Protection of Farmers' Rights to Develop Local Crop Varieties Based on Fairness

Indonesia is a country with significant agricultural potential. Within the framework of national law, Indonesia has established regulations to protect farmers' rights. At the international level, Indonesia has also demonstrated its commitment by ratifying the CBD, ITPGRFA, and the Nagoya Protocol. However, despite the existence of normative bases regulating the protection of farmers' rights, the implementation of these provisions in practice remain suboptimal. Local farmers often do not receive adequate recognition for their contributions. The type of research used normative legal research. Normative legal research is a type of research that analyzes and examines secondary data or reference materials. The study's results indicate that the protection of farmers' rights in Indonesia remains weak due to the dominance of an individualistic approach to intellectual property, as reflected in the PVT Law, which does not adequately accommodate the collective contributions of farmers to local varieties. Traditional farmers' rights, such as seed breeding and exchange, are marginalized and even at risk of criminalization. Farmers' weak bargaining position is exacerbated by factors such as age, low educational levels, and a lack of regeneration due to the negative stigma associated with the farming profession. Although Government Regulation No. 56 of 2022 recognizes farmers' knowledge as communal wealth, the documentation requirements pose an obstacle. The Access and Benefit-Sharing principle has also been adopted in Law No. 65 of 2024, but it has not been supplemented with technical implementation regulations. Therefore, Regulatory reform is needed through a sui generis system that recognizes the collective rights of farmers, as well as a revision of the PVT Law and the issuance of technical government regulations to ensure fair and contextual legal protection.

Farmers, Legal Protection, Local Varieties

1. Agus, Sardjono. 2010. Hak Kekayaan Intellectual dan Pengetahuan Traditional. Bandung: Alumni. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Akib Haedar, Antonius Tarigan, Artikulasi Konsep Implementasi Kebijakan: Perspektif, Model dan Kriteria Pengukurannya, Jurnal Baca, Vol. 1, 2008 h. 117. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Badan Pangan Nasional, Badan Pangan Nasional Dukung Kemandirian Pangan dari Desa. diakses 25 Februari 2025. link: https://badanpangan.go.id/blog/post/badan-pangan-nasional-dukung-kemandirian-pangan-dari-desa [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Badan Pusat Statistik, “Jumlah Pengelola Usaha Pertanian Perorangan Menurut Wilayah, Kelompok Umur di Indonesia pada Tahun 2023”. diakses 16 Oktober 2024, link: https://sensus.bps.go.id/topic/tabular/st2023/210/98808/0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Barizah, Nurul. 2018. Hukum International Tentang Hak-Hak Petani dan Pemulia Tanaman; Upaya Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional Berbasis Prinsip Keadilan. Surabaya: Revka Prima Media. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Beru, Reh Bungana, dkk., ―Perlindungan Pengetahuan Tradisional sebagai Hak Konstitusional di Indonesia‖, Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2020 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Djulaeka, ―Konsep Benefit Sharing Sebagai Upaya Perlindungan Dan Pemanfaatan Traditional Knowledge Di Indonesia‖, Rechtidee Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 9. No. 1, 2014 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Dulay Zainul, Pengetahuan Internasiona Dasar Hukum Dan Praktisi. (Jakarta : Rajawali Pres, 2011), h. 20. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Evi Choirunnisa, Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2013 Tentang Perlidungan dan Pemberdayaan Petani (Studi Pada Petani Padi di Desa Jeruk Gulung Kecamatan Kandangan Kabupaten Kediri), Skripsi (IAIN Tulungagung, 2022). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Faridah N, Syechalad MN, ―Analysis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Nilai Tukar Petani Sub Sektor Tanaman Pangan Padi di Aceh‖, Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Ekonomi Pembangunan, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2016 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Faujura, Rahmanisa Purnamasari, “Perlindungan Hak Terhadap Petani Sebagai Pemulia Varietas Tanaman Lokal Berdasarkan Pengaturan Internasional dan Nasional Dalam Perspektif Negara Kesejahteraan‖, Jurnal Hukum Prioris, Vol. 8 No. 1, 2020 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Gracella, Elsya Lucia, ―Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Pemulia (Breeder‘s Rights) dan Hak Petani (Farmer‘s Rights) Menurut Undang Undang No.29 Tahun 2000 Tentang Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman‖, Diponegoro Law Journal, Vol.9 No.2, 2020 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Hadjon, Philipus M. 2007. Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Rakyat Indonesia, Edisi Khasis Cetakan Pertama. Surabaya: Peradaban [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Haryanto, Yoyon, Helmi Z, ―Pokok-Pokok Pikiran Pendidikan Pertanian di Era Teknologi Informasi‖, Jurnal Community Online, Vol. 1, No.1, 2020 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Heri Fransisco Siagian, Damanhuri, Ronni Juwandi, ―Analysis Perlindungan Hak dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Petani yang Berkualitas di Provinsi Banten (Studi Implementasi Pasal12 dan Pasal 42 UU No 19 Tahun 2013 tentang Perlindungan dan Pemberdayaan Petani)‖, Jurnal Kewarganegaraan, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2022. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Imanullah, Moch. Najib. 2017. Petani dalam Perdagangan Internasional. Surakarta: Indotama [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Labetubun, Muchtar Anshary Hamid, dkk., ―Perlindungan Pengetahuan Tradisional Secara Sui Generis Untuk Menyongsong Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean‖, SASI, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2018 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Lubis, Efridani. 2009. Perlindungan dan Pemanfaatan Sumber Dya Genetik BerdasarkanPenerapan Konsep Soverereign Right dan HKI. Bandung: Alumni. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Pajrin R, Harmonisasi Hukum Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman Untuk Mewujudkan Hak-Hak Petani Yang Berkeadilan. Disertasi (UNS Solo, 2023). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Paminto, Saptaning Ruju, dkk., ―Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian dan Hak Asasi Petani Sebagai Instrumen Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Berkelanjutan Di Indonesia‖, Jurnal Ilmu pertahanan, Politik dan Hukum Indonesia, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Philip Schuler, Biopiracy and Commercialization of Ethnobotanical Knowledge, in: Poor Peoples‟s Knowledge Promoting Intellectual Property in Developing Countries, J. Michael Fingerand Philip Schuler (ed), ―A Copublikation of the World Bank and Oxford University Press‖, Washington, 2004, h.160 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Reh Bungana Beru, Ramsul Nababan, Parlaungan G. Siahaan, Perlindungan Pengetahuan Tradisional sebagai Hak Konstitusional di Indonesia, Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2020, h. 79. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Republika, Petani Indonesia Mayoritas Lulusan SD Angka Kesejahteraan Semakin Rendah, 4 Dec 2023, diakses pada 13 April 2025. Tersedia di: https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/s54rfh502/petani-indonesiamayoritas-lulusan-sd-angka-kesejahteraan-makin-rendah?utm_source= [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Septarina, Muthia, ―Perlindungan Hukum Pengetahuan Tradisional Dalam Konsep Hukum Kekayaan Intelektual‖, Al‘ Adl, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2016 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Suratha I Ketut, ―Krisis Petani Berdampak Pada Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia‖, Media Komunikasi Geografi, Vol. 16 No. 1, 2015, h. 67. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Susilowati, ―Fenomena Penuaan Petani Dan Berkurangnya Tenaga Kerja Muda Serta Implikasinya Bagi Kebijakan Pembangunan Pertanian‖, Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2016. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Sutisna, Tatang, dkk., ―Potensi Fluktuasi Harga Komoditas Pertanian dan Dampaknya di Provinsi Banten‖, Jurnal Agribisnis Terpadu, Vol.16, No. 2, 2023, h. 82. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Syahyuti, Sri Wahyuni, dkk., ―Arah Kebijakan Pasca Revisi Undang-Undang Perlindungan dan Pemberdayaan Petani‖, Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian. Vol. 12, No. 2, 2014, h. 165. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Talu, Hermina Intan, dkk., ―Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Petani yang Memiliki Keahlian dalam Pemuliaan Tanaman‖, Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora, Vol. 1, No. 6, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Undang-Undang No. 29 Tahun 2000 tentang Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Wahyuni, Ira Puspita Sari, ―Upaya Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak-Hak Petani Pemulia Tanaman Di Indonesia‖, Jurnal Ilmiah. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya, 2013 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Werembinan S C, ―Pertanian Ramah Lingkungan, Partisipasi Petani Muda, Regenerasi Petani‖, AgriSosioEkonomi Unsrat, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2018 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Yulia dan Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, ―Melindungi Keanekaragaman Hayati dalam Kerangka Protokol Nagoya‖, Mimbar Hukum, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2013 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Conflict of Law in the Safeguarding of Malaysian Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Way Forward
• Alternative Dispute Resolution in India: A Brief Overview Justice Delayed is Justice Denied. - William E. Gladstone
• The Role of Museums in Safeguarding Cultural Heritage Rights: Balancing Access and Repatriation
• An Evaluation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights' Significance and Application in Nigeria
• The Role of International Law in Shaping National Immigration Policies.