Impediments To Women’s Empowerment among the Santal Community in Bangladesh: Evidence from Gobindaganj Upazila
Authors
School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Murdoch University, 6150 (Australia)
Lisbon School of Economics & Management, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)
Article Information
DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100601080
Subject Category: Economics
Volume/Issue: 10/6 | Page No: 15322-15334
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-06-24
Accepted: 2026-06-29
Published: 2026-07-11
Abstract
Women’s empowerment is widely recognized as a cornerstone of sustainable and inclusive development; however, indigenous women continue to experience persistent social, economic, and political marginalization. This study examines the barriers to women’s empowerment among the Santal community in Gobindaganj Upazila of Gaibandha District, Bangladesh. Guided by the theoretical perspectives of empowerment and intersectionality, the research investigates how gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic disadvantages interact to shape empowerment outcomes. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data collected from 100 respondents through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with community members and local leaders.
Keywords
Women’s Empowerment; Indigenous Women; Santal Community; Gender Equality
Downloads
References
1. Adeleye, B. N., Akinola, A. O., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2024). Women’s empowerment and sustainable development: A systematic review of emerging evidence. Sustainability, 16(4), 1845–1863. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Ali, A. (1998). The Santals of Bangladesh: An ethnographic study. University Press Limited. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Cavallaro, F., & Rahman, T. (2009). The Santals of Bangladesh: Ethnic identity and social exclusion. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 16(1), 109–129. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181109X410593 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Devi, R., Sharma, P., & Singh, K. (2024). Educational attainment and women’s empowerment in rural South Asia. Journal of Gender Studies, 33(2), 145–162. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Dupuis, S., Hennink, M., Wendt, A. S., & Waid, J. L. (2022). Women’s empowerment through homestead food production in rural Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12524-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Horaira, G. A., Islam, R., & Khairri Shariffuddin, M. D. (2025). Remittances and their socioeconomic effects on rural Bangladesh: A case study of migrants in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 15(4), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.19304 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Horaira, G. A., Islam, R., Salma, K. N., et al. (2025). Healthcare access challenges for Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malaysia: A mixed-methods study. Canadian Journal of Business, Economics and Management. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Hossen, M. S., Sohel, M. S., Horaira, G. A., et al. (2023). Exploring barriers to accessing healthcare services for older indigenous people in the Chittagong Hill Tract, Bangladesh. AIMS Public Health, 10(3), 678–695. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2023047 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Islam, M. S. (2025). Empowering indigenous women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: Sustainable strategies for resilience amid uncertainty. Rural Society, 34(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2025.2516392 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Jana, S., & Midya, D. K. (2024). Socio-cultural factors influencing women empowerment among marginalized communities in India. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 26(3), 421–438. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Nayak, K. V. (2025). Indigenous women’s experiences of violence and exclusion: An intersectional perspective. International Journal of Women’s Health, 17, 125–140. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Ramaprabha, T., & Balamurugan, S. (2025). Indigenous women and intersectional inequalities: A systematic review. Social Sciences, 14(2), 85–101. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Rathakrishnan, M., Kumar, S., & Devi, P. (2025). Political participation and women’s empowerment in developing societies. Gender, Technology and Development, 29(1), 54–72. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Sarker, D. (2007). Indigenous peoples of Bangladesh: Challenges of development and social inclusion. Journal of Social Studies, 116, 43–61. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. Shava, E., & Muringa, T. (2025). Socio-cultural barriers and women’s empowerment in marginalized communities. Community Development Journal, 60(1), 112–130. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Sohel, M. S., Hossain, B., Sarker, M. N. I., Horaira, G. A., Sifullah, M. K., & Rahman, M. A. (2022). Impacts of COVID-19 induced food insecurity among informal migrants: Insight from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of Public Affairs, 22, e2770. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2770 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Von Maltitz, M. J., & Bahta, Y. T. (2024). Economic empowerment and women’s decision-making capacity in developing countries. Development in Practice, 34(2), 215–229. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. Yadav, R., Kumari, S., & Verma, P. (2025). Women’s empowerment, education, and sustainable development: Evidence from South Asia. Sustainability, 17(3), 1456–1472. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in India
- Issues Involved in Digitalisation Special Reference to Indian Tourism Growth
- Relationship Marketing and Customer Loyalty in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Industry in Nairobi County
- Financial Literacy or Financial Inclusion? Which is Which, What is What—To Achieve Uganda’s 10-Fold Economic Growth By 2040
- Harnessing Natural Gas for Economic Transformation: Overcoming the Regulatory and Infrastructural Bottlenecks in Nigeria