Posterity of Green Architecture in Nigeria: A Case Study of Enugu State

Posterity of Green Architecture in Nigeria: A Case Study of Enugu State

Emeka J. Mba^*., Peter I. Oforji., and Cyriacus O. Okpalike

Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.100600119

Received: 12 June 2025; Accepted: 16 June 2025; Published: 18 July 2025

ABSTRACT

As global awareness of environmental issues such as sustainable green architecture grows, the construction industry faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. In Nigeria, rapid urbanization and economic development necessitate a shift towards green building practices that mitigate environmental impacts while enhancing resource efficiency. The aim of this study is to assess the future of green architecture in Nigerian, with the view of advancing green architecture and sustainable building practices. Employing a quantitative research approach, data were collected from 200 subjects through structured questionnaires, representing 86.96% response rate. The results revealed high level of awareness of green and sustainable building practices among Nigerian architects and builders, with 66% consistently applying strategies like green architecture features such as improved indoor air quality, natural light and access to green spaces to promote user experience. Economic considerations and supportive regulations emerged as key assimilation motivators.  However, significant barriers hinder broader adoption such as limited technical expertise, lack of government support, and outdated building codes that do not align with modern sustainability principles. While 77.5% rated insufficient knowledge as impeding the adoption of green architecture practices in the Nigerian construction industry, 74% observed insufficient government policies as militating against green architecture principles and practices. The findings highlight the need for targeted strategies such as strengthened educational and training programs, policy reforms, and private sector investments.  Establishment of green building councils, industry collaborations and public awareness campaigns would accelerate sustainable green architecture adoption and surmount challenges. By addressing identified gaps, Nigeria can align its building practices with global sustainability goals contributing to environmental conservation, while architects, builders and developers lead the green sustainability transition while meeting local built environment needs, ensuring a more climate-compatible and socially equitable habitat creation.

Keywords: Green architecture, sustainable building practices, Nigeria, environmental sustainability, urbanization.

INTRODUCTION

Since the 20th century, the global primary objective of green architecture is to preserve the environment by adopting eco-friendly practices that enhance quality of life, and promote sustainable development in the construction industry as well as minimize energy consumption (Aghili, 2022). This global movement evolved as a response to the environmental challenges posed by conventional construction practices (Hyginus et al, 2024; Nduka, 2015).  Green architecture are buildings whose designs, construction and operational lifetime assure the healthiest  environment while representing the most efficient and least disruptive use of land, water, energy and resources (Alam et al, 2016; Alshorman, 2017). While Sustainable architecture  seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings through improved efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, development space and the ecosystem at large, Green architecture emphasizes sustainable building design, construction, and operation, with the goal of reducing the environmental negative footprint while simultaneously enhancing building performance and occupant well-being (Regheb et al, 2016; SGBC, 2019 and Kibert, 2016). These practices encompass a wide range of measures, including the utilization of environmentally friendly materials such as bamboo, wool insulation and solar panels, etc, integration of energy-efficient technologies, and the implementation of sustainable construction techniques (Olanipekun, 2016; Green Register, 2021).  Enhancing the well-being of occupants, and increased overall building efficiency, involves thermal, visual, and acoustic comforts alongside greenery, fitness, and hygiene and sanitation environment (Rina et al, 2023). Furthermore, green architecture and sustainable architecture encourage the use of energy efficient materials in buildings. Comparably, green architecture emphasizes the use of energy-efficient systems and renewable energy sources to minimize a building’s energy consumption, while sustainable architecture also focuses on energy efficiency but often includes a more holistic approach, such as designing for passive solar gain, natural ventilation, and overall building orientation (Haines, 2015). In tropical environment like Nigeria, traditional architecture supports green construction materials for its operations just like modern Green architecture. These materials such as stone; earth (laterite and mud), bamboo and wood, derived from the earth are naturally assimilated by the earth at the end of their service lives (Milani, 2005). according to IEA (2021), both traditional and green architecture prioritize climate adaptation strategies. Traditional architectural designs, which often incorporate passive cooling techniques like thick walls and high ceilings, share similarities with modern green building practices that utilize thermal mass and natural ventilation for enhanced energy efficiency. Despite growing global awareness and advancements in sustainable building practices, green architecture remains underutilized in Nigeria. Rapid urbanization and the increasing demand for infrastructure have led to significant environmental challenges, including deforestation, high energy consumption, and urban sprawl, with little regard for sustainability (Ede et al, 2020). Although Nigerian architects are aware of green architecture principles, the adoption of these principles/practices remains limited due to factors such as high costs, a lack of regulatory frameworks, and minimal demand from clients (Olaniyan, 2019). As architecture evolves continuously, the importance of green buildings cannot be over emphasized in the life of building users living within an environment. Incorporating sustainability in building designs and construction is of great importance to users as this ensures that buildings are habitable despite global warming challenges (Otegbulu, 2011). As revealed by Amadorandrea (2021), the increasing urgency of environmental sustainability has prompted a global discourse on green and sustainable architecture, particularly in developing nations like Nigeria. Despite the growing body of literature advocating for sustainable building practices, there remains a significant gap in understanding how these concepts are perceived by local architects and builders. This study tends to assess the future of green and sustainable architecture practice in Nigeria, examining both the barriers and the opportunities in implementation. By investigating these perceptions, this research seeks to uncover the underlying factors that influence green and sustainable architecture practices in Nigeria and assess how these factors align with global sustainability goals. Architects play a crucial role in shaping sustainable built environments that balance utility and aesthetics without compromising ecological integrity. Hence embracing Green and sustainable architecture remain an urgent imperative as construction activities expand to meet Nigeria’s development needs. This research examines how architects and those involve in construction in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria are assimilating principles of green architecture and sustainability within their design practices against a transforming professional backdrop.  The following objectives were pursued to achieve the aim of this study:

• To ascertain the perceptions of Nigeria Architects and builders on green sustainable architecture.
• To assess the benefits of green sustainable architecture and the impact of these practices on the local built environment.
• To examine the incorporation of sustainable design principles into architectural education, addressing how architects, students, planners and builders are being prepared for the challenges and opportunities in green architecture and sustainable practices.

As principal overseers coordinating diverse stakeholders including builders and planners throughout a building’s lifecycle, the architectural fraternity’s preparedness and leadership hold profound influence over the trajectory and outcomes of development projects across communities. Exploring architects’ evolving job roles and preparedness levels against the testing backdrop of proliferating populations amidst climate change therefore offers timely insights into how this vital profession can drive broad-based progress (Mba et al, 2024). Findings can enrich domain understanding while enabling targeted interventions to elevate green architecture and sustainability assimilation within architectural work guiding the city-region’s upcoming built terrain.

Study Area

Enugu Metropolis is the capital city of Enugu State in southeast Nigeria. It lies approximately between the latitude 6◦ 27′ 10″ north of the Equator and 7◦ 30′ 40″ east of the Greenwich Meridian (see Fig. 2). Surrounding landscape features undulating terrain, with hills providing natural landmarks and pleasing scenic views. Enugu has a climate typical of the West African region, which is characterized by relatively moderate temperatures ranging from 24 ◦C to 30.8 ◦C. The area is dominated by two main seasons: the dry season and the rainy season. The city has experienced approximately 2.3 % annual population growth from 2006 to 2022, highlighting its wavering demographic landscape (Ubani et al, 2024). The land area of the city is estimated at about 72.8 square kilometers.  Enugu’s cultural and economic vibrancy is reflected in its diverse communities, making it a significant and resilient center of growth in Nigeria (Okeke et al 2021). The target population of the study consists of three main local governments in Enugu Metropolis: Enugu East, Enugu North and Enugu South. This choice of Enugu Metropolis as a case study is because the city area offers a rich and multifaceted environment for research, particularly in fields such as urban studies, sociology, geography, or environmental science. Its historical significance, economic activities, and cultural diversity provide a compelling backdrop for various researches. That is why authors like (Achara et al, 2024; Amobi et al, 2024 and Nwachukwu, 2023) have evidenced Enugu metropolis as a sample for broader generalizations. Enugu metropolis is currently experiencing extensive infrastructure growth accompanying urbanization and industrialization policies to solidify its regional economic hub status: mass housing schemes, commercial establishments and transport upgrades currently shape planning priorities. These will expand construction activity and resource footprints (Mba et al, 2024; Okeke et al, 2021).

Fig. 1: Map of Enugu state

Source: http://www.enugustate.gov.ng/.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Historical background and perception of green and sustainable architecture.

Today, amidst intensifying climate change emergencies and continuously evolving environmental laws, architects and allied professionals in the building industry face an urgent, heightened responsibility to advance green and sustainable building practices. The construction industry is a major contributor to environmental degradation, and the need to mitigate its impact is more pressing than ever (Mba et al, 2024). Consequently, Green sustainability has become an indispensable element of contemporary architectural design. Green and Sustainable architectural design seeks to create buildings that are not only functional and beautiful but also environmentally responsible by holistically integrating aesthetic, economic, social, and ecological considerations. As the global population continues to rise, the demand for additional shelter grows, exacerbating environmental pressures through increased development (Okeke et al, 2023; Ibok et al, 2019). In Nigeria, the concept of green architecture is still emerging with unique challenges and opportunities given by the country’s socio-economic and environmental context. In the upcoming decades, Nigeria is expected to undergo a significant increase in the adoption and construction of green and sustainable buildings, mirroring the growing trend in the country’s construction sector towards high-performance structures. Sustainable construction operations strive to avoid energy, water, and raw material depletion while concurrently mitigating environmental damage throughout the lifespan of facilities and infrastructure (Nordic African Research Institute 2019). In response to the environmental challenges posed by conventional buildings, green building principles emphasize the use of organic building materials made from natural resources, such as wood and bricks, to minimize harm to the environment (Nduka et al, 2015). Embracing green and sustainable concepts in design tends to reduce energy and maintenance costs, enhance the well-being of occupants, and increase overall building efficiency (Bidyut, 2018). Green architecture in Nigeria is gaining significant traction as architects, builders, designers, and policymakers strive to address the country’s environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. The adoption of Green Design Strategies by Nigerian architects is increasingly on the rise, with various green design strategies adopted to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. These strategies include: Passive design techniques which adopt natural ventilation, day lighting, and shading are being incorporated to reduce the need for artificial heating and cooling, thus lowering energy consumption. Also, with the integration of renewable Energy techniques such as solar panels and wind turbines is becoming more common to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and contribute to a cleaner energy mix in the Nigeria environment. While water conservation strategies such as rainwater harvesting systems and efficient plumbing fixtures are being implemented to reduce water consumption and promote water sustainability (Ahusimhenre, 2024). To facilitate the growth of green architecture, there is great need for supportive policies and regulations such as the Building Energy Efficiency Guideline by the Federal Ministry of Power, Works and Housing in 2016; a climate-appropriate guide for professionals in the building sector to plan, design, and construct energy-efficient buildings (Sholanke, 2019).

Benefits of Green Architecture Implementation in Nigeria          

Current studies and publications tend towards the importance, benefits and integration of green sustainable building designs and construction in response to the multifaceted challenges posed by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and their accompanying environmental impacts. Early green sustainable buildings tended towards rationalist, functionalist designs, striving to blend utility with an appreciation for natural beauty (Darko, 2016; Shady, 2018). Furthermore, green architecture is a vital pathway for Nigeria architects and builders to create a more sustainable and resilient built environment which would address environmental challenges by promoting energy efficiency and healthier spaces for future generations.  The adoption of green architecture in Nigeria will also enhance job creation, as the green building sector has the potential for economic growth while improving quality of Life. There is a recognized need for increased awareness and education on sustainable design principles among architects, builders, clients and other stakeholders (Borsos et al; 2023). A summary of the benefits of green architecture implementation are:

• Environmental benefits: The building industry has a substantial influence on the environment, which is considered the most important element in mitigating the effect of global warmingon humanity. The benefits of green architecture with respect to environmental performance will ameliorate the serious challenges posed by uncertainties in climate change scenarios. After all, improvements of energy efficiency and environmental performance in buildings are at the core of the green building transformation [Darko, 2016; Zuo, 2014). Similarly, one of the major objectives in green building concepts is to minimize environmental interference and construction waste, since a significant amount of waste from building can result in air and water pollution (Li, 2011). According to Beradi (2014), the choice of building materials plays an important role in sustainable development, and could help to provide healthier and safer surroundings. Their study also revealed that construction buildings emit the higher proportion of greenhouse gas and consume a large account of worldwide energy and concluded that: It is, therefore, essential to move to “green” in the construction industry to resolve these problems.
• Economic benefits: Green buildings can lead to significant economic savings by improving life cycle cost (LCC) methodology and application, particularly from construction, maintenance, and operation sections. This includes the entire cost including building design and construction, building maintenance and operation, and building disposal. Technically, this is line with the principle of engineering economics and could be used to complete life cycle budgets involving environmental and social costs during the building’s life (Dwaikat, 2018). Since Energy consumption could be an important characteristic during building design and construction, the goal of most energy conservation research has been to assess the degree to which green architecture reduces energy consumption when compared with conventional buildings that focus mainly with regulations (Beradi, 2014),
• Social benefits: One of the main drivers of green building is the demand for corporate social responsibility, ensuring that it benefits society as a whole and possesses environmental benefits. Environmentally friendly management might achieve social benefits under the emerging idea of ecological development. The improved corporate social responsibility could promote the creation of a good corporate image in order to develop green construction and sustainable building renovation (Zhang et al, 2018). Efficient land use in green sustainable architecture ensures that not all available land is covered with buildings, allowing for green spaces and parks to thrive. Preserving existing plants and trees on-site can be integrated into the design to enhance the ecological value and aesthetic appeal of the space (Thompson, 2011).
• Health and Safety benefits: Indoor air quality plays an important role in the performance of building and participant health. According to Elshafei et al (2017), buildings could directly influence human health as residents spend most of their time indoors. The growing effect on cities in determining global environmental and health outcomes has led to a greater emphasis on urban policies to address human health. Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is the most critical component of human benefits in green building, which includes lighting and indoor contaminants (Coombs et al, 2018). The green building can realize higher IEQ levels than traditional buildings, improving the health of residents and resulting in increased user satisfaction. Furthermore, it has been also indicated that the attitude of indoor environmental quality from green building participants is more tolerant than that of traditional participants (Balaban, 2017). Also, energy savings should not come at the expense of health, which will help close the gap between customer expectations and design solutions for future green building developments. Wang et al (2016) also noted that green buildings can reduce the risk of infection and prevent cross-infection, promote people’s health, and maintain the stability of working life even during the epidemics.

Challenges of Green Architecture Implementation in Nigeria

Sustainable green architecture is not just about creating environmentally friendly buildings but also about balancing human needs for shelter with the imperative to preserve environmental health. This delicate balancing act presents a multiple array of challenges that architects and builders in Nigeria must surmount in order integrate sustainability effectively into the construction industry. One primary challenge is the need for comprehensive green sustainability education in architectural programs, as traditional curricula often lack sufficient coverage of sustainable design principles and practices (Mba et al, 2024). Limited understanding of green architecture principles among architects, builders, and the general public hinders implementation (Olowu, 2019). Financial constraints also pose a substantial challenge, as sustainable green materials and technologies can be more expensive upfront, prohibiting clients and developers (Ogunleye, 2020). Stake holders must explore alternative creative financing solutions while advocating for sustainable green design by demonstrating long-term cost savings, health benefits, and potential property value increases. Navigating intricate regulatory frameworks when available and inadequate Building codes and regulations that support green architecture are often lacking or poorly enforced, making it difficult for standardize sustainable practices (Ogunbiyi et al, 2021). This scenario requires architects especially, to stay informed about the latest regulations and ensure compliance. Limited access to renewable energy technologies and sustainable materials further complicates these limitations, restricting the implementation of green building practices (Adelekan, 2021). Poor infrastructure, including unreliable power and water supply, complicates the integration of green technologies (Nwokoro, 2018).

Resistance to change within the professions further exacerbates noncompliance as established practices can be difficult to alter. Traditional building practices and cultural preferences often create resistance to adopting new, sustainable designs (Akinwumi et al., 2018).

Sustainable architecture design strategies: For responsible habitat, environmental professionals have developed innovative design strategies aimed to minimize the ecological footprint of buildings and also aide functionality and occupant comfort. These co-conscious designs reflect a broader societal shift toward green sustainability, where the built environment is harmoniously integrated with natural ecosystems. Some of the key design strategies that have become central to Eco conscious architectural practices include:

• Climate-responsive design and urban ecology integration: One of the foremost strategies employed by architects is climate-responsive design. Building orientation and envelope design are focus strategy to maximize natural lighting and ventilation, thereby reducing reliance on active systems. By strategically selecting size and location of windows and doors openings and employing overhangs or shading devices, architects can significantly lower energy consumption (Mba et al, 2021). Such designs leverage local climate conditions, enhancing thermal comfort by reducing heating and cooling demands, promote healthier indoor environments for occupants and also contributes to energy efficiency. Additionally, incorporating living elements into architectural designs is increasingly recognized as essential for enhancing urban environments. Features such as green roofs, living walls, and urban gardens improve air quality, enhance biodiversity, and provide recreational spaces for residents. These elements not only mitigate the heat island effect often found in urban areas but also foster a sense of community by connecting inhabitants with nature (Okpalike et al,2021) OKPALIKE Former [49] now 55
• Resource efficiency and Carbon-Conscious planning: The integration of cutting-edge technologies such as smart lighting systems, advanced HVAC technologies, and high-performance insulation materials optimizes energy use, minimizing energy waste and drastically reduces operational costs. Incorporating solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicle charging stations into designs encourages sustainable energy use and promotes a low-carbon lifestyle among occupant. Resource efficiency also extends to water use; low-flow fixtures and greywater recycling systems which help conserve water and reduce the environmental impact of constructions. Architects, developers and builders are increasingly focusing on minimizing carbon emissions through renewable energy integration and efficient transportation planning.
• Universal enduring design philosophy and Nature-inspired interiors principles: Creating spaces that are accessible and useable by people of all abilities is increasingly recognized as a key aspect of social sustainability. Universal design principles ensure that environments accommodate diverse user needs, promoting inclusivity and equity. Furthermore, enduring design philosophy engenders timeless designs that remain functional and appealing over long periods. This strategy aims to reduce waste, resist throwaway culture, encourages quality over quantity and fosters a more sustainable relationship with the built environment. The integration of biophilic design elements such as natural materials, interior ornamental plants, and passive lighting has been shown to improve occupant well-being and productivity. By connecting indoor spaces with nature, architects can create environments that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also psychologically beneficial.
• Eco-friendly material selection and ethical sourcing practices: There is a growing awareness of the need to ensure that materials and products come from sources that uphold fair labour and environmental standards. Ethical sourcing not only supports sustainability but also aligns with the values of socially conscious consumers. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on using locally sourced, renewable, and low-impact materials to decrease the overall environmental burden of construction (Mba et al, 2024). Some materials such as reclaimed wood, recycled metals, and natural fibre, which not only contribute to environmental sustainability but also add aesthetic value to the design, require less energy to produce and transport. Architects and other stakeholders can leverage on this phenomena to lower the carbon footprint of their projects. This strategy also plays a vital role in sustainable design.
• Circular economy principles and holistic impact assessment: In architectural design this principle is now gaining traction. Designers are considering the entire lifecycle of buildings, focusing on adaptability, ease of deconstruction, and material reuse. By planning for the end of a building’s life from the outset, architects and builders can ensure that materials are repurposed rather than discarded, thus minimizing waste and conserving resources. Also a comprehensive analysis of a building’s environmental impact throughout its lifespan is becoming crucial in the design process. This includes evaluating energy use, water consumption, and material sourcing to ensure that the overall ecological footprint is minimized.
• Hydrological design principles: efficient water management systems have become standard in sustainable green architectural designs. Strategies like rainwater harvesting, green roofs and permeable pavements allow for effective management of storm water runoff, reducing the burden on municipal systems. These systems not only conserve water but also improve the surrounding landscape by promoting biodiversity and creating habitats for urban wildlife.
• Participatory design and Existing structure utilization: Engaging local communities in the design process ensures that urban renewal activities and projects meet actual community needs and foster a sense of ownership. Community participation is crucial for most successful urban renewal projects globally. Participatory design approaches help architects, developers and government understand community values, leading to more successful and accepted projects that enhance social sustainability. Repurposing old buildings is a trend that not only preserves cultural heritage but also significantly reduces resource consumption compared to new construction. Adaptive reuse of structures can breathe new life into historical sites while minimizing the environmental impact associated with demolition and new material production.

Even though green architecture and sustainable building practices promise exciting opportunities and benefits but its advancement is often complicated by a range of challenges. The major challenge lies in integrating sustainable green features and systems creatively into aesthetically pleasing design forms that are effectively functional and satisfying to both the clients and end users. Secondly, justifying the higher initial costs associated with sustainable green building practices is another significant hurdle since many eco- friendly building design, construction, and operation require a greater initial investment. These scenario further saddles architects with the additional tasks of delicately convincing the clients that these investments are not merely expenses but rather steps toward a more sustainable future by highlighting the  long-term gains on energy and maintenance, as well as increased property value over time. Furthermore, builders may encounter difficulties in sourcing specific sustainable options due to scarcity of certain eco-friendly materials leading to delays or increased costs that can frustrate project timelines (Okeke et al, 2024). To effectively overcome these challenges, there is always great need to foster interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing insights from engineers, builders, developers, environmental scientists, and urban planners. This approach most often yields new solutions that align with green sustainability goals and future.  It is vital that Architects and other stakeholders in the construction industry stay informed about new green sustainable codes and standards to ensure compliance and equally be abreast of technological advancements as new materials and techniques emerge, in order to incorporate cutting-edge solutions into their designs, enhancing performances, sustainability and advancement of green architecture (E. Greenfield, 2023).

Conceptual framework and theoretical underpinnings

Sustainable Green architecture is an approach that aims at minimizing the negative environmental impacts of buildings while maximizing their positive social and economic effects, hence enhancing their sustainability. For this study, we conceptualize sustainable architectural practices as design and construction approaches that:

• Involves selecting locations that minimize environmental impact, preserve natural habitats, and promote biodiversity. Techniques include using existing infrastructure and optimizing site orientation for natural light.
• Incorporating energy-efficient systems such as high-performance insulation, energy-efficient windows, and renewable energy sources (like solar panels) which aides overall energy consumption.
• Implementing systems like rainwater harvesting, grey water recycling, and low-flow fixtures that ensures efficient water use and management.
• Using sustainable, locally sourced, and recycled materials which reduce negative environmental impacts. Low-emission materials also improve indoor air quality.
• Focusing on aspects such as natural ventilation, day lighting and non-toxic materials that enhance the health and comfort of building occupants.
• Emphasizing on waste reduction through recycling during construction and promoting sustainable waste disposal practices.
• Incorporating smart technologies for energy management, lighting control, and HVAC systems allowing for more efficient use of resources.
• Utilizing native plants and landscaping that enhance biodiversity and reduce the need for irrigation; contributing to water conservation.
• Designing buildings with access to public transportation and bike paths, thus encouraging sustainable commuting options and creating spaces that foster community interaction and engagement essential for promoting social sustainability within the built environment.

Several theories such as:

• Diffusion of Innovation Theory: This theory suggests that adoption occurs in stages, with innovators and early adopters paving the way for wider acceptance According to this theory, the rate of adoption is influenced by the perceived benefits of the innovation, compatibility with existing values, simplicity of integration, trial ability, and observable results (Rogers, 1962).
• Theory of Planned Behaviors: This theory states that an individual’s intention to adopt sustainable practices is influenced by their attitudes toward subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This is particularly relevant in understanding decision-making processes regarding sustainability (Ajzen, 1991).
• Ecological Modernization Theory: This theory posits that economic development and environmental protection can be mutually reinforcing. The theory highlights the role of technological innovation and policy reforms in achieving sustainability (Mol, 2000).
• Social Practice Theory: Social Practice Theory looks at the interplay between materials, competences, and meanings to understand how practices evolve and stabilize over time. This theory emphasizes the importance of routines, habits, and social norms in shaping behavior (Shove, 2012).
• Transition Theory: Transition Theory focuses on multi-level perspectives involving niche innovations, socio-technical regimes, and landscape developments to explain how systemic change occurs. It is relevant for understanding the broader systemic changes required for the widespread adoption of sustainable architecture (Geels, 2002). These theories guide the adoption of sustainable green architectural practices, each offering a unique outlook on how sustainability can be integrated into architectural practice. These theories also provide a framework for understanding the complex factors influencing the adoption of sustainable architectural practices in Nigeria. This  study anchors particularly on these theories to interpret architects’ and builders’ awareness, attitudes, and behaviors regarding green sustainability

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research design

This quantitative study investigates the evolving integration of sustainability in architectural practice using a survey methodology. This method was considered the most appropriate for the study, as it offers insights from professionals and students in the field of architecture and building, allowing for the collection of consistent responses from a sample of respondents (Creswell, 2018). This methodological framework enables the examination of perceptions, impacts and incorporation of sustainable green design principles of architecture by Nigeria Architects and builders; thus providing empirical data for robust analysis and interpretation. Enugu metropolis, a rapidly urbanizing city, southeast Nigeria, was selected as the research site due to high presence of architects and builders (Mba et al, 2025).

Population and Sampling Technique

The target population for this study consisted of architects and builders practicing within Enugu metropolis, Nigeria. The sampling frame comprised practicing architects and builders actively contributing to the development of the construction and building sector in Enugu metropolis. Selection of participants was conducted from a pool of 203 Architects registered by the Architects Registration Council of Nigeria (ARCON) as of 2023, 180 non-licensed architects  and  as well as 160 builders registered with the Council of Registered Builders of Nigeria, (CORBON) within Enugu metropolis. The sample size for investigation is determined by using the Yamane (1967) sample size formula given in the Equation; Where n = sample size; N = target population and e = level of significance (0.05) at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, the sample size is: = 230.32, approximately 230. The Formula for distribution ratio: X_n = P/N, where X is the unknown size of the subset of the sample size, P is the population of the variables, n is minimum sample size for the sample, N is the population size of 543 Licensed Architects, Non- Licensed Architects and Registered Builders as obtained from the sample frame (see Table 1).

Table 1: Study population, sampling frame and Sample size proportion according to Respondents

Stratified random sampling technique was chosen based on Neuman’s (Neuman, 2011) recommendation for populations with distinct professional subgroups, ensuring representation across different sectors of architectural and building practice and experience levels within the Enugu metropolis. The total populations of architectural and building firms were divided into three strata corresponding to the three LGAs: Enugu North, Enugu East, and Enugu South. Within each stratum, random sampling was conducted to select the respondents. A list of all architectural and building firms in each LGA was obtained, and firms were randomly selected using a random number generator to ensure unbiased selection. This approach ensured that the sample reflected the diversity of architectural and building practices in the study area.

Data Collection Methods

Primary data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire based on an extensive literature review and the study objectives within the study area. The questionnaire consisted of two main sections: Socio-demographic information of respondents and the three key research focuses: a) ascertain the perceptions of Nigeria Architects and builders on green sustainable architecture, b) assess the benefits of green and sustainable architecture and the impact of these practices on the local built environment, c) examine the challenges militating against the incorporation of sustainable green architecture in the study area. The instrument for data collection was validated through expert review and pilot testing to ensure its reliability and validity. The experts assessed the questionnaire for content validity, clarity, and relevance to the research objectives. Data collection was conducted through a combination of online and in-person survey administration. This method was chosen to maximize the response rate and allow for clarification of some questions by respondents. The questionnaire was pre-tested among 10 participants to ensure clarity and ease of comprehension. Necessary modifications were made before full deployment. Secondary data was sourced from peer-reviewed journals, as well as published literature on sustainable green architecture. This provided a contextual foundation for data interpretation.

Data Analysis

Descriptive statistical analysis of frequency distributions, percentages, and means were used to summarize the respondent characteristics and key variables, being performed on the gathered responses. The results have been presented through summarizing tables, charts, and textual interpretations to fully understand the views of the subjects relating to green architecture and sustainable building practices within the architecture and building professions. This study adhered to ethical research standards of informed consent, anonymity, and confidentiality, with voluntary participation, of which respondents had the right to withdraw at any stage without consequences.

RESULTS

A total of 230 structured questionnaires were administered to Architects and builders, aiming to capture a comprehensive and informed perspective on the topic. Of these, 200 questionnaires were returned fully completed, accounting for 86.96% of the total distributed. The high response rate of 86.96% suggests that the survey achieved significant engagement from the target audience, which enhances the reliability and validity of the data collected. This is generally an indication of effective communication with respondents, and possibly a high level of interest in the survey topic among the target population in the study area. Table 2 captures the demographic information of the respondents. This first section of the questionnaire sought to identify Socio-demographic characteristics of respondent and practice details to access their suitability for the survey. Table 2 illustrates details of respondents Socio-demographic characteristics. This sample profiling reveals a dominance of highly experienced male professionals – 56.5 % men and 43.5 %. This gender distribution highlights a predominance of male gender among architecture and building professionals in the study area. With 67% practicing for over 11 years, depicts extensive industry exposure, high level of expertise and professional experience. The 46.5 % post-graduation rate also indicates elevated educational capabilities that facilitate nuanced perspectives. The level of professional maturity among respondents reflects an informed understanding of the subject matter and construction protocols that underscores green construction initiatives and practice.

table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents (n = 200)

The second section of the questionnaire explored the respondents’ perspectives on general perception, benefits, implementation and influencing factors in sustainable green design principles and practice in the study area. From Fig. 1, there is a positive finding that 92 % of the 200 surveyed architects and builders self-reported having awareness of sustainable green architecture, and support for it, implying a general understanding of the dynamics of green sustainability.

The results in Table 3 manifest a ranked perspective on the various benefits of sustainable green architecture among respondents. The ranking was based on how strongly the respondents associated each benefit. Conservation of natural resources such as water and energy in respect of the value of Green architecture to the environment ranked first (69.5%) while improved indoor air quality, natural light and access to green spaces which promote user experience (62%) was ranked second by respondents.

As seen in Fig. 2, majority of respondents (84) often incorporated sustainable green design principles in their architectural projects, 60 respondents always integrated, while 22.5% sometimes did, indicating potential barriers to consistent integration. However, Only 5% rarely incorporated sustainable principles, and 0.5% opted never.

The survey results from Fig. 3 show that 74.4% of respondents prioritize compliance with environmental regulations indicating the significant influence of regulations and economic factors on sustainable green practices adaptability. Furthermore, 68.5% highlighted cost considerations, indicating the significant influence of economic factors and 63.5% reported clients’ demand as a major factor, reflecting the strong influence of client preferences. Additionally, technological advancement was emphasized as crucial by 43.5% of respondents, signifying the great role of sustainable technologies.

Table 3: Respondents Perception of the Benefits of Green Architecture Practices to Users and the Environment.

Source: Researcher’s Field survey, 2024

Fig 1. Awareness of Sustainable Green Architecture and Practice

Figure 2. Incorporation of sustainable green principles and practices

Fig 3. Factors that influence adaptation to sustainable green architectural practices

DISCUSSION

The findings of this study offer insights into the perceptions and opinions of individuals regarding sustainable green architecture profession and this is in tandem with the trends identified in the existing literature on the architecture profession and practice. One notable trend is the increasing shift from the conventional method of construction to global shift towards environmentally conscious practice by adopting more sustainable construction principles and building practices. Green architecture is currently and notably recognized globally as a vital concept and practice for enhancing energy and water efficiency, waste reduction, occupant health and productivity. The high level of awareness among architects and builders regarding green sustainability concepts (92 % of respondents) aligns with the global shift towards environmentally conscious architecture. This awareness is a crucial foundation for the implementation of sustainable practices. This finding on awareness levels is consistent with those of Ameh, et al (2007), Waniko (2014) who affirmed that the built environment professionals in Nigeria are aware of sustainability principles and Ibiyeye et al (2024) who also revealed moderate to high levels of awareness about sustainable green building practices.  Furthermore, Otegbulu (2011) in his study reinforced the above findings by highlighting some green design principles such as: energy and water efficiency, waste reduction, occupant health and productivity, climate and environmental integration etc which agrees with the findings of this study that green architecture features such as improved indoor air quality, natural light and access to green spaces promote user experience.

However, the results from the works of Susilawati et al (2011) who investigated the public knowledge and awareness of green and sustainable architecture in Saudi Arabia is not in consonance with this study. Findings revealed that a higher percentage of the respondents are not fully aware of green building practices. Also AlSanad, et al (2011), who explored the level of awareness,  acceptability and adoption the concept of green buildings by stakeholders in  Kuwait’s construction industry, indicated a moderate to good’ range  of awareness and adaptability . The authors emphasized the significance of integrating sustainability through education programs such as training courses, conferences, seminars and workshops to increase the level of awareness and knowledge and foster a foundation for environmentally conscious practices among emerging professionals. This recommendation could also be accepted and applied as a possible approach to acceptability and adaptability of sustainable green architecture in Nigeria and other developing countries.

This study also sought to assess the impacts and benefits of sustainable green buildings and practices building owners and end users. Table 3 revealed that the practice of green architecture assures a multi range of opportunities and a high rate of marketability of properties even after years of ownership and affecting the environment in positive ways.  Majority of the respondents (139, 69.5%) indicate that one of the major values green architecture and sustainable building practices contribute to the environment is the conservation of natural resources such as water and energy. Also, similar studies by Udechukwu et al [65], Chan et al. [66], Issa, et al [67] and Zhang et al, [68] have identified different benefits of green building practices in Nigeria and other tropical countries. Udechukwu et al (2008) classified green building benefits into three areas: environmental, economic and social as supported by many literatures in sustainability. Chan et al (2010) while emphasizing on business case for green building development in Asian cites, identified business reasons such as lower operational costs and lower life-cycle costs. They advocated that investment in green building will not only benefit the buyers or consumers but would also provide business opportunity for architects, developers, contractors and almost all stakeholders in the built environment. Similarly, Issa, et al (2010) infers that green buildings can be built at little to no additional cost as generally believed by most researchers even though professional practitioners often identify high initial cost as barrier to adopting green practices. However, this assertion reinforced the findings of Zhang et al (2011) on higher costs for green appliance design and energy saving material at design stage. In addition, Umar et al (2012) identified operational savings, daylight and views, air quality as the three best reasons frequently advocated by occupiers of green buildings.

With these benefits associated with green buildings, construction practitioners, governments and their agencies worldwide are integrating and adopting green building principles into new and existing buildings Ahn, et al (2013). Therefore, the gains of green building practices in the built environment towards sustainable development could be immense. The positive trend in sustainable practice adoption among Nigerian architects, with 42 % and 30% either often or consistently incorporating sustainable principles, is encouraging. However, it’s important to note that self-reported data may overestimate actual adoption levels, as pointed out by J. Adams and A. Hill (2022) in their global survey analysis. This contradiction underscores the need for observational studies and post-occupancy evaluations to accurately assess the real-world implementation of green sustainable practices. Prior studies have a consensus that adopting green technologies does not only help in branding image of property developers but can also reduce administration cost when efficient experience sharing scheme can be established. This assertion is line with the findings of Ahn, et al (2013) that Green building practice is indeed, a highly profitable exercise and refurbishing for the existing building stock. They opined that adopting green approach is a panacea for tackling the looming environmental crisis. Their findings revealed that due to advancing green building practices in United States, the value of green buildings has rapidly grown from approximately 2% for non-residential and residential valued at a total of $10 billion to $36-49 billion in 2008 representing a significant growth. In addition to this, the 2013 Smart Market Report published by McGraw Hill Construction found that built environment professionals around the globe are focusing their work on sustainable design and construction by adopting at least 60% of their projects green, doubling only 13% of them at this level in 2009.  Furthermore, A. Abolore (2012) in his work “Comparative Study of Environmental Sustainability in Building Construction in Nigeria and Malaysia’ advocated that Green building practices should be pursued not only because it is beneficial for humans, to the environment or as a result of environmental legislation, but because it significantly increases financial profit and long-term competitiveness. The factors motivating sustainable green design adoption in Enugu echo findings from studies in other developing countries. S. Saha, et al (2022) and R. J. Marsh (2021) similarly agreed that cost concerns and market demand were primarily the drivers of green building practices. This suggests common challenges and opportunities across developing nations in transitioning to sustainable green architecture. However, this study results reveal that economic considerations and other motivators such as regulatory compliance, client demands, and technological advancements are key factors influencing architects’ and builders decisions in adopting sustainable green principles in Enugu, Nigeria. Environmental regulations (74.4%), Cost considerations (68.5%) and clients demand (63.5%) emerged as key motivators. This high percentage underscores the importance of legal requirements and financial viability in driving sustainable practices. These findings are in consonance with global trends identified by M. Ashour et al. (2022), who highlighted evolving regulations, client priorities, technological growth, and personal values as top drivers toward sustainability worldwide.

From the survey findings, green building practices may displace many conventional practices in the construction industry especially, when developing new facilities and maintaining the existing ones. Nigerian architects and builders are beginning to understand the importance of sustainable building practices. However, despite the growing awareness, the practice of green architecture remains relatively new in Nigeria, and its adoption is bedeviled with numerous obstacles such as, lack of awareness and education on sustainable green building practices among some architects, builders, and property owners, higher initial costs associated with green building materials and technologies etc. Overall, while there are challenges to overcome, Nigerian architects and builders are making progress in embracing green architecture and sustainable building practices. As the nation continues to grow and develop, it is essential to prioritize the integration of green sustainability principles into architectural education. This would no doubt play a critical role in empowering future architects and other stakeholders with the knowledge and skills needed for environmentally responsible practice. The integration of green sustainability into architectural education in the study area is a part of a broader transition towards sustainable practices in Nigeria, as showcased in the Transition Theory. On the global perspective, this suggestion aligns with trends observed by Greenfield et al (2020) who reinforced the crucial role of education in shaping sustainable architectural practices. M.A. Ismail et al (2017) in their study: ‘Review on integrating sustainability knowledge into architectural education’, acknowledged that over 80 % of architectural programs in the UK and USA offer dedicated sustainability courses. The integration of sustainability into architectural education in Enugu can be seen as part of a broader transition towards sustainable practices, as conceptualized in Transition Theory.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Green and sustainable architecture represents a vital movement towards sustainable development in Nigeria, addressing both environmental challenges and the need for efficient resource management. The concept emphasizes the integration of eco-friendly practices in building design and construction, promoting the use of sustainable materials and energy-efficient technologies tailored to Nigeria’s diverse climate conditions. This research pursued issues pertaining to sustainable green architecture focusing on Enugu City, Southeast Nigeria, as its scope and study area, gathering empirical data on awareness, benefits and adoption factors. Though the findings reveal high levels of sustainability concept awareness and benefits, uneven integration persists, advocating for reinforcing adoption drivers like compliant codes, client demands and supportive technologies. The adoption of green and sustainable architecture is increasingly recognized as essential in Nigeria, especially given the rapid urbanization and environmental degradation facing the country. By prioritizing sustainable practices and integrating traditional knowledge with modern techniques, Nigeria could pave the way towards a greener future that balances development with environmental stewardship. Embracing these changes is not merely an option but imperative for ensuring a sustainable legacy for future generations. Recommendations that form this current study include:

• Boost climate consciousness from initiation by mandating green ratings for public projects and upgrading building codes to promote energy efficiency, renewable adoption etc.
• Establish Green Building Council of Nigeria (GBCN) to drive awareness, introduce guidelines, and provide tools and techniques for green building practices.
• Update curricula and comprehensive education and training programs to integrate sustainability comprehensively, emphasizing applied building techniques instead of conceptual foundations alone   especially among construction professionals.
• Provide economic incentives and societal engagement to developers and homeowners to demand sustainability features through promotional schemes, tax rebates and low-cost      financing to elevate market pull factors that would encourage the transition towards      sustainable construction.
• Promote collaboration and partnerships among professionals to give access to best practices, technologies and expertise in green buildings.

Consent

The authors confirm they sought and got informed consent from all participants in the study.

Ethical Approval

The study protocol was approved by ethic review committee of the department of Architecture in accordance with the ethics guidelines and regulations of the University of Nigeria and followed the Declaration of Helsinki—principles of informed consent, voluntary participation and withdrawal, confidentiality, and privacy of the participants.

Disclaimer (Artificial Intelligence)

Author(s) hereby declare that NO generative AI technologies such as Large Language Models (ChatGPT, COPILOT, etc.) and text-to-image generators have been used during the writing or editing of this manuscript.

Competing Interests

Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors EJM conceptualized the study. Authors EJM, COO and PIO performed the methodology. Authors SCO and EOO did formal analysis. Authors EJM and PIO investigated the study. Authors EJM, COO and PIO wrote, reviewed and edited the manuscript. Author EJM supervised the study. Authors EJM and COO did project administration. All authors read and approved the final manuscript

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