P., McCullers, M., Porvasnik, S., Young, P.R., Parker, A.S., Goodison, S.,Bladder Cancer–Associated Gene Expression Signatures Identified by Profiling of Exfoliated Urothelia.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev., 18(2), pp444-453. 2009
[4]. Meeks, J.J., Bellmunt, J., Bochner, B.H., Clarke, N.W., Daneshmand, S., Galsky, M.D., Hahn, N.M., Lerner, S.P., Mason, M., Powles, T.,A systematic review of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.EurUrol, 62(3) pp523-533,Sep. 2012.
[5]. Blaveri, E., Simko,JP.,Korkola, J.E, Brewer, J.L., Baehner, F., Mehta, K., DeVries, S., Koppie, T., Pejavar,S., Carroll, P., Bladder cancer outcome and subtype classification by gene expression.Clin Cancer Res, 11(11) pp4044-4055.June 2005.
[6]. Baghestani, A.R, Gohari, M.R., Orooji, A., Pourhoseingholi, M.A., Zali, M.R.,Evaluation of parametric models by the prediction error in colorectal cancer survival analysis.GastroenterolHepatol Bed Bench. 8(3) pp183–7. 2015.
[7]. Baghestani, A.R., Hajizadeh, E., Fatemi, S.R.,Parametric model to analyse the survival of gastric cancer in the presence of interval censoring.Tumori.96(3), pp433–7 June. 2010.
[8]. Moein, Y., Ahmad, R.B., Naghmeh, K., Mohamad, P.,Alireza, A., and Azin, K, Survival Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Patients Using ExponentiatedWeibull DistributionInt J Cancer Manag. 11(3). pp 1-6. Feb. 2018.
[9]. Ogunwale, O.D., Adewusi, O.A. and Ayeni, T.M. (2019), Exponential-Gamma Distribution; international journal of emerging technology and advanced engineering; 9(10); pp245-249 ISSN:2250-2459
[10]. Tahir, M., Cordeiro, G., Alzaatreh, A., Mansoor, M. and Zubair, M. The Logistic-X Family of Distributions and Its Applications Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods 45(24), pp 1-26. Oct. 2014
[11]. Bjerkedal, T., Acquisition of resistance in guinea pigs infected with different doses of virulent tubercle bacilli. American Journal of Hygiene 72:pp130–148. 1960
[12]. Canetti, G. The Tubercle Bacillus in the Pulmonary Lesion of Man. New York:Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1955. Chapter 4, pp. 127-150.
[13]. Hirsch, J. G. Immunity to infectious diseases: review of some concepts of Metchnikoff.Bact. Rev., 23(2),pp48-60. Jun. 1959.
[14]. Pinner, M., Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Adult; its Fundamental Aspects. Springfield,111.: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Chapter 3, pp. 90-151.1945
[15]. Raffel, S.,Immunity, Hypersensitivity, Serology. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, Inc., 1953. Chapter 23, pp.321-353.
[16]. Rich, A. R., The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis.Second Edition. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, Publisher,1951. Chapters 13, 15 and 17, pp571-613 and 667-675.
[17]. Seibert, F. B. A theory of immunity in tuberculosis. Perspectives in Biol. And Med., Winter, 3; pp264-281. 1960.
[18]. Lee, E.T. and Wang, J.W., Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis. 3rd Edn.,JohnWiley and Sons, New York, ISBN: 9780471458555, pp 534, 2003.
[19]. Oguntunde, P.E., Owoloko, E.A. and Balogun, O.S.,On A New Weighted Exponential Distribution: Theory and Application; Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 9 (1): 1-12, Dec. 2015.

Ayeni Taiwo Michael, Ogunwale Olukunle Daniel, Adewusi Oluwasesan Adeoye “Exponential-Gamma Distribution and Its Applications” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.116-120 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/116-120.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Study on the Suitability of Lateritic Rock as a Coarse Aggregate in Concrete

Akilu Muhammad, Hassan Bala Yauri December 2019 Page No.: 121-124

This research investigates the suitability of lateritic rock as a coarse aggregate in concrete. Compressive strength tests of concrete samples were conducted using lateritic rock as a coarse aggregate in one sample and crushed granite as coarse aggregate in another sample serving as control. Two mix designs were used for both samples 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 ratio of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Water cement ratio of 0.6 was used for both samples. The result of compressive strength has shown that lateritic rock aggregate used in the 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 mix ratios had average 20N/mm2 and 18N/mm2 compressive strengths respectively after 28 days of curing. The research has shown the suitability of lateritic rock as coarse aggregate in concrete production if properly washed and sieved to free it from dust and silt. It has also indicated that lateritic rock can be used as a cheaper coarse aggregate in concrete production to reduce the cost of building construction

Page(s): 121-124

Date of Publication: 31 December 2019

Akilu Muhammad
Department of Building Technology College of Environmental Studies, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State Nigeria
Hassan Bala Yauri
Department of Building Technology College of Environmental Studies, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State Nigeria

References

[1]. Ola, S.A. (1983). “Geotechnical Properties of Attapulgite Clay Shale in Northwestern Nigeria”. Engineering Geology.19:1-13.
[2]. Alexander, L.T. and Cady, F.G. 1962. “Genesis and Hardening of Laterite in Soils”.Technical Bulletin 1282. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Pp 90
[3]. BS 812-103-1:(1985) Testing aggregates, Method for determination of particle size distribution., British Standards Institution, London, UK.
[4]. BS 812-2: (1995) Testing aggregates, Methods for determination of density of Aggregates for civil engineering purposes. British standards Institute, London
[5]. BS1377: (1990) Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. British standards Institute, London.
[6]. Neville, A. M., and Brook, J.J. Concrete Technology, 3rd Edition Longman, London 1987
[7]. B S 1881: Part 116 (1983), method for determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes, British Standards Institution, London, UK.

Akilu Muhammad, Hassan Bala Yauri “Study on the Suitability of Lateritic Rock as a Coarse Aggregate in Concrete” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.121-124 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/121-124.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Effects of Socio-economic Characteristics of Intermediaries on the Profitability of Cattle Marketing in Mubi Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

Musa, Y.M, Iheanacho, A.C, Udeh M. December 2019 Page No.: 125-130

This study examined the effect of socio-economic characteristics of cattle marketing intermediaries on their profit in Mubi local government area of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Random sampling technique was employed to select 123 respondents in Mubi International Cattle Market. Data were collected with the use of a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test derived from multiple regression models. The result from the analysis revealed that all the respondents (100%) were male with a mean age of 37 years, had market experience of 6-10 years, literate (56.1%), a mean household size of 5 persons and (30.1%) had a startup capital of N110,000-200,000. The study revealed that access to credit and marital status have positive effect on profit while age, years of education, family size, marketing experience, startup capital and number of cattle owned were not determinants of profit earned from cattle marketing. The result also showed that the major constraints faced by cattle marketers were insurgency, inadequate market information, inadequate market facility and high cost of transportation. It was recommended that Marketers should form associations and cooperatives for extensive information sharing among members.

Page(s): 125-130

Date of Publication: 31 December 2019

Musa, Y.M
Department of Agribusiness, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi Benue State Nigeria
Iheanacho, A.C
Department of Agribusiness, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi Benue State Nigeria
Udeh M.
Department of Agribusiness, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi Benue State Nigeria

References

[1] Boughton. D, Mather. D, Barrett. B. C ,Benifica. R, Abdula. D, Tschirler. D and Cunguara.B (2007), Market participation by rural household in low-income country.Published in Faith and Economics. Vol:50pg 64-101.
[2] Delgado, C.(2005) Rising demand for meat and milk in developing countries: implications for grasslands-based livestock production. In Grassland: a global resource (ed. D. A. McGilloway), pp. 29–39. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
[3] FAO, (2013), Animal feed resource for small- scale livestock producers, Marketing And its Role in Economic Development. Available on http:www.fao.org/wairdoes/ilri/x5547e18.htm Assessed on 14, feb, 2015
[4] Girei .A.A, Dire .B and Bello .B. H (2014). Assessment Of Cost And Returns Of Cattle Marketing In Central Zone Of Adamawa State, Nigeria. British Journal of Marketing Studies 1: (4) 1-10
[5] Hamidu. K. (2014). Profitability Assessment of Cattle Marketing in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 5 :(10) 108-122.
[6] Lamidi, A. A., Bashorum, W. O. and Aregbesola, A. O. (2002).Economics of Ruminant marketing in Lagos metropolis: A case study of Alaba-Rago market in Ojo L.G.A. In: proceeding Agricultural Transformation, Strategies and Policies for LivestockDevelopment in Nigeria.. International Conference Centre, Abuja, Nigeria Pp 231-238
[7] Mafimisebi T. E., Bobola O.M. &Mafimisebi, O.E.(2013) Fundamentals of Cattle Marketing in Southwest, Nigeria: Analyzing Market Intermediaries, Price Formation and Yield Performance,Invited paper presented at the 4th International Conference of the African Association of Agricultural Economists,Hammamet, Tunisia.
[8] Martin. U. (2014).The Role of Livestock in Economic Development and Poverty Reduction, pro-poor livestock policy initiative working paper no.10.
[9] Mathenge. W, Foster. A and Kuper.H (2010), Urbanization, Ethnicity and Cardiovasculer risk in population in transition in Nakuru, Kenya.http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-569. ISSN 1471-2458.
[10] Mansir. M. (2006).Livestock Marketing and Transportation in Nigeria. Expro@Erols.Com.
[11] Mohammed.A. B. Lawal A. T. and Musa.S. A (1999).Economics of Physical Attributes Influencing Cattle Prices in Ngalzarma Livestock Markets, Yobe State Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano State , Government Girls’ Science and Technical College Potiskum, Yobe State and Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano State-Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability Vol 7: 72-86.
[12] National Population Commission (2006).National population census, Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, 94, Lagos.
[13] Ocholi A. and Samuel P. (2017) Effects of socio economic Variables on the Profitability of Groundnut Processing in Taraba State Nigeria. international journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences 3 (1) 4-5.
[14] Okewu, J. and Iheanacho, A.C. (2015), Socio-economic Characteristics of Goat Marketers in Benue State, Nigeria ARC Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (ARC-JSSH) 1: (1) 54 – 66 www.africaresearchcorps.com
[15] Ryan, S 2005, Animal Science and Nutrition for High Level, Longman published company, Ibadan, Nigeria.Pp 48-49.
[16] Swanepoel. F, Stroebel. A and Moye.S. (2010).The role of livestock in developing communities enhancing multufunctionality. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRS).
[17] Umar, A.N. and Kazaure, L.A. (2012). Socio‐economic characteristics of Yankasa sheep traders and marketing activities in Hadejia, Jigawastate, Nigeria. In: proceeding“Agricultural Transformation: Strategies and policies for livestock Development in Nigeria” (Akpaneds). International conference centre, Garki Area A, Abuja..250‐253.
[18] World Bank. 2009 Minding the stock: bringing public policy to bear on livestock sector development. Report no. 44010 GLB.Washington, DC.

Musa, Y.M, Iheanacho, A.C, Udeh M. “Effects of Socio-economic Characteristics of Intermediaries on the Profitability of Cattle Marketing in Mubi Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.125-130 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/125-130.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Integration of Geoelectrical and Geotechnical Data for Soil Characterization in Parts of Owerri Metropolis Southeastern Nigeria

Nwosu, L. I.; Nwachukwu, M. A., Emujakporue, G. O., Obute, L.C., Nwosu, B.O December 2019 Page No.: 131-139

The increasing rate of building and construction projects in Owerri Metropolis given the topographic nature has necessitated proper evaluation of the foundation beds in relation to elevation, to assess the suitability of the soil for engineering structures. Consequently, an integrated geoelectric and geotechnical approach of investigating soil characteristics was adopted. Ten Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out using the OHMEGA-500 resistivity metre to acquire data which were analysed using the advanced Geosciences Incorporation (AGI) 1D Software package. At each VES location, elevation and coordinates were measured and soil samples collected to a depth of 2m were grouped to form three composite samples according to the elevation of the study area namely high, medium and low elevations. The samples were then subjected to laboratory tests for geotechnical parameters. The topsoil is composed of sand and laterite with resistivity ranging from 41.6Ωm to 7532Ωm and thickness of 3.2m. Elevation ranges from 140ft to 450ft. Geotechnical results revealed moisture content of 11.33 to 14.33%, liquid limit of 19.2 to 22.8 and plastic index (PI) of zero, showing none plastic soil. Grain size analysis revealed medium-dense sand with negligible gravel or silt. Compaction test result gave Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of 1.8 to 1.99 and 13 to 15% respectively. Triaxial test revealed the angle of internal friction of 18 to 27with cohesion values ranging from 20KN/m2to 49KN/m2 indicating high strength to shearing and high tendency to withstand load. All measured parameters fall within recommended standards in spite of variation in elevation.

Page(s): 131-139

Date of Publication: 31 December 2019

Nwosu, L. I.
Department of Physics University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Nwachukwu, M. A.
Department of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Emujakporue, G. O.
Department of Physics University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Obute, L.C.
Department of Physics University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Nwosu, B.O
Department of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

References

[1]. Abdul, A., Syed S. A., Nazish, N., Waqas, A., Sarfraz, K., Muhammad, Y. K. and Muhammad, W. (2016).Correlation of electrical resistivity of soil with geotechnical engineering parameters at Wattar area district Pakistan.Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences. 49(1): 124-130.
[2]. Adejumo, S.A., Onyerinde, A.O. and Aleen, M.O. (2015).Integrated Geophysical and Geotechnical Subsoil Evaluation for Pre-foundation Study of Proposed site of Vocational Skill and Entrepreneurship Centre at Polytechnic, Ibadan, SW Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6 (6): 911-917.
[3]. Akintorinwa, O.J and Adesoji, J.I (2009).Application of Geophysical and geotechnical investigations in Engineering site Evaluation.International Journal of physical sciences. 4 (8): 443-454.
[4]. Akpokodje,E.G. (2001). Introduction to Engineering Geology.Pam Unique Publications. pp:259.
[5]. British Standards (BS) 1377, (1990).Specification for Roads and Bridges in Nigeria. 2, pp. 137-275.
[6]. Chen F. H. (1988).Foundation on Expansive Soils.Elsevier Science Publishers.
[7]. Chendo, I. G and Obi, N. I. (2015). Building Collapse In Nigeria: The Causes, Effects,
[8]. Consequences And Remedies. International Journal of Civil Engineering, Construction and Estate Management. 3(4): 41-49.
[9]. Cosenza, P., Marmet, E., Rejiba, F., Jun Cui, Y., Tabbagh, A., and Charlery, Y. (2006). Correlations between geotechnical and electrical data: A case study at Garchy in France. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 60(3-4), 165-178
[10]. Dobrin, M. B., (1985). Introduction to geophysical prospecting (4th edition).Mc.Graw Hill Inc. New York, USA p. 629.
[11]. Egboka, B. C. and Uma, K. O. (1985). Water Resources of Owerri and Its Environs, Imo State. Nigeria. Journ.Min.Geol. 22: 57-64.
[12]. Ekwe, A.C., Onu, N. N. andOnuoha, K. M. (2006). Estimation Of Aquifer Hydraulic Characteristics From Electrical Sounding Data: The Case Of Middle Imo River Basin Aquifers, South-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Spatial Hydrology. 6(2):45-51
[13]. Evett, J. and Chengliei.H. (2008).Soils and foundations (7ed), prentice Hall, pp180.
[14]. Fahad, I.S. and Syed E.A. (2012). Integrating Geo-Electrical and Geotechnical Data for Soil Characterisation.International Journal of Applied Physics and Mathematics, 2(2):104-106.
[15]. Griffiths, D. H and Turnbull, J. (1985): A multi-electrode array for resistivity surveying. First Break 3 (No. 7), 16-20.
[16]. Griffiths, D. H., Turnbull, J. and Olayinka, A, I. (1990): two dimensional resistivity mapping with a computer-controlled array. First Break 8, 121-129.
[17]. Habeeb, A.Q., Olabambo A. A. andOladipupo S. O. (2012).Investigation of the Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Laterite as aSubgrade and Base Material for Road Constructions in Nigeria.Civil and Environmental research.2(8):23-32
[18]. Ibe, K. M. and Njemanze G. N. (1998). The Impact Of Urbanization And Protection Of Water Resources, Owerri, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Hydrology. 6(9): 52-61
[19]. Ibeneme, S. I., Ibe, K. K., Selemo A. O., Nwagbara J. O., Eze I. O., and Ubechu B. O. (2013). Geoelectrical And Geotechnical Data As Veritable Tools For Feasibility Study Of The Proposed Imo River Dam Site At Owerrinta, Southeastern Nigeria.Asian Journal of Science and Technology. 4(12): 037-044.
[20]. Ibeneme, I. L., Nwankwo, E. J. and Oparaocha J. O. (2014).Geoelectrical and Geotechnical Evaluation of Foundation Beds at Naze, OwerriSoutheastern Nigeria.Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. 4, (3): 77-94
[21]. Jegede, G. (2000), Effect of soil properties on pavement failure along the F209 highway at Ado- Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Construction and Building Materials. 14: 311-315
[22]. Mundher, D. and Nsaif, D. (2016).Geoelectrical and geotechnical evaluation of subsoil at a proposed engineering site, N-E of Baghdad city.Journal of Engineering Sciences09(2): 50 – 16.
[23]. Mohd H. B., Rosli, B. S., Devapriya, C. W. and Mohamad, F.B. (2012).Integral analysis of geoelectrical (resistivity) and geotechnical (spt) data in slope stability assessment.Academic Journal of Science, 1(2):305–316.
[24]. Nibret, M. J. (2011). Geotechnical Characterization of Sub grade Materials for pavement Construction. A case Study on Aposto – Wondo– Negele Road Upgrading Project.Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis.
[25]. Nwachukwu M. A., Huan, F, andOphori, D. (2010).Groundwater Flow Model and Particle Track Analysis for Selecting Water Quality Monitoring Well Sites, and Soil Sampling Profiles.Journal of Spatial Hydrology. 10(1): 23-34
[26]. Nwachukwu M. A. and Osoro E. (2013).Assessment of environmental hazards: Linking borrow pits, gully erosion, and road failure. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology.4(6): 199-210.
[27]. Nwosu, L. Okunade, E.A. (2007). Engineering Properties of Lateritic Adobe Bricks for Local Building Construction and Recommendations for Practice.Medwell Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2(9):1455-1459
[28]. Ola, P.C. (1981). Parameters For The Rating Of The Engineering Properties Of Atterberg Limits. InternationalJournalon Technical Structures.pp 24-30.
[29]. Onunkwo,A. A., Uzoije, A.P. and Onyekuru, S. O. (2014).Engineering Properties and Uses of Soil Derive fromMaastritchianAjali Formation In A Part Of Se Nigeria. British Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2(4):.11-28.
[30]. Ozcep F, Tezel O, AsciM (2009). Correlation between Electrical Resistivity and Soil-Water Content: Istanbul and Golcuk. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 4(6): 362-365.
[31]. Ozcep, F., Yildirim, E., Tezel, O., Asci, M., and Karabulut, S. (2010). Correlation between Electrical Resistivity and Soil-Water Content based Artificial Intelligent techniques. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 5(1), 47-56..
[32]. Pozdnyakova, L., Pozdnyakov, A., and Zhang, R. (2001).Application of geophysical methods to evaluate hydrology and soil properties in urban areas. Urban Water, 3(3), 205-216
[33]. Reyment R. A. (1976). Stratigraphy of Niger Delta. Ibadan University Press, Nigeria.
[34]. Reynolds, J. M. (1997). An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. John Wiley and Sons limited, England, UK. pp. 116-209, 415-522.
[35]. Rinaldi, V. A., and Cuestas, G. A. (2002). “Ohmic conductivity of a compactedsilty clay.” J. Geotech.Geoenviron. Eng., 128(10): 824-835.
[36]. Samouëlian, A., Cousin, I., Tabbagh, A., Bruand, A., and Richard, G. (2005). Electrical resistivity survey in soil science: a review. Soil Tillage Res., 83(2), 173-193.

References

Nwosu, L. I.; Nwachukwu, M. A., Emujakporue, G. O., Obute, L.C., Nwosu, B.O “Integration of Geoelectrical and Geotechnical Data for Soil Characterization in Parts of Owerri Metropolis Southeastern Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.131-139 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/131-139.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Effect of co-inoculation of Non- Rhizobial Microorganisms (NRMs) with rhizobia on Nodulation and Leaf chlorophyll content on cowpea Vigna ungigulata [(L.) Walp.] (Tvx3236)

AJAYI . Olaoluwa .O., DIANDA. Mohammed., FAGADE Obasola E., NWADIKE Blessing December 2019 Page No.: 140-144

Screen house experiment was carried out to study the effect of other microorganisms besides rhizobial living in the root nodules of cowpea plants, (Non-Rhizobial Microorganisms (NRMs). The NRMs used include Agrobacterium spp, Pseudomonas sp. Paenibacillus sp and Azotobacter spp. Treatments included 9 strains of rhizobial applied singly and also co-inoculated with NRMs applied to cowpea (Tvx 3236) in four replicates using block design to observe the effects of NRMs on leaf chlorophyll content and also on the nodulation of cowpea. It was observed that nodulation was significantly affected by the presence of a consortium of Agrobacterium spp, Pseudomonas sp. and Paenibacillus sp but it was not affected by the presence of Azotobacter sp. On the other hand chlorophyll was significantly affected by the presence of a consortium of Azotobacter spp. and a consortium of Agrobacterium spp, Pseudomonas sp. while Paenibacillus sp did not show significant effect on the leaf chlorophyll.

Page(s): 140-144

Date of Publication: 02 January 2020

AJAYI . Olaoluwa .O.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
DIANDA. Mohammed.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
FAGADE Obasola E.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
NWADIKE Blessing
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

References

[1] Peoples, M.B., Herridge, D.F., Ladha, J .K. (1995). Biological nitrogen fixation: Investments. Expectations and actual contribution to agriculture. Plant and Soil 174: 3-28.
[2] Valverde, Angel, Igual, Jose M., Peix, Alvaro, Cervantes, Emilio, Velazquez, Encarna. (2006) Rhizobium lusitanum sp. nov. a bacterium that nodulates Phaseolus vulgaris. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006 56: 2631-2637.
[3] Angelini, J., Castro, S., Fabra, A. (2003). Alterations in root colonization and nodC gene induction and inpeanut-rhizobia interaction under acidic conditions. Plant Physiol. Biochemistry 41: 289-294.
[4] Hardarson, G. (1993). Methods for enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Plant and Soil 152: 1-17.
[5] Sprent J.I (2001) nodulation in legumes. Royal botanica gardens kew uk.
[6] Murugesan,S. Manoharan, C. Vijayakumar R. and Panneerselva A.(2010) Isolation and Characterization of Agrobacterium rhizogenes from the Root Nodules of Some Leguminous Plants. International Journal of Microbiological Research 1: 92-96.
[7] Young , J.M., Kuykendall, L.D., Martinez- Romero, E., Kerr, A., Sawada, H.(2001). A revision of Rhizobium Frank 1889, with an emended description of the genus, and the inclusion of all species of Agrobacterium Conn 1942 and Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998 as new combinations: Rhizobium radiobacter, R. rhizogenes, R. rubi, R. undicola and R. vitis. International Journal of Systemic Evolutionary Microbiology 51: 89-103
[8] Moulin, L., Munive, A., Dreyfus, B., Biovin-Masson, C. (2001).Nodulation of legumes by members of the bold beta-subclass of Proteobacteria. Nature. 411: 948-950
[9] Li, C.Y., Hung, L.L., (1987) Nitrogen fixing (acetylene reducing) bacteria associated with ectomychorizae of Douglas-fir. Plant and Soil; 98: 4254-428
[10] Paul, L. P., Vanconver, B,C. Nitrogen fixation associated with tuberculate ectomychorriza on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Ph.D thesis. University of British Colombia, Canada.
[11] Polonenko, D.R., Scher, F.M., Kloepper, J.W., Singleton, C.A., Laliberte, M., Zaleska, I. (1987). Effect of root colonizing bacterium on nodulation of soybean roots of Bradhyrhizobium japonicum. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33: 478-503
[12] Yaholom, E., Okon, Y., Dovrat, A.(1987). Azospirillium effects on susceptibility to Rhizobium nodulaton and nitrogen fixation of several forage legumes. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 33: 510-514
[13] Iruthayathas E. E, Gunasekaran S, Vlassak K. 1983. Effect of combined inoculation of Azospirillum and Rhizobium on nodulation and nitrogen fixation of winged bean and soybean. Scientia Horticulturae 20 : 231- 240
[14] lagawadi AR, Gaur AC. 1988. Associative effect of Rhizobium and phosphate-solubilising bacteria on the yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea. Plant and Soil 105 : 241-246
[15] Sinclair T.R. (2004): Improved carbon and nitrogen assimilation for increased yield. In: Boerma H.R. and Specht J.E. (eds.) Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses. Third edition, Series Agronomy, No 16, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. 537-568.
[16] Uddling J., Gelang-Alfredsson J., Piiki K., Pleijel H. (2007). Evaluating the relationship between leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD-502chlorophyll meter readings. Photosynth. Res. 91: 37-46
[17] Vollmann J., Walter H., Sato, T., Schweiger, P. (2011): Digital image analysis and chlorophyll metering for phenotyping the effects of nodulation in soybean. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 75: 190-195.
[18] Awonaike K. O, Kumarasinghe K.S and Danso S. K. A. 1990. Nitrogen fixation and yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as influenced by cultivar and Bradyrhizobium strain. Field Crops Research. 24: 163- 171.
[19] Peksen A, Peksen E and Bozoglu H. 2004. Relationship among some seed traits, laboratory germination and field emergence in cowpea [V. unguiculata (L) Walp] genotypes. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 36 : 311 –320.
[20] IITA. 2007. Cowpea. IITA annual report. http://www.iita.org/cms/details/cowpea_ project_details. aspx? Zoneid =63&articleid=269
[21] Woomer, P. L., Karanja. N., Stanley M. (2011). A revised manual for rhizobium methods and standard protocols (www.n2africa.org).
[22] Onyango B.O, Koech P.K, Anyango B, Nyunja R.A, Skilton R.A, Stomeo F.(2015) Morphological, genetic and symbiotic characterization of root nodule bacteria isolated from Bambara groundnuts (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) from soils of Lake Victoria basin, western Kenya. J App Biol Biotech. 3 (01): 001-010.
[23] Somasegaram P and Hoben H.J.1985. Methods in legume-rhizobium technology NifTAL project and MIRCEN. University of Hawaii Maui.
[24] Bryan, C. S. (1938). Identification of Phytomonas, Azotobacter and Rhizobium or Achromobacter upon initial isolation. Soil Science 45:185-187. Cited by Barbara and Thomas (1983)
[25] Dye, M. (1980). Functions and maintenance of a Rhizobium collection,. In N. S. Subba Rao (ed.), Recent advances in biological nitrogen fixation. Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., New York. 435. Cited by Barbara and Thomas (1983).
[26] Vincent, J.M. (1970). A Manual for the Practical Study of Root Nodule Bacteria, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. Cited by Barbara and Thomas (1983)
[27] Harrigan , W.F and McCance, M.E. (1966). Laboratory Methods in Microbiology . department of Bacteriology, the west of Scotland. Agricultural college Auchicurive,
[28] Olutiola, P.O., Famurewa,O, Sonntag, H.G. (2000). An introduction to general microbiology (A Practical approach), reprinted. Nigeria: Bolabay Press Ltd. 157-175.
[29] Somers E, Vanderleyden J, Srinivasan M. 2004. Rhizosphere bacterial signalling: a love parade beneath our feet.Crit. Rev. Microbiol.30:205–235
[30] Eutropia V. T and Patrick A. N. 2013. Bradhyrhizobium japonicum inoculation and phosphorous supplementation on growth and chlorophyll Accumulation in soybean (Glycine max L.). American Journal of Plant Sciences. 4: 2281- 2289.
[31] Zerpa, m., Mayz, J., Mendez, J. (2013). Effects of Bradhyrhizobium japonicum Innoculant on Soybean (Glycine max (L)) Growth and Nodulation. Annals of Biological Research. 4: 193-199
[32] Lambers H. , Shane M. W., Cramer M. D., Pearse S. J., Veneklaas E. J. (2006). “Root Structure and Functioning for Efficient Acquisition of Phosphorus: Matching Morphological and Physiological Traits,” Annual Botanical, Vol. 98: 693-713.

AJAYI . Olaoluwa .O., DIANDA. Mohammed., FAGADE Obasola E., NWADIKE Blessing “Effect of co-inoculation of Non- Rhizobial Microorganisms (NRMs) with rhizobia on Nodulation and Leaf chlorophyll content on cowpea Vigna ungigulata [(L.) Walp.] (Tvx3236)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.140-144 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/140-144.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Antimicrobial Resistance of Fungi Isolated from Oil-Producing Vicinity

Aleruchi O., Obire, O., Williams, J.O December 2019 Page No.: 145-147

Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem that affects all society. Some species of fungi are naturally resistant to treatment with certain types of antifungal agents. This study therefore investigated the resistant of fungi to antimicrobial agents in oil producing industry. Fungi were isolated from oilfield wastewater enriched soils obtained from the vicinity of an onshore oil producing platform using standard methods. The total fungi counts ranged between 1.15 x 10⁴to 4.09 x 10⁴ CFU/g, while the hydrocarbon utilizing fungi ranged between 1.7 x 10⁴ to 5.4 x 10⁴ CFU/g. The fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillusniger, Penicillium sp, Saccharomyces sp, Fusariumlichenicola and Aspergillussydowii. Antifungal sensitivity testing showed that Aspergillusniger, Aspergillussydowii and Fusariumlichenicola were all resistant to Nystatin, Clotrimazole, Fluconazole and Ketoconazole. On the other hand, Penicillium was sensitive to Clostrinazole, Ketoconazole and Fluconazole but intermediate to Nystatrin while Saccharomyces was resistant to all the antifungal agents except Fluconazole with which it recorded an intermediate reaction. The results obtained revealed the occurrence of antifungal resistant in the oil producing vicinity. In order to control the spread of antifungal resistance, it is important to have an understanding of the environments in which such spread is likely as to help mitigate its occurrence to protect public health.

Page(s): 145-147

Date of Publication: 06 January 2020

Aleruchi O.
Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Obire, O.
Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Williams, J.O
Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

References

[1]. Abu, G.O. and Egenonu, C. (2008). The current pollution status of the new Calabar River in the Niger Deltal region of Southern Nigeria: A survey of antibiogram profile of its bacteria isolates.African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.2(6): 134-141.
[2]. Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
[3]. Filomena, N., Florinda, F., Raffaele, C. and Vincenzo, D.F. (2017).Essential oils and antifungal activity.Pharmaceuticals. 10: 86.
[4]. Jukes, T.H. and Cantor, C.R. (1969).Evolution of protein molecules. In Munro HN, editor, Mammalian Protein Metabolism, pp. 21-132, Academic Press, New York.
[5]. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (2000). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard M7-A5 and informational supplement M100-S12.Wayne (PA): National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
[6]. Obire, O. and Wemedo, S. A. (1996).The effect of oilfield wastewater on the microbial population of a soil in Nigeria.Niger Delta Biologia 1(1): 77 – 85.
[7]. Patrick, V.,Selene, F. And Alix, T.C. (2012).Antifungal resistance and new strategies to control fungal infection. International Journal of Microbiology. Doi:10.1155/2012/713687.
[8]. Saitou, N. and Nei, M. (1987). The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution4: 406-425.
[9]. Science Daily. (2018). Resistance to antifungal drugs could lead to disease and global food shortages. Imperial College London

Aleruchi O., Obire, O., Williams, J.O “Antimicrobial Resistance of Fungi Isolated from Oil-Producing Vicinity” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.145-147 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/145-147.pdf

For Full Text Click here

An Analysis on Situational Awareness in Avionics Maintenance

Shalini Singh, P Rajshekhar Rao December 2019 Page No.: 148-152

In avionics, there was a developing enthusiasm for seeing how pilots keep up attention to the numerous perplexing and dynamic occasions that happen all the while in flight, and how this data was utilized to direct future activities. This expanded intrigue was transcendently because of the immense amounts of sensor data accessible in the recent cockpit, combined with the flight crew’s ‘new’ part as a screen of airplane computerization. The term ‘circumstance mindfulness’ (SA) is the leadership or consideration that together frames a pilot’s psychological model of the current circumstance. Today, SA is a standout amongst the most conspicuous research subjects in the flying field. This paper brings the discussion in pilot when wants to alert and personally when he meets the situational awareness.

Page(s): 148-152

Date of Publication: 10 January 2020

Shalini Singh
Senior Research Fellowship at IRDE, DRDO
P Rajshekhar Rao
IRDE, DRDO

References

[1]. Awareness and the cognitive management of complex systems. Human Factors, 37(1).
[2]. Adelman, L., Bresnick, T., Black, P. K., Marvin, F. F., & Sak, S. G. (1996). Research with Patriot air defense officers: Examining information order effects. Human Factors, 38(2), 250-261.
[3]. Arback, C. J., Swartz, N., & Kuperman, G. (1987). Evaluating the panoramic cockpit controls and displays system. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 30-36). Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University.
[4]. Carmino, A., Idee, E., Larchier Boulanger, J., & Morlat, G. (1988). Representational errors: Why some may be termed diabolical. In L. P.Goodstein, H. B. Anderson, &
[5]. S. E. Olsen (Eds.), Tasks, errors and mental models (pp. 240-250). London: Taylor and Francis.
[6]. Cohen, M. S., Freeman, J. T., & Wolf, S. (1996). Metarecognition in time-stressed decision making: Recognizing, critiquing, and correcting. Human Factors, 38(2), 206-219.
[7]. Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104(2), 163-191.
[8]. Dominguez, C. (1994). Can SA be defined? In M. Vidulich, C.Dominguez, E. Vogel, &
[9]. G. McMillan (Eds.), Situation awareness: Papers and annotated bibliography (AL/CF- TR-1994-0085) (pp. 5-15). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Armstrong Laboratory.
[10]. Dreyfus, S. E. (1981). Formal models vs. human situational understanding: Inherent limitations on the modeling of business expertise (ORC 81-3). Berkeley: Operations Research Center, University of California.
[11]. Durso, F. T., & Gronlund, S. D. (in press). Situation awareness. In F. T. Durso, R. Nickerson, R. Schvaneveldt, S. Dumais, M. Chi, & S. Lindsay (Eds.), Handbook of applied cognition. New York: Wiley.
[12]. Endsley, M. R. (1987). SAGAT: A methodology for the measurement of situation awareness (NOR DOC 87-83). Hawthorne, CA: Northrop Corporation.
[13]. Endsley, M. R. (1988). Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting (pp. 97-101). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
[14]. Endsley, M. R. (1990a, March). Objective evaluation of situation awareness for dynamic decision makers in teleoperations. Paper presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on Human-Machine Interfaces for Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, Santa Barbara, CA.
[15]. Endsley, M. R. (1990b). Situation awareness in dynamic human decision making: Theory and measurement. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
[16]. Endsley, M. R. (1993a). Situation awareness and workload: Flip sides of the same coin. In
[17]. R. S. Jensen & D. Neumeister (Ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 906-911). Columbus, OH: Department of Aviation, The Ohio State University.
[18]. Endsley, M. R. (1993b). A survey of situation awareness requirements in air-to-air combat fighters. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(2), 157-168.
[19]. Endsley, M. R. (1994). Situation awareness in FAA Airway Facilities Maintenance Control Centers (MCC): Final Report. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University.
[20]. Endsley, M. R. (1995a). Measurement of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 65-84.
[21]. Endsley, M. R. (1995b). A taxonomy of situation awareness errors. In R. Fuller, N. Johnston, & N. McDonald (Eds.), Human Factors in Aviation Operations (pp. 287- 292). Aldershot, England: Avebury Aviation, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
[22]. Endsley, M. R. (1995c). Toward a theory of situation awareness. Human Factors, 37(1), 32-64.
[23]. Endsley, M. R. (1996). Situation awareness measurement in test and evaluation. In T. G. O’Brien & S. G. Charlton (Eds.), Handbook of human factors testing & evaluation (pp. 159-180). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[24]. Endsley, M. R. (1997, April). Communication and situation awareness in the aviation system. Paper presented at the Aviation Communication: A Multi-Cultural Forum, Prescott, AZ.
[25]. Endsley, M. R., & Bolstad, C. A. (1994). Individual differences in pilot situation awareness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 4(3), 241-264.
[26]. Endsley, M. R., English, T. M., & Sundararajan, M. (1997). The modeling of expertise: The use of situation models for knowledge engineering. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 1(2), 119- 136.
[27]. Endsley, M. R., Farley, T. C., Jones, W. M., Midkiff, A. H., & Hansman, R. J. (1998a). Situation awareness information requirements for commercial airline pilots (ICAT-98-1). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology International Center for Air Transportation.
[28]. Endsley, M. R., & Kiris, E. O. (1995). The out-of-the-loop performance problem and level of control in automation. Human Factors, 37(2), 381- 394.
[29]. Endsley, M. R., & Robertson, M. M. (1996). Team situation awareness in aviation maintenance. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 1077-1081). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
[30]. Endsley, M. R., & Rodgers, M. D. (1994). Situation awareness information requirements for en route air traffic control. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting (pp. 71-75). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
[31]. Endsley, M. R., & Rodgers, M. D. (1998). Distribution of attention, situation awareness, and workload in a passive air traffic control task: Implications for operational errors and automation. Air Traffic Control Quarterly, 6(1), 21-44.
[32]. Endsley, M. R., Selcon, S. J., Hardiman, T. D., & Croft, D. G. (1998b). A comparative evaluation of SAGAT and SART for evaluations of situation awareness. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (pp. 82- 86). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
[33]. Endsley, M. R., & Smith, R. P. (1996). Attention distribution and decision making in tactical air combat. Human Factors, 38(2), 232-249.

Shalini Singh, P Rajshekhar Rao “An Analysis on Situational Awareness in Avionics Maintenance” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.148-152 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/148-152.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Prevalence of Metallo-β-lactamase (blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM) Genes among Clinical Isolates from Two Tertiary Hospitals in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Abdulrasheed Babatunde Abdu, Tolulope Olukemi Alade, Oluwayemisi Agnes Olorode, Powei Ayibakeme Joy December 2019 Page No.: 153-162

Background and Objective. One of the major clinical problems regarding β-lactam antibiotics resistance is attributed to metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL), which are group of enzymes that is a subset of beta lactamases belonging to group B of Ambler classification that causes hydrolysis of carbapenems. The study was conducted to verify the prevalence of Metallo β-lactamase (MBL): Active on imipenem (^blaIMP), Verona Integron-Mediated Metallo-β-lactamase(^blaVIM), and the New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase(^blaNDM) among Gram-negative clinical isolates in two tertiary hospitals. Method. 153 clinical specimens were collected from Urine, Wound swabs, Endocervical swabs, High vaginal swabs, Throat swabs, Eye swab and Ear swabs. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing wasperformed by conventional disk diffusion method andMBL-phenotypic detection was uncovered by standard bacteriological techniques, the MBL genes were amplified using pre-determined conditions set on an AB19700 Applied Bio-system thermal cycler. Results. Bacterial isolates (n = 99) were isolated from the clinical samples, of which 25 (25.3%), 14 (14.1%), 3 (3%), 37 (37.4%), 17 (17.2%) and 3 (3%) were E. coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and Streptococcus spp, isolates respectively. The susceptibility pattern of the Gram negative isolates revealed that resistance were 87.34%, 82.28%, 75.95%, 72.15%, 68.35%, 65.58%, 64.46%, 63.29%, 58.23% and 56.96% to Nalidixic acid, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Co-trimoxazole, Cefuroxime, Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Pefloxacin, Streptomycin and Ofloxacin respectively. Eight species were identified as MBL producerby Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Gene VIM with 6(75%) was the predominant gene, followed by NDM gene with 2(25%) among the positive species. No IMP gene was detected. Four (66.67%) of the VIM were detected among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while 1(16.67%) each were detected among E. coli andKlebsiella spp.The two (100%) of the NDM were detected among the klebsiellaspp.isolates. Conclusion. ^blaVIM, ^blaNDM are present in some of our hospitals isolates and are associated with multiple drug resistance. There is need for proper infectious control measures should be taken in-order to prevent outbreaks of MBL-producing Gram negative bacterial isolated in our environment.

Page(s): 153-162

Date of Publication: 11 January 2020

Abdulrasheed Babatunde Abdu
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa-State, Nigeria
Tolulope Olukemi Alade
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa-State, Nigeria
Oluwayemisi Agnes Olorode
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa-State, Nigeria
Powei Ayibakeme Joy
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa-State, Nigeria

References

[1] Livermore DM, Warner M, Mushtaq S, Doumith M, Zhang J, Woodford N. What remains against carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae? Evaluation of chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, fosfomycin, minocycline, nitrofurantoin, temocillin and tigecycline. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:415–24.
[2] Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). Facility guidance for control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Atlanta: United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2015.
[3] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control-ECDC. Rapid risk assessment-carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Stockholm: ECDC; 2016.
[4] European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). EU summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013. EFSA J. 2015;13:4036
[5] Nordmann P, Dortet L, Poirel L. Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: here is the storm! Trends Mol Med. 2012;18(5):263–72.
[6] Nordmann P, Poirel L, Walsh TR, Livermore DM. The emerging NDM carbapenemases. Trends Microbiol. 2011;19:588–95.
[7] Maveyraud L, Mourey L, Kotra LP, Pedelacq J, Guillet V, Mobashery S, Samama J. Structural basis for clinical longevity of carbapenem antibiotics in the face of challenge by the common class A β-lactamases from the antibiotic resistant bacteria. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1998;120:9748–9752.
[8] Nukaga M, Bethel CR, Thomson JM, Hujer AM, Distler A, Anderson VE, Knox JR, Bonomo RA. Inhibition of class A β-lactamases by carbapenems: Crystallographic observation of two conformations of meropenem in SHV-1. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2008;130:12656–12662.
[9] Fallah F, Taherpour A, Vala MH, Hashemi A. Global spread of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1(NDM-1), Iran. J. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011;6(4):171–177.
[10] Rahmati M, Roodsari, F. Fallah, A. Taherpour, M. HakemiV, Hashemi A. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria and laboratory detection methods. Arch. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 2013;1(4):188–191.
[11] Woodford N, Wareham DW, Guerra B, Teale C. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and non-Enterobacteriaceae from animals and the environment: an emerging public health risk of our own making? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;69:287–91.
[12] Patel G, Bonomo RA. “Stormy waters ahead”: global emergence of carbapenemases. Front Microbiol. 2013. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00048.
[13] Queenan AM, Bush K. Carbapenemases: the versatile lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(23):440–58.
[14] Ambler RP, Coulson AFW, Frere JM, Ghuysen JM, Joris B, Forsman M, Levesque RC, Tiraby G, Waley SG. A standard numbering scheme for the class A beta lactamases. Biochem J. 1991;276:269–70.
[15] Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated functional classification of β-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010; 54:969–976. doi:10.1128/AAC.01009-09.
[16] Hattie EW, Bugarel M, Bakker HC, Nightingale KK, Granier SA, Scott MH, Loneragan GH. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria recovered from faeces of dairy cattle in the high plains region of the USA. PLOS ONE. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147363.
[17] Mollenkopf DF, Stull JW, Mathys DA, Bowman AS, Feicht SM, Grooters SV, Daniels JB, Wittum TE. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae recovered from the environment of a swine farrow-to-finish operation in the United States. Am Soc MicrobiolAntimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;61:e01298-16.
[18] Bush K, Fisher JF. Epidemiological expansion, structural studies, and clinical challenges of new beta-lactamases from gram-negative bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2011;65:455–78.
[19] Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:355–62.
[20] Poirel L, Walsh TR, Cuvillier V, Nordman P. Multiplex PCR for detection of acquired carbapenemase genes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;70:119-123.
[21] Bebrone, C. Metallo-β-Lactamases (Classification, Activity, Genetic Organization, Structure, Zinc Coordination) and Their Superfamily. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007;74, 1686-1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2007.05.021
[22] Lee Y, Kim CK, Lee H, Jeong SH, Yong D, Lee K. A novel insertion sequence, ISAba10, inserted into ISAba1 adjacent to the bla(OXA-23) gene and disrupting the outer membrane protein gene carO in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(1):361–363. doi:10.1128/AAC.01672-09
[23] Adelowo OO, Vollmers J, Mäusezahl I, Kaster AK, Müller JA. Detection of the carbapenemase gene blaVIM-5 in members of the Pseudomonas putida group isolated from polluted Nigerian wetlands. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):15116. Published 2018 Oct 11. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33535-3
[24] Zubair KO, Iregbu KC. Resistance Pattern and Detection of Metallo-beta-lactamase Genes in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Central Nigeria Tertiary Hospital. Niger J Clin Pract2018;21:176-82.
[25] Uwaezuoke NS, Kieffer N, Iregbu KC, Nordmann P. First report of OXA-181 and NDM-1 from a clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Nigeria. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2017;61:1–2. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.05.004.
[26] Mohammed Y, Zailani SB, Onipede AO. Characterisation of KPC, NDM and VIM type carbapenems resistance Enterobacteriaceae from North Eastern Nigeria. J. Biosci. Med. 2015;3:100–107.
[27] Olaitan AO, Berrazeg M, Fagade OE, Adelowo OO, Alli JA, Rolain JM. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemase, Nigeria. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2013;17:e469–e470. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.008
[28] Washington W, Stephen A, William J, Elmer K, Gary P, Paul SG. Processing specimen. In: Koneman’sColor Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 27-39.
[29] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Twenty-ninth Information Supplement, 2019; 39(1), M100: 1-320
[30] Ghamgosha M, Shahrekizahedani S, Kafilzadeh F, Bameri Z, Taheri RA, Farnoosh G. Metallo-beta-Lactamase VIM-1, SPM-1, and IMP-1 Genes Among Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Species Isolated in Zahedan, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(4):e17489. Published 2015 Apr 18. doi:10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.17489
[31] Akujobi CO, Odu NN, Okorondu SI. Detection of Amp C $-lactamases in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella. Afr. J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol. 2012;13: 51-55.
[32] Slama KB, Jouini A, Sallem RB, Somalo S, Saenz Y, et al. Prevalence of broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in food samples in Tunisia and characterization of integrons and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms implicated. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2010;137: 281-286.
[33] Usha PTA, Jose S, Nisha AR, Antimicrobial drug resistance: A global concern. Vet. World, 2010;3: 138-139.
[34] Bergenholtz RD, Jorgensen MS, Hansen LH, Jensen LB, Hasman H. Characterization of genetic determinants of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporinases (ESCs) in Escherichia coli isolates from Danish and imported poultry meat. J. Antimicrobial. Chemother. 2009;64: 207-209.
[35] Albinu I, Nwanneka T, Odugbemi T. Occurrence of ESBL and MBL in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Lagos, Nigeria. J. Am. Sci. 2007;3: 81-85.
[36] Patzer JA, Dzierzanowska D. Increase of imipenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from a Polish paediatric hospital (1993-2002). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;29(2):153–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.044.
[37] Sunagawa M, Kanazawa K, Nouda H. [Antipseudomonal activity of carbapenem antibiotics]. Jpn J Antibiot. 2000;53(7):479–511.
[38] Adam MA, Elhag WI. Prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase acquired genes among carbapenems susceptible and resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates using multiplex PCR, Khartoum hospitals, Khartoum Sudan. BMC Infect Dis 2018;18: 668. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3581-z
[39] Aghamiri S, Amirmozafari N, FallahMehrabadi J, Fouladtan B, Samadi KH. Antibiotic resistance pattern and evaluation of Metallo-Beta lactamase genes including Bla-IMP and Bla-VIM types in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients in Tehran hospitals. ISRN Microbiol. 2014;2014:941507.
[40] Anoar KA, Ali FA, Omer SA. Detection of metallo β-lactamase enzyme in some gram negative bacteria isolated from burn patients in Sulaimani city, iraq. European Sci J 2014;10: 458– 496.
[41] Olowo-okere A, Abdullahi M A ,Ladidi BK , Suleiman S, Tanko N, Ungokore HY, et al. Emergence of Metallo-B-Lactamase Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Hospital with no History of Carbapenem usage in Northwest Nigeria. Ife J Sci. 2019;21(2):323-331.
[42] Alade T, Abdu AR, Mirabeau T. Detection of Quinolone resistance genes (QNR A, B & S) in Klebsiella spp., isolates from Clinical samples in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Int J Sci Res. 2018;7(8):26-29.
[43] Abdu AR, Mirabeau YT. Prevalence of qnr Genes among Multidrug Resistance Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical Isolates. J Adv Med Med Res. 2019; 30(10):1-10. DOI: 10.9734/JAMMR/2019/v30i1030245
[44] Abdu AR, Egbagba J, Fente BG. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacterial pathogens isolated from wound infections in a tertiary hospital, Bayelsa South southern, Nigeria. Trop J Path Micro. 2019;5(12):966-975. doi:10.17511/ jopm.2019.i12.01
[45] Olowo-okere A, Ibrahim Y K E, Olayinka BO. Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum â-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacterial isolates from surgical wounds of patients at a hospital in North Central Nigeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018;14: 85–89.
[46] Ibrahim Y, Sani Y, Saleh Q, Saleh A. Phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase and carbapenemase co-producing clinical isolates from two tertiary hospitals in Kano, North West Nigeria. Ethiop. J. Health Sci. 2017; 27(1): 3–10.
[47] Okeke IN., Edelman R. Dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria across geographic borders. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33: 364–369.
[48] Leangapichart T, Rolain J, Memish Z A, Altawfiq JA, Gautret P. Emergence of drug resistant bacteria at the Hajj: A systematic review. Travel Med Infect Di. 2017;18: 3–17.
[49] Potter RF, Alaric WD, Dantas G. The rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Drug Resistance Updat. 2016;29: 30-46.
[50] Mereuţă AI, Bădescu AC, Dorneanu OS, Iancu LS, Tuchiluş CG. Spread of VIM-2 metallo-beta-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolatesfrom Iasi, Romania. RevistaRomânădeMedicinădeLaborator. 2013;21(12):423–30.
[51] Amudhan MS, Sekar U, Kamalanathan A, Balaraman S. Bla-IMP and Bla-VIM mediated carpabenem resistance in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacer species in India. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012;6(11):757–62.
[52] Nelly M, Raafat M, Raafat D. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of MBLs in imipenem-resistance A.baumanii isolates from a tertiary hospital in Alexandria, Egypt. Egypt Res J Microbiol. 2011;6(10):750–60s
[53] Saderi H, Zohreh K, Parviz O, Bahar MA, Baghr SM. Phenotypic Detection of Metallo-beta-lactamase Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burned patients. Iran J Pathol. 2008;3 (1): 20-24.
[54] Tanzinah N, Shariful AJ, Lovely B, Ashraful JH. Metallo-ß-lactamase Producing Pseudomonas species in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Dhaka City. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol. 2010;4 (1): 43-45
[55] Chika E, Charles E, Ifeanyichukwu I, Okeh ID, Malachy U, Chika E, et al. Molecular Identification of MBL Genes blaIMP-1 and blaVIM-1 in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Abattoir by Multiplex PCR Technique. Res. J. Microbiol. 2017;12: 266-273. doi: 10.3923/jm.2017.266.273
[56] Logan LK, Bonomo RA. Metallo-β-Lactamase (MBL)-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in United States Children. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016 May 5;3(2):ofw090. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofw090. PMID: 27419164; PMCID: PMC4943557.
[57] Okoche D, Asiimwe BB, Katabazi FA, Kato L, Najjuka CF. Prevalence and characterization of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. PLoS One. 2015;10(8): e0135745. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135745.
[58] Mushi MF. Carbapenems-resistance determining genes among multidrug resistance gram-negative bacterial clinical isolates, in Tanzania (Master’s thesis) (internet) University of Makerere; 2013.
[59] Zafer MM, Al-Agamy NH, El-Mahallawy HA, Amin MA, Ashour MS. Antimicrobial resistance pattern and their β-lactamase encoding genes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cancer patients. Bio Med Research Int. 2014;e101635:2014.
[60] Lee K, Park AJ, Kim MY, Lee HJ, Cho JH, Kang JO, et al. Metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas spp. in Korea: high prevalence of isolates with VIM-2 type and emergence of isolates with IMP-1 type. Yonsei Med J. 2009;50(3):335–9. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2009.50.3.335.lin Pract2018;21:176-82.

Abdulrasheed Babatunde Abdu, Tolulope Olukemi Alade, Oluwayemisi Agnes Olorode, Powei Ayibakeme Joy “Prevalence of Metallo-β-lactamase (^blaIMP, ^blaVIM, and ^blaNDM) Genes among Clinical Isolates from Two Tertiary Hospitals in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.153-162 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/153-162.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Study on Soil pH, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter along Gamboru Ngala Road in Bornostate, Nigeria

Aida Mohammed Kajima, Babagana Kolo, Jamila Musa Amshi, Amina Garba Muhammad, Nusirat Ayeni M December 2019 Page No.: 163-173

This study was aim at assessing the level of pH and organic matter in agricultural environment along Gamboru Ngala LGA in Borno state of Nigeria. Soil samples of varying depth 2000 metre) were collected in five local governments along Gamboru Ngala Road Borno state. At each of the sample sites, roadside soil were collected for a period of three months, at different distance from the edge of the main road 30, 60 and 90metre as well as varying depth of 0-5cm, 5-10cm and 10-15cm respectively, 200 metres serves as control points. pH, organic matter and organic carbon were determined using standard procedures. Mean pH value was showed in Jere at ranged between 6. 33 – 7.77. The organic matter varies considerably from 0.12 to 2.17% within the sampled area, while electrical conductivity ranged between 0.03 to 1.76mscm^-1. the mean value of electrical conductivity (EC mscm^-1), and percentage of Organic carbon and Organic matter with respect to distance and depth from the road within Marte L.G.A in Borno state. The mean value of electrical conductivity (EC mscm^-1) ranged between 0.07 to 1.2mscm^-1, organic carbon 0.5 to 0.8% and organic matter 0.8 to 1.4%. Figure 4.2.3 present the mean value of electrical conductivity (EC mscm^-1), and percentage of Organic carbon and Organic matter with respect to distance and depth from the road within Dikwa L.G.A in Borno state. The mean value of electrical conductivity (EC mscm^-1) ranged between 0.04 to 0.3mscm^-1, organic carbon 0.1 to 0.3% and organic matter 0.2 to 0.6%. Figure 4.2.4 present the mean value of electrical conductivity (EC mscm^-1), and percentage of Organic carbon and Organic matter with respect to distance and depth from the road within Jere L.G.A in Borno state. The mean value of electrical conductivity (EC mscm^-1) ranged between 0.04 to 0.4mscm^-1, organic carbon 0.1 to 0.5% and organic matter 0.2 to 0.8%. Figure 4.2.5 present the mean value of electrical conductivity (EC mscm^-1), and percentage of Organic carbon and Organic matter with respect to distance and depth from the road within Mafa L.G.A in Borno state. The mean value of electrical conductivity (EC mscm^-1) ranged between 0.2 to 1.7mscm^-1, organic carbon 0.3 to 0.5% and organic matter 0.5 to 1.0%.

Page(s): 163-173

Date of Publication: 13 January 2020

Aida Mohammed Kajima
Department of Midwifery, Shehu Sule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
Babagana Kolo
Department of Midwifery, Shehu Sule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
Jamila Musa Amshi
Department of Midwifery, Shehu Sule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
Amina Garba Muhammad
Department of Midwifery, Shehu Sule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
Nusirat Ayeni M
Department of Midwifery, Shehu Sule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria

References

[1] Adefolalu, A.A. (1980). Transport and rural integrated development in: proceedings of the national Conference on: Integrated Rrual Dev., Wiomen Dev., 1:294 – 299.
[2] Banerjee, A. D. K. (2003). Heavy metal levels and solid phase specialization in street dust of Delhi, Indian. Environmental pollution, 123, pp. 95-105.
[3] Botkin, D.B. and Keller, E.A. (1995). Environmental science earth as a living plant (1st Ed. And 2nd Ed). Pp454-555
[4] Chaney, R.L. Basta, N. and Ryan, J.A. (2003). Environmental chemistry http://toxnet.nfrn.nih.gov/toxnet.nlm.nih.gov.retrived on 26 Aug 2010
[5] De Kimple, C.R. and More, J.F. (2000). Urban soil management: a growing concern. Soil Sci.165: 31 – 40.
[6] Francek, M.A. (1992). Soil lend levels in a small environment: a case study from Mt. pleasant.Michingan.Environ. Pollut J. 76:251 – 257.
[7] George Aiken (2002). United States of America, Unite3d States geological Survey, Organic Matter in Ground Water. http://water.users.gov/orw/pubs/ofr0289/ga_organic.htm retrieved on 1 May 2007.
[8] Grace N. (2004). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of food crops and vegetables form motor vehicle emissions in Kampala City. Uganda Department of Botany Makerere University, Kampala, A technical report submitted to IDRC-AGROPOLIS.
[9] Gray, C.W. Mclaren, R.G. and Roberts A.H.C. (2003). Atmospheric accessions of heavy metals some New Zewalnd pastoral soils Sci. Total Environ, 305: 105 – 115
[10] GreenFacts (2007). “Natural organic matter” [11] James, R. Bethany R. and Knorr (2004). Colby College. Hsiotry of the Clean Air Act. American Meteorologcial Society. Retived on 14 Feb., 2006.
[12] Jaradat, Q.M. and Momani, K.A. (1999). Contamination of roadsise soil, plants and air with heavy metals in Jordan a comparative study. Turk. J. Chem. 23:209-220.
[13] Lagerwerff, J.V. and Specht, A.W. (1970). Contamination of roadside soil and vegetation with Cadmium, Nickel, Lead and Zinc. Eviron Sci. Technol 4:583 – 586.
[14] Li, X.D. Poon, C.S. and Pui, S.I. (2001). Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong App. Geochem 16:1361 – 1368.
[15] Mateu, J., Porteza, R., Cerda V. and Colom-altes, M. (1995). Comparison of various methods of the determination of inorganic species in airborne atmospheric particulates. Water Air, Soil Polut 84:61 – 79.
[16] Mathieu, C. and Pirltain F. (2003). Chemical analysis of soils. Selcted methods. France. 387.
[17] Milford, H.B. McGraw A.J.E and Nixon K.J. (2001) New South Wales Department of Land and Water Conservation Resource Information Systems Group. Parramatta, pdf.pp 30 – 32.
[18] Otte M. Bestebroar, S.J. Linden, Vander, J,M. Rozema J. and Broekman R.A. (1991). A survey of zinc copper and cadmium concentrations in salt marsh plants along the Dutch coast Environ Pollute 72:175 – 189.
[19] Patricia M.F. (2003). Planet Green. Soil Science New Zealand Institute for crops and food research.
[20] Radjevic, M. and Bashkin, V.N. (1999). Practical environmental Anslsyis (1st Ed) The Royal society of chemistry Cambridge, U.K. pp. 466.
[21] Sakagami K.I. Eamada, R. and Kurobe, T. (1982). Heavy metal contents dust fall and soil of the national park for nature study in Tokoyo. Mitteeilungen der deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gessellscaft, 33:59 – 66.
[22] Soil survey Division staff “soil survey manual (1993) chapter 3 selected chemical properties. Soil conservation service US Department of Agriculture Hand Book 18, (2003).

Aida Mohammed Kajima, Babagana Kolo, Jamila Musa Amshi, Amina Garba Muhammad, Nusirat Ayeni M “Study on Soil pH, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter along Gamboru Ngala Road in Bornostate, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.163-173 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/163-173.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Impact of Search Engine Marketing Towards Customer Purchase Behavior

Ambuli Velayudham, Surendher Rose December 2019 Page No.: 174-176

This article summarizes impact of search engine marketing towards consumer purchase. It explains the use of search engines and provides better information to the consumers. SEM also helps an organization to gain return over investments (ROI) by enabling proper search engine marketing strategies. In this study total 18 questionnaires were distributed among professionals, students and got back response from 116 respondents. To analyze the objectives of brand recognition based on the order of search results, influence of respondents search skill while making purchase decision and to identify the products preferred by the consumer for online purchase the following statistical tools are used such as chi square, correlation analysis and Percentage analysis. The study identifies that the display order of search engine results are influenced for making purchase decision. Further, there is relationship between internet searcher skills towards purchase behavior more favorably. Paper also finds that people tend to refer search engine for detailed information and hardly prefer to purchase electronic goods.

Page(s): 174-176

Date of Publication: 13 January 2020

Ambuli Velayudham
Department of Management Studies, Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Surendher Rose
Department of Management Studies, Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

References

[1] Engel J.F, Kollat D.T., Blackwell R.D.: Consumer Behavior; New York; 1973; pp.58
[2] Rice R. E., Mccreadie M., Chang pp. L.: Accessing and browsing -Information and communication; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2001; pp. 4.
[3] Stigler G: The economics of Information; „Journal of Political Economy”; 1961; 69; pp. 213-225
[4] Punj G.N., Staelin R.: A Model of Consumer Information Search Behavior for New Automobiles; „Journal of Consumer Research”; 1983; 9; pp. 366-380
[5] Srivinsan N., Ratchford B.: An Empirical Test of a Model of External Search for Automobiles; „Journal of Consumer Research”; 1991; 18; pp. 233-242
[6] Bettman J. R., Johnson E., Payne J.: Consumer decision making, Handbook of Consumer Behavior, Prentice-Hall, 1991, pp. 107-110.
[7] Bettman J.R., Park C.W.: Effects of Prior Knowledge and Experience and Phases of the Choice process on Consumer Decision Processes: A Protocol Analysis. “Journal of Consumer Research”; vol. 7; 1980; pp.234-248
[8] Klein L.R.: Evaluating the Potential of Interactive Media Thorugh a New Lens: Search versus Experience Goods; “Journal of Business Research”; Vol. 41; 1998; pp. 195-203

Ambuli Velayudham, Surendher Rose “Impact of Search Engine Marketing Towards Customer Purchase Behavior” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.174-176 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/174-176.pdf

For Full Text Click here

A Study on Late Antenatal Booking and Its Predictors among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at the Women and Children Hospital, Damaturu North East Nigeria

Nusirat Ayeni M., Hindatu Baba Machina, Aisha Saidu, Aida Mohammed Kajima December 2019 Page No.: 177-183

A field experiment was conducted in 2018 to evaluate and late antenatal booking and its predictors among women attending children and women hospital Damaturu in Yobe state. A convenience sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. All pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the institution within the period of the data collection and who are willing to participate was used for the study. A self-developed questionnaire comprising of 23 questions was administered to willing pregnant women. The questionnaire constructed by the researcher was reviewed by medical expert to ensure validity while a few samples of the questionnaire (5 copies) were distributed to some respondents before actual distribution to ensure its reliability. The results reveal that, greater percentages of women (87.2%) were happy about their pregnancy and are likely to book earlier than those who were indifferent or sad about their pregnancy. The incidence of late booking is likely to be higher in women who had no problems in previous pregnancy. Women who were ill prior to booking will be likely to book earlier than those who had no illness. Likewise, a greater percentage of the women (56.7%) who were encouraged to book early by their husbands will be likely to book earlier. Those whose homes were located far from the health facility (63.3%) are likely to book later than those whose homes were located close to the health center, 21 (14%) of the population believe that early booking has no advantage, 18(12%) however were ignorant of the fact that they were to register earlier, while17 (11.3%) did not want the pregnancy to be known too soon in public. A few percentage of the population 14(9.3%) claimed they were seeing health worker at home before coming to register for antenatal care while 18(12%) felt it just wasn’t the right time for them to book. 18(12%) however did not envisage any problems in the first trimester, hence there was no need to book earlier while a few percentage 25(16.6%) simply wanted to gain more strength before commencing booking as they felt weak always.

Page(s): 177-183

Date of Publication: 15 January 2020

Nusirat Ayeni M.
Department of Midwifery, ShehuSule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
Hindatu Baba Machina
Department of Midwifery, ShehuSule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
Aisha Saidu
Department of Midwifery, ShehuSule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
Aida Mohammed Kajima
Department of Midwifery, ShehuSule College of Nursing and Midwifery Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria

References

[1] AdekanleD. A, Isawumi A. I., 2008. Late Antenatal Care Booking and Its Predictors Among Pregnant Women In South Western Nigeria, Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences Vol. 7 Issue 1(4): 1-6
[2] Ebeigbe&Igberase., 2010.Reasons Given by Pregnant Women for Late Initiation of Antenatal Care in the Niger Delta, NigeriaGhana Med J. Jun; 44(2): 47–51.
[3] Ebeigbe P N, Igberase GO., 2005. Antenatal Care: A comparison of demographic and Obstetric Characteristics of early and late attendees in the Niger delta, Nigeria. MedSciMonit. ;11(11):529–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[4] Gharoro EP, Igbafe A.A., 2000. Antenatal care: some characteristics of the booking visit in a major Teaching hospital in the developing world. Med SciMonit. ;6(3):519–522. [PubMed] [Google Schola
[5] Kisuule I, Kaye DK, Najjuka F, Ssematimba SK, Arinda A, Nakitende G, et al.2013 Timing and reasons for coming late for the first antenatal care visit by pregnant women at Mulago hospital, Kampala Uganda, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 13:121.
[6] Mikhail .C., Curry, M. A., 1999.Perceived Impediments to Prenatal care among low Income women. West Journal Nursing Research, Vol., 235-55 21
[7] Nwana, O.C. Principle and method of Nursing Research 6th edition, Batman press,lagos demark 2001 ,pp42-46
[8] Okunlola MA, Ayinde OA, Omigbodun AO, Owonikoko KM (2008).Factors influencing gestational age at antenatal booking at theUniversity College Hospital, Ibadan, Journal of Obstetrics andGynaecology, 26(3):195-197.
[9] Perumal N, Cole DC, Ouédraogo HZ, et al. Health and nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women attending and not-attending ANC clinics in Western Kenya: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Preg Child birth, 2013; 13:1
[10] Sibeko and Moodley J, Health care attendances pattern by pregnant women in Durban South Africa 2006, University of Kwazula-Natal, Durban Sourth Africa
[11] Vicar and Maputle, Antenatal care, Myles Textbooks for midwives, London, pp 237
[12] WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO): Antenatal care situations and trends. 2011

Nusirat Ayeni M., Hindatu Baba Machina, Aisha Saidu, Aida Mohammed Kajima “A Study on Late Antenatal Booking and Its Predictors among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at the Women and Children Hospital, Damaturu North East Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.177-183 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/177-183.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Design and Construction of a 10kVA, 220Volts Constant Voltage Transformer for Line Voltage Conditioning

Aminu Alhaji Abdulhamid December 2019 Page No.: 184-190

This paper presents the Design and Implementation of a Single-Phase, 220 volts, 10kVA, Constant Voltage (ferro-resonant) Transformer for Single-Phase AC Voltage Conditioning. The design approach adopts the use of traditional design calculations and modeling methods for the design and selection of various transformer parameters, as well as peripheral components. Design-specified pre-fabricated, transformers of differing parameters were connected into a non-linear unit to passively provide voltage regulation through ferro-resonance. Through perfect flux limiting, the prototype was able to provide extremely stable voltage regulation, even at relatively high supply frequency swings. Test results for a supply voltage of 220v, at 50Hz (±2%), indicate good output voltage conditioning over a wide range of nominal input voltage variation (±20% or 90 volts approximately). Some salient features of this prototype include; very high reliability due to the absence of semiconductor or moving parts, simplicity of operation due to absence of feedback control, intrinsic current limiting and short circuit protection, energy storage for line loss up to main 3ms at typical load to ensure ride-through capabilities, short-term over load capacity, etc. The research findings provide footprint solutions to the most common Electric Power quality problems at both Utility and Consumer ends.

Page(s): 184-190

Date of Publication: 15 January 2020

Aminu Alhaji Abdulhamid
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology, Nasarawa State Polytechnic, Lafia, Nigeria

References

[1] Oluwasegun A. S., (2014), The Erratic Electric Power Supply in Nigeria: Causes and Remedy. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726 www.ijesi.org Volume 3 Issue 7ǁ July 2014 ǁ PP.51-55 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303544564/ [Accessed March 23, 2017].
[2] Advisory Power Team (APT) (2015) Nigeria Power Baseline Report A Publication of the Advisory Power Team, Office of the Vice President in conjunction with Power Africa. 3–6 Retrieved from: mypower.ng/downloads/baseline-report.
[3] Szcześniak P. (2017), A Modeling of AC Voltage Stabilizer based on a Hybrid Transformer with Matrix Converter. Archives of Electrical EngineeringVOL. 66(2), pp. 371-382. DOI: 10.1515/aee-2017-0028
[4] Briggs N., (2014) Advance Electronics Ltd, Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) or Automatic Voltage Stabiliser (AVS)? Available from: www.aelgroup.co.uk/pdf/wp cvtavs.pdf [Accessed March 20, 2017]
[5] Mendis N.N.R, Yatiyana E.M.M.B, Wijesinghe K.C, Lucas J.R and Perera R., (2006) “Design and Implementation of a Constant Voltage Transformer.First International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2006, 8 – 11 August 2006, Sri Lanka Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4248375 [Accessed: March 23, 2017]

Aminu Alhaji Abdulhamid “Design and Construction of a 10kVA, 220Volts Constant Voltage Transformer for Line Voltage Conditioning” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.184-190 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/184-190.pdf

For Full Text Click here

Integrating Geospatial and CCTV Technologies for Security and Safety Monitoring in Lokoja Metropolis, Nigeria

Thomas .U. Omali, Kebiru Umoru, Friday .A. Akoh, Fidelis .U. Chekani December 2019 Page No.: 191-196

Rapid advancement in technology and the desire for security and safety in cities have resulted in a significant number of monitoring tools in contemporary time. One of the most practical tools for metropolitan monitoring is the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) imaging, which is widely used to generate and update real-time features through surveillance. The current study aims at the integration of geospatial and closed circuit television (CCTV) for monitoring security and safety situations in Lokoja metropolis. Spatial analysis was used to determine suitable locations of CCTV cameras. With the advantages of GIS in geographical space, the system is useful in accomplishing spatiotemporal management of the numerous cameras and its data. The spatial distribution and monitoring range of the CCTV cameras are presented on the GIS map. Also, the layout densities of the cameras as well as other important information are provided in geospatial database. Furthermore, merging the road network and the locations of cameras enhances the system’s capacity to obtain accurate topological connection between cameras, as well as other features of interest.

Page(s): 191-196

Date of Publication: 15 January 2020

Thomas .U. Omali
National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria
Kebiru Umoru
Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria
Friday .A. Akoh
National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria
Fidelis .U. Chekani
Department of Computer Science, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeri

References

[1]. Tiwari, A., Jain, K. (2015). Semantically Enriched Vision of Smart City. ArcIndia News 9:30-31. available from esriindiacom
[2]. Buttyá,L.; Gessner, D.; Hessler, A.; Langendoerfer, P. (2010). Application of wireless sensor networks in critical infrastructure protection: Challenges and design options (Security and privacy in emerging wireless networks). IEEE Wirel. Commun., 17, 44–49.
[3]. Hier, S.P., Greenberg, J., Walby, K., Lett, D. (2007). Media, communication and the establishment of public camera surveillance programmes in Canada. Media, Culture & Society, 29, 727–751.
[4]. Goold, B., Loader, I., Thumala, A. (2013). The banality of security: The curious case of surveillance cameras. Brit. J. Criminol., 53, 977–996.
[5]. Norris, C. and M. McCahill, 2006. CCTV beyond penal modernism? Brit. J. Criminol., 46: 97-118.
[6]. Teague, C., Green, L., Leith, D. Watching me watching you: The use of CCTV to support safer work places for public transport transit offices. In Proceedings of Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference, Canberra, Australia, 9 July, 2010.
[7]. Farrington, D.P., Gill, M. Waples, S. Argomaniz, J. (2007). The effects of closed-circuit television on crime, meta-analysis of an English National quasiexperimental multi-site evaluation. J. Exp. Criminol., 3, 21–38.
[8]. Williams, D., (2008). Effective CCTV and the challenge of constructing legitimate suspicion using remote visual images. J. Invest. Psychol. Offender Profiling, 4(2), 97–107.
[9]. Welsh, B.C., Farrington, D.P. (2009). Public area CCTV and crime prevention: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Justice Q., 26, 716–745.
[10]. Iqbal, M.U. (2010). Samsung lim, privacy Implications of automated GPS tracking and profiling, IEEE Technol soc mag , 29(2), 39-46.
[11]. Caplan, J.M., Kennedy, L.W., Petrossian, G. (2011). Police-monitored CCTV cameras in Newark, NJ: A quasi-experimental test of crime deterrence. J. Exp. Criminol. 2011, 7, 255–274.
[12]. McLean, S.J., Worden, R.E., Kim, M.S. (2013). Here’s Looking at You: An evaluation of public CCTV cameras and their effects on crime and disorder. Crim. Justice Rev., 38, 303–334.
[13]. Khalifa, O.O., Chebil, J., Abdullah, A., Hameed, S. (2011). Ethical issues in monitoring and based tracking systems. IIUM Engineering J., 12(5),
[14]. Pribadi, A., Kurniawan, F., Hariadi, M., Mardi, S., Nugroho, S. (2017). Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods. 2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Application,
[15]. Yabuta, K., Kitazawa, H. Optimum Camera Placement Considering Camera Specification for Security Monitoring. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, WA, USA, 18–21 May 2008; 2114–221
[16]. Liu, J., Sridharan, S., Member, S., Fookes, C. (2014). Optimal camera planning under versatile user constraints in multi-camera image processing systems. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 23, 171–184.
[17]. Audu, E. B. (2012c). A descriptive analysis of rainfall for agricultural planning in Lokoja Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(12), 850 – 855.
[18]. National Population Commission (1991). Final Results of Population Census of Nigeria.
[19]. National Population Commission (2006). Final Results of Population Census of Nigeri

Thomas .U. Omali, Kebiru Umoru, Friday .A. Akoh, Fidelis .U. Chekani “Integrating Geospatial and CCTV Technologies for Security and Safety Monitoring in Lokoja Metropolis, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science -IJRIAS vol.4 issue 12 December 2019, pp.191-196 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/Vol.4&Issue12/191-196.pdf

For Full Text Click here

About RSIS International

Publication Method

Conference

Join Our Team

Contact Us

About RSIS International

Publication Method

Conference

Join Our Team

Contact Us

IJRIAS

IJRIAS

Copyright © 2024 RSIS International

About RSIS International

Publication Method

Conference

Join Our Team

Contact Us

About RSIS International

Publication Method

Conference

Join Our Team

Contact Us

GET OUR MONTHLY NEWSLETTER

Subscribe to Our Newsletter

Sign up for our newsletter, to get updates regarding the Call for Paper, Papers & Research.