Renewable Energy Solutions for Off-Grid Communities: A Case Study of Solar PV Deployment in Char Regions

Renewable Energy Solutions for Off-Grid Communities: A Case Study of Solar PV Deployment in Char Regions

*Farzana Alam, Md Walid Hasan, Md Ridoy Hossen and Md Abdul Alim

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southeast University, 251/A & 252 Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.10040067

Received: 09 April 2025; Accepted: 14 April 2025; Published: 16 May 2025

ABSTRACT

This study presents the design, implementation, and impact assessment of a photovoltaic (PV)-based solar energy system for electrifying remote char (river island) communities in Bangladesh. Load analysis informed the appropriate sizing of system components, including monocrystalline/polycrystalline PV panels, deep-cycle batteries, inverters, and charge controllers. Strategic site selection, elevated installations, and community training ensured resilience and long-term viability in flood-prone areas. The modular system, costing 70,900 BDT per two-bedroom unit, demonstrated significant improvements in energy access, education, healthcare, and local economy, while reducing carbon emissions by 3–5 tons CO₂ annually. Despite high initial costs, the project confirms the feasibility of decentralized solar electrification and underscores the need for supportive policies and investment to scale similar initiatives.

Keywords: Solar Energy, Off-Grid Electrification, Char Region, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Development.

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh has significant potential for renewable energy, particularly solar power, due to its favorable geographic location and abundant sunlight. However, remote char (river island) regions remain among the most underserved communities, facing persistent challenges such as unreliable electricity access, which hinders education, healthcare, and economic development. The Solar System for Char Region project aims to address these challenges by designing and implementing a sustainable solar energy solution tailored to the unique environmental and infrastructural conditions of these areas.

Utilizing photovoltaic (PV) technology, this project provides an affordable, modular, and low-maintenance energy system capable of functioning independently without reliance on conventional grid infrastructure. This approach is particularly beneficial for char regions, where grid expansion is costly and logistically difficult due to geographical barriers and frequent flooding. By ensuring reliable access to electricity, the project seeks to improve living conditions, enhance communication, and support small-scale businesses. Additionally, it promotes sustainability by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and fostering long-term socio-economic development.

This study explores the implementation, impact, and feasibility of decentralized solar energy solutions in off-grid regions, demonstrating their potential to transform lives and drive sustainable progress in Bangladesh’s most vulnerable communities.

System Development and Implementation Framework

The effectiveness of decentralized renewable energy solutions in off-grid, geographically isolated regions hinges on meticulous planning and robust system design [1]. The Solar System for Char Region project was developed to address energy deficiencies in remote char communities through a scalable photovoltaic (PV) energy system, tailored to environmental and infrastructural challenges [2].

A comprehensive electricity load analysis were conducted to identify household electricity consumption on small appliances, mobile charging and lightning needs of the community. Surveys also highlighted the critical infrastructure needs of schools, healthcare centers, and small businesses. Environmental constraints such as frequent flooding, limited transportation, and inadequate infrastructure were key considerations for system feasibility [3]. The system was designed for reliability, efficiency, and scalability. High-efficiency monocrystalline/polycrystalline PV panels maximize energy generation under variable sunlight conditions. A battery storage system (lithium-ion or deep-cycle lead-acid) ensures uninterrupted power supply, while a pure sine wave inverter maintains appliance compatibility. A charge controller regulates energy flow, preventing overcharging and battery degradation [4,5]. The modular architecture enables future expansion based on demand growth and financial feasibility.

Strategic site selection was critical for system longevity. Locations were chosen based on optimal solar exposure, minimal shading, and accessibility for installation and maintenance. Given the flood-prone nature of char regions, elevated areas were prioritized to mitigate water damage risks. A cost-benefit analysis evaluated capital expenditures (solar panels, batteries, inverters, charge controllers, mounting structures) and operational expenses (routine maintenance, battery replacements, performance monitoring) [6]. Logistical challenges of transporting components to remote locations were also considered, with a contingency fund allocated for unforeseen expenditures.

Environmental sustainability and community engagement were central to the project. Eco-friendly materials and end-of-life management strategies minimized environmental impact [7]. Local residents were trained in system operation and maintenance, ensuring long-term viability and local ownership [8].

A phased implementation strategy was adopted: an initial pilot phase assessed system performance and gathered user feedback, followed by a full-scale deployment based on pilot insights. Continuous monitoring and optimization refined system efficiency, addressing emerging challenges in real time [3].

This structured approach validates the feasibility of decentralized solar energy solutions in off-grid, climate-vulnerable communities. By integrating technical, economic, environmental, and social considerations, the project provides a scalable model for rural electrification, contributing to sustainable renewable energy adoption in underserved regions [4].

Operational Mechanism and Power Flow of the Solar Energy System

The Solar System for Char Region utilizes photovoltaic (PV) technology to generate and distribute electricity efficiently in off-grid communities. The system integrates energy generation, storage, and conversion, ensuring uninterrupted power supply while addressing environmental challenges such as seasonal flooding and extreme weather.

The process begins with solar energy collection, where photovoltaic panels absorb sunlight and generate direct current (DC) electricity through the photovoltaic effect. A charge controller regulates voltage, preventing overcharging and optimizing battery performance. To support household and commercial loads, an inverter converts DC electricity into alternating current (AC), enabling compatibility with appliances.

Energy storage and distribution are key to maintaining reliable power availability. Excess energy produced during the day is stored in deep-cycle lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries, ensuring electricity supply at night and during low-sunlight periods. A structured wiring network distributes power efficiently, supplying households, schools, healthcare centers, and small businesses. The system architecture is modular, allowing for scalability based on energy demand growth.

Long-term functionality is ensured through real-time monitoring, which tracks energy output, battery health, and system efficiency. Local users receive training on maintenance tasks such as solar panel cleaning and basic troubleshooting, fostering community ownership. Given the flood-prone nature of char regions, critical system components are elevated to prevent water damage, and the hardware is engineered to withstand high winds and heavy rainfall.

The solar energy workflow is illustrated in Figure 1, outlining the steps from sunlight absorption to energy distribution.

Figure 1: Solar Energy System Workflow

The circuit diagram in Figure 2 presents the power flow, showing how solar panels generate DC electricity, which is regulated, stored in batteries, and converted into AC power for distribution.

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram of the Solar System

By integrating robust energy conversion, storage, and distribution mechanisms with scalability and environmental resilience, the Solar System for Char Region provides a sustainable, cost-effective electrification model for remote communities, complementing broader renewable energy adoption efforts.

Implementation Strategy and System Deployment

The Solar System for Char Region was deployed through a structured, multi-phase approach to ensure effective installation, integration, and long-term sustainability in geographically constrained and environmentally vulnerable areas. Site selection prioritized solar insolation, terrain stability, flood risks, and accessibility, engaging local stakeholders to assess energy demands for households, schools, and healthcare centers.

During the solar system installations, these standard procedures are followed: PV panels are mounted on corrosive-resistant frames with optimized tilt angle for maximum solar absorption, proper wiring specifications to minimize loss in power transmission, elevated installation of battery storage units against flood damage and also implementing real-time monitoring for tracking energy generation, consumption, battery performance towards site continuous oversight.

Post-installation, functional and load testing verified performance parameters, including power output, battery efficiency, and voltage stability. A fault detection system facilitated early issue identification. To ensure sustainability, local capacity-building initiatives provided training in system operation and maintenance, supported by a structured maintenance plan for regular inspections and optimization.

Challenges such as logistical constraints, seasonal flooding, and weather variability were addressed through alternative transportation (boats and local resources) and elevated system components. Adaptive scheduling mitigated installation delays due to weather fluctuations.

A cost analysis for a two-bedroom off-grid solar system (including PV panels, charge controller, battery, inverter, LED bulbs, fans, wiring, and switchboards) estimated total expenses at 70,900 BDT, with additional costs for installation and transport. This system ensures affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy access, reducing dependence on conventional power sources and supporting rural electrification efforts.

Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Solar Electrification

The Solar System for Char Region has significantly improved energy access, fostering sustainable development through economic, social, health, and environmental benefits. The transition from kerosene and diesel generators to solar energy has reduced carbon emissions (3–5 tons CO₂ annually) and minimized dependency on fossil fuels, contributing to environmental conservation.

Economically, the project has lowered household energy expenses by 40–50%, eliminating recurring fuel costs and creating local employment in installation and maintenance. Reliable electricity has enabled small businesses to extend operations, stimulating economic growth.

Socially, improved electricity access has enhanced quality of life, enabling safe cooking, extended study hours for students, and greater empowerment of women and children. Health benefits include reduced indoor air pollution, lowering respiratory illnesses previously caused by kerosene lamps. Improved electricity supply has also facilitated better sanitation and water filtration systems.

Technological progress has been notable, with increased digital access, mobile charging, and computer-based education. Community empowerment has strengthened connectivity, infrastructure, and resilience.

With over 100 households benefiting, the project demonstrates a scalable model for decentralized solar electrification, particularly in flood-prone areas, reinforcing its role in sustainable energy transitions for off-grid communities.

Environmental Sustainability and Ecological Benefits of Solar Electrification

The Solar System for Char Region has significantly reduced carbon emissions (3–5 tons CO₂ annually) by replacing kerosene lamps and diesel generators with solar energy, mitigating air and water pollution, and enhancing long-term ecological sustainability. The elimination of fossil fuel combustion has directly improved air quality, reducing the release of sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and greenhouse gases, which contribute to respiratory diseases and climate change.

Electricity generation through renewable energy which the project implements pose lots of benefits which include reducing reliance on other energy sources like fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and gas) thereby conserving finite natural resources associated with land degradation, habitat destruction and water contamination emanating from poor usage of fossil fuels. Thus, setting a safe environmental footprint by preserving local ecosystem requiring less land use, avoiding deforestation and promoting biodiversity.

The project also fosters energy independence, reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels and enhancing energy security in remote, off-grid communities. By providing a clean, decentralized energy model, it contributes to global climate change mitigation efforts while ensuring a sustainable and resilient energy future for char regions.

Beyond direct ecological benefits, the initiative has promoted environmental awareness, encouraging community engagement in sustainability practices. By demonstrating the practical benefits of solar energy, the project has fostered a shift toward renewable energy adoption, reinforcing the role of solar electrification in climate adaptation and sustainable rural development. As a scalable and replicable model, this initiative highlights the potential of decentralized solar energy in achieving sustainable electrification in climate-vulnerable regions.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS

The Solar System for Char Region project has successfully demonstrated the feasibility and impact of decentralized solar electrification in a remote and underserved community. By providing a sustainable and reliable energy solution, the project has significantly improved the quality of life, enhanced economic opportunities, and facilitated access to essential services such as education and healthcare. The transition from fossil fuel-dependent energy sources to solar power has not only reduced carbon emissions and environmental degradation but has also contributed to long-term energy security and socio-economic development within the region.

Despite challenges such as difficult terrain, logistical constraints, financial limitations, and technical hurdles, the project has proven the viability of renewable energy deployment in geographically isolated areas. The adoption of photovoltaic technology has provided a modular, low-maintenance, and scalable solution that addresses the electricity needs of off-grid communities. Moreover, the project has emphasized community engagement and capacity-building, ensuring the long-term sustainability of the system through local ownership and maintenance.

The success of this initiative underscores the potential for scaling similar projects to other remote and underserved regions. With appropriate policy support, financial investment, and technological advancements, decentralized solar energy solutions can serve as a transformative tool for achieving universal energy access. Future research and development efforts should focus on optimizing system efficiency, integrating energy storage advancements, and exploring hybrid renewable energy models to enhance resilience against variable weather conditions. Additionally, fostering partnerships between governments, non-governmental organizations, and private sector stakeholders can further facilitate the replication and expansion of such initiatives.

In conclusion, the Solar System for Char Region project serves as a model for sustainable rural electrification, demonstrating how renewable energy can drive environmental sustainability, economic empowerment, and social development. The findings from this initiative contribute to the broader discourse on energy equity and the role of clean energy technologies in mitigating climate change while fostering inclusive growth in energy-deprived regions.

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