A black hole attack is a place in computer networking whereby incoming and outgoing traffic are silently discarded or dropped without notifying the source that the data sent was unable to reach its destination. A highly successfully black hole attack can prevent all data from reaching its destination and are undetectable. This attack is a significant threat to any wireless Ad-hoc Network because it causes isolation in the Network and does that untraced. The aim of this research work focus on minimizing black hole attack in wireless Ad-hoc Network. To do this, the effect of black hole attack on wireless Ad-hoc Network in terms of packet delivery ratio was first determined. This was done by comparing the packet delivery ratio when intrusion detection system was activated and when it was not activated. Next was to reduce the rate of packet loss as a result of black hole attack this was achieved by generating a packet transmission scheme, which will enable the nodes to gain authentication in the network before packets will be sent to them, thereby reducing the rate of packet loss. After this an intrusion detection system was implemented in all the node. Then a sequence number model and Wi-Fi mini point adapter method was used in modeling intrusion detection system and the corresponding throughput was achieved by calculating the amount of data transferred from source to destination in a given amount of time. All the above work was performed by simulation using PHP-MYSQL and MATLAB. The results obtained showed that the packet loss in ad-hoc wireless network under attack was reduced by 1% when compared by the work done by other researchers.
Page(s): 01-06 Date of Publication: 07 May 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7401Download PDF
A mobile application, sometimes known as an app, is a form of software designed to operate on a mobile device such as a mobile phone or tablet and is commonly used to deliver user services similar to those accessible on PCs. Mobile applications have become an important part of our lives, allowing us to communicate with people all over the world while sitting at home. However, these applications do more than just connect people; they also provide information, entertainment, and a way to learn new things at any time and from any location. Mobile application testing is very important before releasing any apps. However, since multimode mobile platforms such as handsets, smartphones, tablets, pads, and wearable electronics are now available, various device fragmentations, iOS platforms, and various customer specifications, mobile application testing has recently become incredibly challenging. This article provides an overview of several mobile testing approaches as well as the most recent mobile app testing challenges. In addition, we provide a testing cycle in which mobile apps are sent to clients for feedback. In this article, we also performed a survey of current mobile app users on various bugs in real-world mobile applications, which will be used as a factor in future development.
Page(s): 07-13 Date of Publication: 07 May 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7402Download PDF
This paper introduces the Weighted Inverse Weibull distribution as inverse weighting of the Inverse Weibull distribution. Its various basic statistical properties were explicitly derived and the method of maximum likelihood estimation was used in estimating the model parameters. The model was applied to two real life data sets and its performance and flexibility was assessed with respect to existing distribution using the log-likelihood and Akaike Information Criteria as basis for judgment.
Page(s): 14-19 Date of Publication: 07 May 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7403Download PDF
In this paper, I developed a standard for connecting a solar-based enhanced distributed generation technology to the national utility grid which is expected to improve the poor state of electric power supply in Nigeria. The photovoltaic system generated 250MW solar power which was injected into the national utility grid. The 250MW will be gotten from five locations in the country as each location will generate 50MW to the national utility grid. The photovoltaic system will utilize equipment such as photovoltaic modules, boost converters, inverter, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), step-up transformers etc. which was interconnected together to feed the 132/33kV substation. The total number of photovoltaic modules, inverters, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), step-up transformer etc. was also depicted. The total area needed for the installation of 50MW for one location as well as for the five locations for the solar based power was put into consideration for the work. The analysis on the effect of the solar module on the varying temperature with constant irradiance and constant temperature with varying irradiance was depicted. Furthermore, the Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME) of the entire work were written. The simulation carried out in this work was done with MATLAB software. Finally, It was realised that additional 250MW was integrated into the Nigeria utility grid and was generated from five locations in Nigeria.
Page(s): 20-29 Date of Publication: 07 May 2022
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The Advancement of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has brought about significant improvement in the efficiency of teaching and learning, administration and management of basic education schools. One of the areas that have been immensely revolutionized in developed nations and some developing natins in school is record keeping, where teaching and learning, and administrative records are kept through the use of computers and other ICTs. However, despite advancement in ICTs and their use in teaching and learning, records keeping and other school activities, the records keeping still faced many challenges in basic education schools more especially in developing countries, some of the challenges are poor record keeping, inadequate or absent of ICTs facilities, inadequate trained personal, attitude of some staff towards using ICTs for record keeping and other school activities, and inadequate supply of electricity among others. In addition, there are few studies on the role of ICTs in record keeping. Hence, this paper presents the methods of record keeping, categories of school records, benefit of record keeping, the role plays by ICTs in record keeping, challenges hindering the effective utilization of ICTs in school record keeping and proffered solution were also provided.
Page(s): 30-33 Date of Publication: 13 May 2022
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This work presents reducing frequency instability in power distribution network using intelligent control of system load frequency changes. The study reviewed literatures and identified that load changes affects frequency which causes transient instability. Empirical study of the Independence Layout Injection 15MVA Substation was performed from the data collected at Enugu State Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC). From the study it was observed that critical time which are the peak periods are 13:00; 17:00 and 21:00hrs respectively and hence need automatic control. This was achieved using mathematical and structural modeling approach which employed data collection, self defining equations, and neural network, to develop a load frequency controller and then tested with Simulink. The result showed that the controller was able to monitor the load flow in the during the identified peak periods to control the load and hence maintain stable frequency.
Page(s): 34-39 Date of Publication: 14 May 2022
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Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR) methods have revamped environmental microbiology, providing data about targeted nucleic acids of specific microorganisms found within the environment. These data are useful for the characterization of the interacting processes of targeted microbial communities. They also assess contaminant microbes within the environment (water, air, fomites). Amplification of DNA for identification of bacteria fungi or algae commonly isolated in microbiological studies is a common and constant problem in molecular analysis this may be due to various unforeseen problems like the concentration of the DNA and the Primer, the annealing temperature used or the presence of contaminate in the PCR mixture etc This study was done to address such issues. Here, we suggest suitable cocktail mixture protocols that can be successfully used to make high-quality qPCR and dPCR measurements of microorganisms in the environment yielding amplicons with good integrity, quality and concentrations that can be used for further analysis. DNA of varying concentrations from different samples were diluted using proposed ratios with water and used for PCR runs. The resulting amplicons were checked for their qualities and used for Sanger sequencing. The amplicons produced were of were of good quality and quantity which were successfully used for Sanger sequencing, giving sequences that were successfully blasted and found to be similar to sequences deposited in the NCBI repository with 90% similarity and above. The suggested protocols provide defined and direct mixing aliquots to be used in PCR mixtures for good amplification outcomes when working with DNA of varying concentrations.
Page(s): 40-44 Date of Publication: 18 May 2022
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The quality and standard of cement available in the open market has been a thing of question, which necessitated this research that assessed different Portland cements commonly used in Nigeria within the southern region, in view of understanding the relationship between their chemical compositions and their corresponding setting time. Five brands of cement labelled sample A, B, C, D and E representing Dangote 3x R, Bua, Dangote 3x N, Unicem and Elephant supaset cement respectively were investigated. Chemical composition test was carried out using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer while the vicat apparatus was used for the setting time test. The chemical composition test result showed that the oxides composition of samples A, B and E met the British standard while for samples C and D the CaO, C3S and C2S content did not meet standard. The result further revealed that sample D has the highest percentage of C3S (73.58%) while sample C has the highest percentage of C2S (40.67%). The percentage of C3A is highest in sample E (9.04%) and sample B has the highest percentage of C4AF (10.76%). The setting time result showed that both the initial and final setting time of the cement samples are within the limit values that initial setting should be greater than 60mins and final setting time should be less than 600mins. Sample D has the fastest initial setting time of 70mins which is as a result of the C3S content that indicates that it will develop more early strength while sample E has the fastest final setting time of 405mins as a result of the C3A content which shows that it will generate more heat than other samples during the early stage of hydration. Sample C has the slowest initial and final setting time value of 105mins and 510mins respectively which is as result of the C2S content that shows that it will develop more late strength than any other sample. The correlation between C3A and gypsum indicates that sufficient amount of gypsum was added to delay the hydration of C3A, it was also observed that there was high correlation coefficient value of 0.9802 between chemical composition and setting time showing that there is a relationship between both. This shows that variation in chemical composition will cause a corresponding variation in setting time.
Page(s): 45-50 Date of Publication: 18 May 2022
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This study was conducted to investigate the sprouting potential of two varieties ((purple-skin with white-flesh – PSWF and cream-skin with yellow-flesh – CSYF)) of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) commonly grown and consumed in Nigeria. The tubers of the two varieties were cultivated in three substrates (hydroponics, sawdust and topsoil) to generate vines with assigned treatment groups – control (whole tuber), T1 (whole tuber with scarified buds), T2 (whole tuber split into two), T3 (whole tuber split into four) in a humidity chamber. Each treatment was replicated three times. The vines were grown for a study period of five weeks and the number and length of vines were recorded. It was observed that the different treatment levels showed variability for the cream and purple skinned, mean length of vines in topsoil (control 0,110; T1 0,105; T2 5.5,0; T3 0,18.3), in sawdust (control 0,0; T1 0,0; T2 0,0; T3 0,3), and in hydroponics (control 10.2,0; T1 17.7, 10.5; T2 3.6, 6; T3 0,0) respectively and number of vines in topsoil (control 0,4; T1 0,4; T2 1,0; T3 0,3), in sawdust (control 0,0; T1 0,0; T2 0,0; T3 0,3) and in hydroponics (control 5,0; T1 13,3; T2 8,8; T3 0,0) respectively. The result revealed that splitting of tubers and planting in topsoil and sawdust is not viable for the generation of vines for the two varieties as it gave little or no sprouts. The use of whole tubers or whole tubers with scarified buds planted in water is recommended since it produced the highest number of vines.
Page(s): 51-57 Date of Publication: 18 May 2022
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Background/Aim: there has been lots of curiosity and pandemonium caused by upsurge of Covid -19 to global level. Steady global observation is immensely necessary track progress and drawbacks. This study is aim at analysising the global trends and progress of Covid -19 pandemic as at 18th January, 2022 across different countries of the world. Method: Data from one hundred and eighty one (181) countries and regions of the world. Information was gotten from United Nations Geoscheme, WHO. Data were collated and analyzed Result: American continent appears to still be most affected by the virus with a high infection rate and even higher report of mortality. Europe is also affected but with better control of mortality, while African continents, with exception of South Africa, have are been less affected base on available data. Conclusion: While there appears to be a conflicting approach on how best to manage and live with the virus, the new variants suggests that understanding and utilizing Africans biological survival mechanism may be the best way to regain near normal freedom
Page(s): 58-66 Date of Publication: 23 May 2022
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The increase in population of major cities in Nigeria has caused proliferation of industries around them especially Ibadan. Hence, the rate and the volume of the waste generated equally increases. This can be a source of environmental health hazard and possible radiation emission from each industrial site to the workers and close residential areas calls for a concern. Hence, the aim of this study is to assess radiation emission levels in industrial sites of Ibadan metropolis. The industrial sites are mainly located in Oluyole L.G.A of Ibadan. A portable radiation survey meter RDS-30 with serial number 270354 was used to quantify the exposure levels in the industrial sites. The absorbed dose rates were determined at 10 different industries of the study area. The highest stable point was observed while radiation survey meter was placed at the level of Gonad at 1metre above the ground level. The procedure was repeated three times at the same point in the industrial site. An average mean value and standard deviation were determined for each of the locations. Radiological hazard indices were calculated from the data obtained. The mean background reading was 0.09uSvh-1. The mean equivalent dose was 0.14 uSvh-1, the mean absorbed doe rate (ADR) was 142nGyh-1. The calculated annual exposure dose rate (AEDR) was 0.17mSvy-1. The corresponding estimated ECLR was 0.60X10-3. However, from the result of the study, it was observed that proper and continuous evaluation of dose level should be maintained to avoid any possible health effect of radiation
Page(s): 67-70 Date of Publication: 23 May 2022
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COVID-19, a severe and fatal human respiratory ailment caused by Severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The purpose of the paper was to explore the scientific findings regarding SARS-CoV-2, its epidemiology and impact to the education system. The study was a documentary analysis of virtual documents stored electronically for access through the internet, text books, archival repositories as well as encyclopedia. The key findings indicated that genomic features of the virus demonstrated close phylogenic relationships with other viruses important to human illnesses. This disapproved a public argument that the virus was a laboratory construct. Further the study demonstrated that the transmission of the virus was chiefly exponential resulting to rapid outbreak of the ailment throughout China and other parts of the habitable world. The containment measure adopted by governments and states was largely lockdown of operations in many sectors of the economy, including education. By highlighting facts and insights on interventions adopted globally, the paper was able to provide a deeper understanding of COVID-19 within an educational context. The lessons gathered from the period of the epidemic are highlighted and can be useful to educationists when handling an epidemic in the future.
Page(s): 71-78 Date of Publication: 23 May 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7404Download PDF
The production forest area in the Dampelas Tinombo KPH (Forest Management Unit is an organization that works at the site level and is expected to be a prerequisite for the implementation of a sustainable and equitable forest management system) area which was included in the area of Parisan Agung Village, Dampelas District which was indicated to be damaged had an area of about 410 Ha, so that a study was needed on the composition and potential of production forest in Parisan Agung Village in order to plan the utilization and development of plantation forests that were aims to provide welfare for people living around forest areas without changing their main function. This research was carried out for 3 months starting from June to September 2018. The location of this research was in a production forest located in the Dampelas Tinombo KPHP Model area which was included in the Parisan Agung Village area, Dampelas sub district of Donggala, Central Sulawesi Province. The composition of forest vegetation types in Parisan Agung Village consisted of 28 types of vegetation. at the tree level in the plot as many as 165 individuals from 25 types of vegetation while the pole level vegetation as many as 140 individuals from 25 types of vegetation, at the sapling level as many as 145 individuals from 28 types of vegetation and seedling level as many as 154 individuals from 28 types of vegetation. While the potential volume of trees in the observation plot was 162.53 m3 from 165 individuals, the type of bayas had the highest volume with 13. 17 m3 and the volume of the pole level in the observation plot was 17.89 m3 from 140 individuals, the prupuk species had a volume of 17.89 m3. the largest with 1.63 m3
Page(s): 79-84 Date of Publication: 25 May 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7405Download PDF
In this paper, the method for connecting a solar-based enhanced distributed generation technology to the national utility grid was developed, which is expected to improve the poor state of electric power supply in Nigeria. All countries in the world need an available power supply to improve its economy. The power sector is an important sector that requires good funding for the constant availability of electricity for its citizens. Nigeria has not yet met the population requirement as far as power availability is concerned. The utilization of solar photovoltaic generated electricity will improve the nation’s power supply and ensure power availability in the country. The study aims to improve the power availability of the national power system using solar-based enhanced distributed generation technology. The photovoltaic system generated 250MW solar power which was injected into the national utility grid. The 250MW was gotten from five locations in the country as each location generated 50MW to the national utility grid. The performance of power output from the photovoltaic array as well as the power output from the inverter into the grid and losses that arose from the solar photovoltaic system was analysed. The simulation carried out in this work was done with PVsys and AutoCAD software. From the analysis done using PVsys software, to analyse the annual performance of the photovoltaic system for the five locations, the system gave a percentage performance of 79.1percent for the photovoltaic system and the total energy the arrays will inject into the grid annually is 387.765GWh.
Page(s): 85-91 Date of Publication: 25 May 2022
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