Bigotry Politics: Elite Capture, Religious Instrumentalism, and the Fate of the Nigerian State

1. Ake, C. (1996). Democracy and development in Africa. Brookings Institution Press.
2. Bolarinwa, K. O., & Osuji, C. (2022). Exclusionary politics and the threat of fragile state in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 6(5), 114–121.
3. Brass, P. R. (1997). Theft of an idol: text and context in the representation of collective violence. Princeton University Press.
4. Ihonvbere, J. O. (2009). The African state: post-colonial issues and challenges. African World Press.
5. McCauley, J. F. (2020). The logic of religious factionalism: how interreligious competition leads to political conflict. Cambridge University Press.
6. Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class. McGraw-Hill.
7. Njoku, R. C., & Amadife, E. N. (2025). Prophets, soothsayers, and the Nigerian political kingdom: a study of the prophetic voices in the 2023 presidential election. Journal of Religion, Culture & Democracy.
8. Odubajo, T., & Alabi, A. (2018). The “elite factor” in Nigeria’s political-power dynamics. Journal of African Union Studies, 7(1), 53–71.
9. Pareto, V. (1935). The mind and society. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
10. Rotberg, R. I., & Campbell, J. (2021). Nigeria on the brink: Can it be saved? Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs,com
11. Salahu, M. O. (2023). The nexus between religion and politics in Nigeria: an appraisal of same faith-based 2023 APC presidential ticket on national cohesion and unity. Social Sciences and Education Research Review, 10(1), 210–225.
12. Sufyan, A. S., & Dauda, M. (2025). Strategies of political manipulation: Linguistic framing and identity in Nigerian elite discourse. Global Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences.
13. Usman, Y. B. (1987). The manipulation of religion in Nigeria (1977–1987). Vanguard Publishers.

Elite Capture, Religious Instrumentalism, Primitive Accumulation, Exclusionary Politics, State Fragility, Accountability Smokescreen

1. Ake, C. (1996). Democracy and development in Africa. Brookings Institution Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Bolarinwa, K. O., & Osuji, C. (2022). Exclusionary politics and the threat of fragile state in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 6(5), 114–121. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Brass, P. R. (1997). Theft of an idol: text and context in the representation of collective violence. Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Ihonvbere, J. O. (2009). The African state: post-colonial issues and challenges. African World Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. McCauley, J. F. (2020). The logic of religious factionalism: how interreligious competition leads to political conflict. Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class. McGraw-Hill. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Njoku, R. C., & Amadife, E. N. (2025). Prophets, soothsayers, and the Nigerian political kingdom: a study of the prophetic voices in the 2023 presidential election. Journal of Religion, Culture & Democracy. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Odubajo, T., & Alabi, A. (2018). The “elite factor” in Nigeria’s political-power dynamics. Journal of African Union Studies, 7(1), 53–71. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Pareto, V. (1935). The mind and society. Harcourt, Brace and Company. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Rotberg, R. I., & Campbell, J. (2021). Nigeria on the brink: Can it be saved? Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs,com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Salahu, M. O. (2023). The nexus between religion and politics in Nigeria: an appraisal of same faith-based 2023 APC presidential ticket on national cohesion and unity. Social Sciences and Education Research Review, 10(1), 210–225. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Sufyan, A. S., & Dauda, M. (2025). Strategies of political manipulation: Linguistic framing and identity in Nigerian elite discourse. Global Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Usman, Y. B. (1987). The manipulation of religion in Nigeria (1977–1987). Vanguard Publishers. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

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