Prevalence of Diseases of Cattle in Sirajgonj District in Bangladesh

Prevalence of Diseases of Cattle in Sirajgonj District in Bangladesh

Md Golam Haider^1*, Md. Taimur Islam¹, Ziban Chandra Das²

¹Department of Pathobiology, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

²Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive health, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

*Corresponding author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.10060085

Received: 09 June 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; Published: 12 July 2025

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of diseases of cattle in Sirajganj district of Bangladesh, from the period of July, 2020 to June, 2021. During the study period a total of 26040 cattle population were recorded secondary data from 9 upazila veterinary hospital’s patient register book, in Sirajganj district. Among them the number of affected male cattle were 9114 ad female cattle were 16926. In this study, the effect of age, sex and season were considered in disease prevalence and all the data were collected passively from the patient register book. Primarily the diseases were categorized into eight groups, where the highest disease prevalence found in case of parasitic and protozoal diseases (37.696%), followed by infectious diseases 25.123%, respiratory disorder 3.026%, digestive disorder 8.848%, metabolic disorder 4.782%, reproductive diseases 10.261%, surgical cases 8.587% and others 1.678%. The second highest disease prevalence found in case of infectious diseases and that were 25.123%. The overall disease prevalence was 35% in male and 65% in female, respectively. On the other hands prevalence of diseases were higher in 3 and above aged cattle (55.876%), where followed by 0-1 year of age (26.378%) and the lowest was1 to 3 years of age (17.746%). In considering season, the highest prevalence was seen in summer (37.923%), followed by winter (32.201%) and the lowest was in rainy season (29.877%). In conclusion, the results of the study provided information on disease outbreak which may help in designing control measures for the prevalent diseases in the study area.

Keywords:   Cattle, Diseases, prevalence, Season, Sirajganj district.

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh is an agricultural and densely populated country. Most of its population lives in rural areas who directly or indirectly related to livestock production. Therefore, livestock is an important component of the economy of Bangladesh. There are about 25.01 million cattle, 1.52 million buffalo, 27.12 million goats and 3.90 million sheep occupying the livestock population in Bangladesh (BBS, 2024). On the other hands about 13.07million metric tons of milk and9.27million metric tons of meat have been produced in the financial year of 2023-24 (BBS,2024). These milk, meat and eggs are good source of animal protein which are necessary for our body growth and development. The contribution of livestock in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is 1.80% and the GDP growth rate is 3.15%.  GDP volume (Current prices) is 82,014 Crore Taka (BBS,2024). Although the share of the livestock farming sub-sector in GDP is small, but it makes an immense contribution towards meeting the requirements of daily essential animal protein. The livestock not only the vital source of animal protein but also plays an important role in poverty reduction, employment generation, women empowerment and earning of leather goods (DLS,2024). Besides these, livestock sector is a good source of draught power, cow dung as manure and fuel, animal power for transportation. Again, hides and skins, bones, offal, feathers, etc., help in earning foreign currency.

Sirajganj is the most important dairy production area of Bangladesh and the density of cattle population of this district is very high (Sarker et al., 2013). Most people live in this district directly or indirectly related with livestock production. Most of them rear cattle in their own house in small scale farming system. Livelihood of this district mostly depends on livestock rearing. To control various disease outbreak and disease transmission in Sirajganj district, it is very important to know the prevalence of various diseases and disease pattern of this district. So. the present study is undertaken to investigate the prevalence of cattle diseases considering age, sex and seasons of Sirajganj district. Findings of this study is given a clear concept about the distribution of cattle diseases at Sirajganj district which might assist researchers or clinicians to design and implement priority-based research on specific disease and to take efficient control strategies against the diseases.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The aim of this chapter is to review the current literature for establishing the basis and rationale for the study. In this chapter, a short review of the past studies and opinion of the researchers related to the current study is presented. Available literatures on the related studies were gathered from various sources such as books, journals, reports and other forms of publications. All the literatures are arranged according to the objectives of present study. The objective of this research project is to study the prevalence of the diseases of cattle in Sirajganj district of Bangladesh.

Occurrence of diseases of cattle

An investigation was conducted on 683 cattle at the Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Beanibazar, Sylhet district of Bangladesh and reported cases were medical cases (86.82%), surgical cases (7.47%) and gynaeco-obstetrical cases (5.71%), respectively Sen et al. (2018).

Talukder et al. (2018) conducted a study on 576 cattle (506 in the community and 70 in the nucleus breeding hard) in Pubna cattle in Pubna and Sirajgonj districts of Bangladesh and stated that endo-parasites (15.67%), FMD (27.51%), non-specific diarrhea (7.73%) and post-partum anoestrus (7.78%) were the most prevailing diseases in the community and endo-parasites (21.82%), foot-rot (15.15%), non-specific fever (7.27%), dermatophilosis (5.45%) and conjunctivitis (4.85%) were the most prevailing diseases in the nucleus breeding hard.

In another study conducted by Pallab et al. (2012) on 306 clinical cases of cattle (120 dairy cows, 89 bulls and 97 calves) treated at the Chandanaish Upazilla Veterinary Hospital of Chittagong district, Bangladesh and found the highest prevalence was digestive disorders (47.05%), followed by parasitic infection (26.79%), infectious diseases (7.84%), respiratory disorder (6.2%), surgical affections (5.22%), metabolic disorder (4.24%), ectoparasitic infection (1.96%) and others (0.65%).

In a similar study on 538 diseased cattle (38.66% male, 61.34% female) based on species, age, sex, system affected, and seasonal variation at Jaintapurupazilla, Sylhet reported that disease prevalence was high in old age group (81.22%) than young age group (18.77%). Prevalence of diseases was high (34.76%) in summer season followed by (32.90%) in rainy and lowest (32.34%) in winter season (Rahman et al., 2017).

Sarker et al. (2013) conducted a retrospective-epidemiological study of cattle diseases/disorders at Baghabari Milking zone of Bangladesh and reported cases were general and systemic 58.42%, infectious 23.56%, production and reproductive 12.48% and surgical diseases/disorders5.54%, respectively. The most common general and systemic diseases/disorders were fever (17.91%), anorexia (17.55%) and weakness (14.71%). Among infectious diseases 78.2%, 7.02% and 6.32%, respectively were mastitis, FMD and black quarter.

Researchwas performed on a total of 7208 sick cattle at Adamdighi Veterinary Hospital, Bogra and documented cases were 44.7% parasitic, 37.8% general systemic affections, 14.2% infectious, 1.3% reproductive, 1.2% poisoning and 0.8% metabolic diseases respectively.The common diseases were worm infestation (34.2%), pneumonia (8.7%), foot and mouth disease (2.5%), mastitis (1.9%), black quarter (0.6%), haemorrhagic septicaemia (0.5%), simple indigestion (11.9%), diarrhoea (11.7%), fever (7.5%), navel ill (2.6%), bloat (2.0%), calf scour (1.7%), organo-phosphorus poisoning (1.2%), retained placenta (0.8%) and abortion (0.6%). About 2397 cases (33.3%) were in male and 4811 cases (67.7%) in female. Animals aged between 1-3 (A2) years had highest occurrences (34.3%) of diseases but lowest 17.1% occurrences were in cattle between 8-15 years (A4) of age. Disease occurrence was higher (37.3%) in summer followed by (32.5%) in rainy and lowest (30.3%) in winter seasonIslam et al. (2015).

In a study on 90 sick cattle (young 25.56%, growing 34.44% and adult 40%; local breed 78.89% as well as cross breed 21.11%) at Lalmohanupazila, Bhola, Bangladesh described that among the clinical cases, endoparasitic infestation 15.56% was the highest in all recorded cases. Furthermore, FMD 8.89%, bovine ephemeral fever 7.78%, diarrhea/enteritis 7.78%, mastitis 4.44 %, black quarter 1.11 %, pneumonia 2.22%, rabies 2.22%, myiasis 3.33%, ectoparasitic infestation 5.56%, bloat 6.67%, ruminal acidosis 4.44%, retention of placenta 2.22%, wound 2.22%, anoestrus 4.44%, dermatitis 3.33% and dermatophytosis 2.22% were also commonly recorded. It was reported that local breed (78.89%) are highly susceptible than cross breed (21.11%) cattle. In relation to age, adult cattle (40%) were found more infected with diseases and disorders as compared with calf (25.56%) and growing age (34.44%) cattle (Nahian et al.,2017).

Hossain et al. (2016) executed a query on 2518 cattle in four upazilla veterinary hospital of Moulovibazar district and reported that highest prevalence was digestive disorder 32.68% followed by endo-parasitic diseases 20.37%, ecto-parasitic diseases 16.16%, infectious diseases 12.39%, other diseases 6.39%, surgical cases 4.57%, respiratory diseases 3.69, metabolic disorder 2.82%, and poisoning cases 0.91%. Prevalence of clinical diseases was significantly (P<0.01) higher in male 37.87% than female 26.67%. Significantly highest prevalence of clinical diseases (p<0.05) was documented in rainy season (43.33%), in summer season (34.11%) and lowest in winter season (22.56%).

A corresponding experiment was operated by Alam et al. (2018) on 637 cattle at the upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Debidwar under Comilla district and narrated cases were FMD 14.44%, mastitis 6.59%, digestive disorders 19%, respiratory disorders 6.12%, parasitic infestations such as mixed infestation of both ecto- and endo-parasites 34.22%, acidosis 1.88%,  myiasis 6.12%, corneal opacity 1.57%, protozoal diseases 1.26%, BQ 2.20%, milk fever 0.94%, reproductive disorders 4.87% and others 0.75%. Age wise prevalence in young and adult was 38.62% and 61.38%, respectively. Moreover, sex wise prevalence in male and female were 34.85% and 65.15%, respectively.

Rahman et al. (2020) conducted a study on 445 cattle based on species, breed, sex and age of animals at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur and described LSD (20.67%), parasitic infestations (15.96%) and anorexia (8.31%).

A similar experiment was performed by Sayeed et al. (2020) on 294 cattle in Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) at Jhenaidah Government Veterinary College (JGVC) and reported that the prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation was at highest percentage (25.2%) followed by fascioliasis (14.3%), myiasis (11.2%), bloat (9.5%), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) (7.2%), poisoning (3.4%), mastitis (2.0%) and dog bite (0.3%).

Khan et al. (2017) conducted a study on 60 cattle at the sadar Upazilla Livestock Office, Gopalgonj, Bangladesh and recorded cases were fever 3, anorexia 5, bloat 2, dysentery 3, diarrhoea 4, fascioliasis 2, myiasis 5, FMD 2, papillomatosis 2, ephemeral fever 3, pneumonia 5, mastitis 4, black quarter 1. Age wise occurrence in young and adult cattle was 58.33% and 41.66%, respectively.

In another study operated by Ullah et al. (2015) on 306 clinical cases of cattle (120 dairy cows, 89 bulls and 97 calves) treated at the Chandanaish upazila Veterinary Hospital,Chittagong and reported highest prevalence was digestive disorders (47.05%), followed by Parasitic infection (26.79%), Infectious diseases (7.84%), Respiratory disorder (6.2%), Surgical affection (5.22%), Metabolic disorder (4.24%), Ectoparasitic infection (1.96%) and others (0.65%).

A Similar study was performed by Badruzzaman et al. (2015) on total of 2614 clinical cases of cattle at five different veterinary hospitals in Chittagong district of Bangladesh and reported that the prevalence of digestive disorders was the highest (45.14%) followed by parasitic diseases (30.64%), infectious diseases (9.49%), respiratory diseases (3.90%), metabolic diseases (3.18%) and other diseases (3.18%). Disease prevalence was highest in Cross-bred cattle (44. 23%) followed by Red Chittagong cattle (28.46%) and Non-descript Deshi cattle (27.31%). Female were more susceptible to diseases (54.32%) than male cattle (45.68%). Disease prevalence varied according to seasons. Highest prevalence was recorded in summer season (37.49%) followed by rainy season (34.81%) and winter season (27.70%).

A corresponding research was done by Siddiki et al. (2015) in cattle at upazila veterinary hospital Chauhali, Sirajganj and stated cases were parasitic diseases (55.97%), followed by infectious diseases (24.21%), digestive disorders (10.34%), general systemic states (3.91%), musculo-skeletal disorder (1.57%), skin condition (1.57%), metabolic diseases (1%), respiratory disorders (0.76%), sensory organ diseases (0.43%), dog biting (0.24%),repeat breeding (42.35%), anestrous (31.60%), orchitis (9.77%), posthitis (5.86%), dystocia (4.89%), retained placenta (4.23%), Navel-ill (45%), myiasis (43.33%), abscess (6.25%) and fracture (3.34%). Prevalence of diseases was recorded high (39.38%) in summer season followed by (34.73%) in winter and lowest (25.89%) in rainy season.

REREARCH METHODOLOGY

Study area

The clinical study was undertaken at 9 upazila veterinary hospitals in Sirajganj district, Bangladesh to determine the prevalence of various clinical diseases and disorders in cattle.

Study Period

A one-year clinical experiment was conducted from July, 2023 to June, 2024 in Sirajganj district, Bangladesh.During the study period a total of 26040 cattle population were recorded from 9 upazila veterinary hospitals in Sirajganj district. The number of recorded cattle population were decreased due to pandemic corona virus spreading.

Sources and Nature of Data

The data of one year were collected from patient register book of 9 upazila veterinary hospitals, Sirajganj district. Every upazila veterinary hospitals have patient register book. As all the patientsare maintained and handled by veterinary surgeon. This patient register book is maintained by veterinary surgeon of respective upazila veterinary hospital. The age, sex, clinical signs, disease name (tentative diagnosis) of the respective animals, seasons of the year and date of the year were noted properly in the patient register bookby veterinary surgeon of respective upazila veterinary hospital. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted to determine the prevalence of various infectious and non-infectious diseases in cattle in Sirajganj district, Bangladesh. The age and sex of the animals were collected from the patient register book. Date and seasons of the year also noted from the patient register book. After official permission from the Upazila Livestock Officer of veterinary hospitals, the patient’s data were collected from the patient register book.

Data Processing and Sample size

The collected data were checked manually for obvious inconsistencies, recording errors or missing data. The potential errors were evaluated and finally corrected. Data with suspicious values were excluded. During the study period total 26040 diseased animals were recorded from patient register book of 9 upazila veterinary hospitals, Sirajganj district. We considered age and sex of the animals and also seasons of the year during the collection of data from the upazila veterinary hospitals. Among them the number of affected male cattle were 9114 and female cattle were 16926. These recorded clinical cases were primarily categorized into eight major groups. These groups were namely: Parasitic and protozoal Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Respiratory disorders, Digestive disorders, Metabolic disorders, Reproductive Diseases, Surgical Cases and Others. Within these eight groups about 46 various infectious and non-infectious diseases were recorded in cattle during the study period. The total collected data from 9 upazila veterinary hospitals in Sirajganj district are shown in figure1.

Figure 1: Total collected data from 9 upazila veterinary hospitals in Sirajganj district

Sample Classification

Classification of samples based on season: Based on the season, the data were divided into three groups:

• Summer (March to June)
• Rainy (July to October)
• Winter (November to February)

Classification of case based on age: Based on age, the animals were divided into three groups:

• Age up to 1 year
• Age between 1-3 years
• Age above 3 years

Classification of case based on sex: Based on sex, the animals were divided into two groups:

• Female
• Male

Materials used in experiment

-Patient register of each upazila veterinary hospitals of Sirajganj district

-FDIL Report of Sirajganj district.

Procedure

During the clinical examination of the animals, clinical history of each case was cautiously recorded by veterinary surgeon of respective upazila. Various types of diseases like bacterial, viral, parasitic, metabolic, respiratory, gyneco-obstetrical and surgical cases were registered in the study. The clinical examination of the animals performed on the basis of following procedures- (i) by general examination of affected animal, (ii) physical examination, (iii) clinical examination by respective veterinary surgeon.

General examination

General examination was performed by veterinary surgeon of respective Upazila veterinary hospitals. During the general examination physical condition, behaviour, external skin wound, posture, gait, uterine and vaginal prolapse, salivation, discharge from nasal cavity, enlargement of the abdomen, instability of locomotion were observed of the patient by visual examination and were recorded.

Physical examination

It was performed by veterinary surgeon of respective upazila veterinary hospitals. Examination of different parts and system of the body of each of the sick animals were examined by using procedure of percussion, auscultation, palpation, needle puncture and walking of the animals.

Clinical examination

The animals were restrained so that it can be examined carefully, safely and with confidence by well-trained veterinarian. After restraining animal were visually examined more closely. The temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate from each of these sick animals were recorded. Clinical examinations of all cattle were conducted on the basis of diseases history, owner complaint, symptoms, to diagnose the following diseases and disorders. History of each case (Present and past) was carefully taken which gave a guideline for examination of the animals. According the merit of the individual case, general clinical examination was conducted on the basis of disease history and owner’s complaint, symptoms and techniques such as microscopic examination, laboratory common techniques used by Rosenberger (1979) and Samad et al., (1988).

Prevalence

Prevalence is calculated as number of cases of disease divided by population at risk and multiply by 100.

Statistical Analysis

Finally at the end of the study the obtained data were calculated and presented in different ways.

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 

This investigation was performed in Sirajganj district from July, 2022 to June, 2023. During the study period a total of 26040 data were collected from patient register book of 9 upazila veterinary hospitals, Sirajganj district. Among total data the number of affected male cattle were 9114 and female cattle were 16926. These recorded clinical cases were primarily categorized into eight major groups. These groups were namely: Parasitic and protozoal Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Respiratory disorders, Digestive disorders, Metabolic disorders, Reproductive Diseases, Surgical Cases and Others. Within these eight groups about 46 various infectious and non-infectious diseases were recorded in cattle during the study period.

Over all prevalence in Sirajganj district

The overall prevalence of cattle diseases in Sirajganj district are shown in table 1. The highest prevalence found in case of parasitic and protozoal diseases (37.696%) and the lowest prevalence found in case of respiratory diseases (3.026%). The second highest prevalence found in infectious diseases and that was 25.123%.

Table 01: Prevalence of different categoriesof diseases of cattle in Sirajganj district.

Prevalence of different diseases in Sirajganj district

Prevalence of different infectious, parasitic and protozoal, reproductive diseases, digestive and metabolic disorders of cattle in Sirajganj district were shown in the table 2 and 3.

Table 2: Prevalence of different infectious, parasitic and protozoal, and reproductive diseases of cattle in Sirajganj district.

Table 3: Prevalence of different disorders, surgical cases and other of diseases of cattle in Sirajganj district.

Sex wise prevalence

Sex wise prevalence of cattle diseases in Sirajganj district are shown in table 4. The overall sex wise prevalence of diseases found in mala was 35% and in female was 65%. The highest prevalence found in male was parasitic and protozoal diseases (14.508%) and the lowest was reproductive diseases (0.599%). The highest prevalence found in female was parasitic and protozoal diseases (23.187%) and the lowest was respiratory diseases (1.778%). The highest infectious diseases found in female (15.565%) than male (9.558%). Prevalence of reproductive diseases most commonly found in female (9.662%) than male (0.599%).

Table 4: Sex wise prevalence of cattle diseases in Sirajganj district.

Age wise prevalence

Age wise prevalence of cattle diseases in Sirajganj district are shown in table 5. The highest age wise prevalence of diseases was found (55.88%) in 3 and above year of age, and the lowest was 17.746% in 1-3 year of age.

Table 5: Age wise prevalence of cattle diseases in Sirajganj district.

Season wise prevalence

Season wise prevalence of cattle diseases in Sirajganj district are shown in table 6. The prevalence in summer season, winter season and rainy season were 37.923%,32.201% and 29.877%, respectively.

Table 6: Season wise prevalence of cattle diseases in Sirajganj district.

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

In this study the author reported many infectious and non-infectious diseases and disorders prevalent in Sirajganj district, Bangladesh. The recorded prevalence of diseases was higher in female than male in the study area (Table 3). The author documented parasitic and protozoal diseases were the most frequent among all diseases and the proportion was 37.696% (Table 02). The findings are similar with previous studies from Bangladesh Badruzzaman et al. (2015), Hossain et al. (2016) and Alam et al. (2018) who have been reported 30.64%, 36.54% and 34.22%, respectively parasitic and protozoal diseases in cattle. The results are lower than Rahman et al. (2017) who reported parasitic and protozoal diseases 50.4%. Prevalence of higher parasitic and protozoal diseases in the study area might be due to lack of anthelmintics administration, endemic nature of parasites in the study area, lack of proper management of cattle farm, ignorance of farmer about the parasitic infestation. Gastro-intestinal worm infestation was recorded 28.921% (Table 02) in this study. The result is congruent with Islam et al. (2015) who reported gastro-intestinal worm infestation 34.2% but lower than Rahman et al.  (2017) who reported gastro-intestinal worm infestation 63% in cattle in Sylhet region. This may be happened due to geo-graphical location. Fascioliasis was estimated 4.716% from this study. This finding isdiffered from Manapurath et al. (2023) and Kabir et al. (2019), who have been reported 20.88% and 16.66% fascioliasis in cattle. This finding might be due to the regular use of anthelmintics, intermediate host unavailability and stoping animals’ free grazing. The overall prevalence of parasitic and protozoal diseases wass found higher in the study area.

Infectious diseases were calculated 25.123% (Table 02) in the study area. These findings were corroborated with Sarker et al. (2013) and Siddiki et al. (2015) who had been reported 25.56% and 24.21%, infectious diseases in cattle. But the findings are higher fromPallab et al. (2012), Badruzzaman et al. (2015), Hossain et al. (2016) and Rahman et al. (2017) who had been reported 7.84%, 9.49%, 12.39% and 10%, respectively infectious diseases in cattle. Higher prevalence found in this study might be due to geo-graphical location, improper farm management and lack of awareness about infectious diseases among farmer in the study place. The prevalence of FMD recorded in this research was 10.480% which is the highest among infectious diseases. The result was consistent with Sarker et al. (2013) and Nahian et al. (2017) who had been reported 7.02% and 8.89% FMD in cattle. But the finding was higher from Badruzzaman et al. (2015) who reported 4.74% FMD in cattle and lower from Alam et al. (2018) who reported 14.44% FMD in cattle. This inconsistency might be due to the immunization status of cattle against FMD in the experimental area. FMD was recorded 5.526% in >3 year of age followed by 2.696% and 2.258% in 0-1 and 1-3 year of age. During the study period, Clinical mastitis was recorded 5.629% in cattle. The finding is similar with Nahian et al. (2017) who reported 4.44% mastitis in cattle. But the result is higher from Badruzzaman et al. (2015), Islam et al. (2015), Hossain et al. (2016) and Sayeed et al. (2020) who had been reported 1.30%, 1.90%, 1.15% and 2.0%, respectively mastitis in cattle. The prevalence of ephemeral fever was documented 5.107%in my study. The finding was consistent with Nahian et al. (2017) who had been reported 7.78% ephemeral fever in cattle. But the result was dissimilar with Hossain et al. (2016) who had been reported 0.44% ephemeral fever in cattle. Variation of results might be due to the avaippl ability or unavllllllllllllpail ability of vectors specially tick in the research area. From this study, the recorded prevalence of diseases were black quarter 1.037%, tetanus 0.311%, anthrax 0.265%, HS 0.729% and LSD 0.803%, respectively in cattle which are negligible in the study area. The overall rate of infectious disease was reported higher in the study area. It might be due to lack of awareness about routine and booster vaccination, poor hygiene, nutrition, health conditions and pastoral backyard farming (Islam et al., 2020).

The prevalence of respiratory disorders was estimated 3.026% in all clinical cases. The outcome was similar with Badruzzaman et al. (2015) and Hossain et al. (2016) who had been reported 3.90% and 3.69% respiratory disorders in cattle. But the result was dissimilar with Pallab et al. (2012) and Ullah et al. (2015) who both had been reported 6.20% respiratory disorders in cattle. Variation of results might be due to the geographical location, difference in farm management. Respiratory disorders were documented 0.903% in 0–1-year age, 0.342% in 1–3-year age and 1.782% in >3-year age of cattle in this study. The prevalence of respiratory disorders was 1.248% in male and 1.778% in female. The reported prevalence of pneumonia was 2.016% in this study. The finding is consistent with Sarker et al. (2013) who has been reported 2.59% pneumonia of cattle in Sirajganj district. In this study pneumonia was documented 1.106% in male and 0.911% in female cattle.

The calculated digestive disorders were 8.848% in cattle in the experimental area. These findings were much dissimilar with Ullah et al. (2015) and Hossain et al. (2016) who had been reported 47.05% and 32.68% digestive disorders in cattle. This dissimilarity might be due to the awareness of farmer about digestive disorders, plenty supply of green grass to cattle, lack of providing much concentrate feed. The recorded digestive disorders were 3.863% in male and 4.985% in female in the study area. The documented digestive disorders were 2.005% in 0–1-year age, 2.515% in 1–3-year age and 4.328% in >3-year age in cattle. Diarrhoea was recorded 2.923% in cattle in the research area. The outcome is consistent with Rahman et al. (1999) who reported 4.78% diarrhoea in cattle. But the finding is differ with Sarker et al. (2013) and Talukder et al. (2018) who had been reported 7.08% and 7.73% diarrhoea in cattle.

During the experiment the documented metabolic disorders were 4.782% in cattle. The findings were similar with Pallab et al. (2012) and Ullah et al. (2015) who both had been reported 4.24% metabolic disorders in cattle. But the result was higher than Islam et al. (2015) who reported 0.8% metabolic disorders in cattle. Metabolic disorders were recorded higher in female (3.111%) than male (1.671%). Age wise highest prevalence recorded in >3 year age of cattle and that was 4.082%. Milk fever was recorded 2.388% in the study area. The result was higher than Ullah et al. (2015) and Nahian et al. (2017) who had been reported 0.83% and 1.11% milk fever in cattle. Higher prevalence of milk fever in the experimental area might be due to the lack of balance diet in cattle specially in cows in last stage of pregnancy.

The prevalence of reproductive diseases wasrecorded 10.261% in thisexperiment. The findings were higher than Pallab et al. (2012), Hossain et al. (2016) and Alam et al. (2018) who had been reported 6.20%, 4.69% and 4.87%, respectively reproductive diseases in cattle. But the findings are lower than Sarker et al. (2013) who has been reported 12.48% reproductive diseases in cattle. During the study period the author recorded higher reproductive diseases in female (9.662%) than male (0.599%). Higher reproductive diseases were documented in > 3 year of age and that was 8.683%, followed by 1.578% in 1 -3 year of age in cattle. Variation of findings might be due to the difference in nutrition supply, difference in heat detection, difference in parasitic infestation in the study area. The author recorded 3.211% repeat breeding in cattle in the study area. The outcome was similar with Rahman et al. (1999) and Sen et al. (2018) who had been reported 1.26% and 1.90% repeat breeding in cattle. In this study, the documented placental retention was 2.507% in cattle. The finding was consistent with Nahian et al. (2017) and Sen et al. (2018) who had been reported 2.22% and 2.64% placental retention in cattle. The reported anestrous was 2.301% in cattle in the study area. The result was agreement with Nahian et al. (2017) and Sen et al. (2018) who had been reported 4.44% and 1.17% anestrous in cattle. During the study period the author reported 8.587% surgical cases in cattle in the experimental field (Table 2). The findings were similar with Karim et al. (2014) and Sen et al. (2018) who had been reported 7.3% and 7.47% surgical cases in cattle. But the findings were higher than Hossain et al. (2016) who had been reported 4.57% surgical cases in cattle. The author found higher prevalence of surgical cases in female was 5.392% and in male was 3.195%. The author recorded higher prevalence of surgical cases in 0-1 year of age and that was 5.276%, followed by 1.386% in 1-3 year of age and 1.924% in >3 year of age in cattle. The author reported abscess was 0.756% in cattle during the study. But Ullah et al. (2015) and Hossain et al. (2016) reported 2.15% and 1.39% abscess in cattle which were higher than the recorded data. During the study period, the reported myiasis was 3.333% in cattle. The result is congruent with Nahian et al. (2017) who has reported 3.33% myiasis in cattle. Badruzzaman et al. (2015) reported 8.11% myiasis in cattle which was higher than the recorded data. The reported navel ill was 3.886% during the study period. The result was higher than Ullah et al. (2015) who had been reported 1.03% navel ill in cattle. The prevalence of fracture recorded was 0.338% in cattle in this study. Hossain et al. (2016) reported 1.07% fracture in cattle which was higher than the recorded data. During this study the recorded prevalence of miscellaneous diseases were 1.678% (Table 2). Alam et al. (2018) reported 0.75% miscellaneous diseases in cattle which was lower than the reported data. The reported skin disease was 0.642% in cattle. The result was similar with Islam et al. (2015) who had been reported 0.3% skin disease in cattle. In thisstudy, the reported conjunctivitis was 0.196% in cattle. Talukder et al. (2018) reported 1.49% conjunctivitis in cattle which was higher than the reported data. The recorded corneal opacity was 0.326% in cattle in the experimental field. The result is consistent with Alam et al. (2014) who has been reported 0.4% corneal opacity in cattle. The reported dog bite was 0.515% in cattle in this study. During the study period the authorwas found the highest prevalence in summer season (37.923%), followed by 32.20% in winter season and lowest in rainy season (29.877%). The findings were agreement with Siddiki et al. (2015) who had been reported the highest prevalence in summer season (39.38%), followed by 34.73% in winter season and lowest in rainy season (25.89%). But the findings were dissimilar with Hossain et al. (2016) who had been reported the highest prevalence in rainy season (43.33%), followed by 34.11%in summer season and lowest in winter season (22.56%). Seasonal variation might be due to geo-climatic situation of different locations.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The present study showed that several types of cattle diseases are prevalent in Sirajganj district. It was observed from the study area that the cattle were most susceptible to parasitic and protozoal diseases followed by infectious diseases. Among parasitic and protozoal diseases gastro-intestinal worm infestation (28.9215%), fascioliasis (4.716%) and lice infestation (2.231%) were more frequently reported during the study period. Under infectious diseases the prevalence of FMD (10.480%), mastitis (5.629%), ephemeral fever (5.107%) and black quarter (1.037%) were found higher in the study area. Within respiratory diseases pneumonia (2.016%) was more frequently recorded in the present study. Among digestive diseases diarrhoea (2.923%) and simple indigestion (2.784%) were observed more often in the study area. Among metabolic diseases milk fever (2.388%) was reported more frequently in the recent study. Within reproductive diseases repeat breeding (3.211%), placental retention (2.507%), anestrous (2.301%) and uterine prolapse (1.052%) were observed more repeatedly in the study area. Among surgical cases myiasis (3.333%) and navel ill (3.886%) were found more often in the study site. Within the miscellaneous diseases skin disease (0.642%) was reported more frequently in the present study. From the study it was detected that highest prevalence of diseases found in female (65%) than the male (35%). In considering season, the highest prevalence found in summer season (37.923%), followed by 32.201% in winter season and the lowest in rainy season (29.877%).  These diseases and disorders are influencing overall animal production and health and subsequently to the economy. These diseases and disorders lead to significant financial losses including meat and milk production in all the year round. So necessary steps should be taken to control the various diseases and disorders in cattle in the study site. Findings of my study will give a clear knowledge about the distribution of cattle diseases in Sirajganj district which may support the oncoming researchers or clinicians to find the easiest way to tackle against the diseases. Awareness and education of farmers are necessary to control various metabolic, digestive and reproductive diseases. Proper farm management and strict biosecurity can be effective in controlling various infectious and non-infectious diseases.

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