Developing Competency-Based Career Training Module for Healthcare Industry

innovations. Traditional training, focused on knowledge acquisition, struggles to prepare professionals for dynamic roles. This study develops and evaluates competency-based training (CBT) modules using paramedics at the Armed Forces Health Training Institute (INSAN) as a case study. A multi-stage design was employed, integrating Training Needs Analysis, competency framework mapping, measurable learning outcomes and standardized assessment tools. Findings reveal that CBT strengthens technical proficiency, decision-making and adaptability, while addressing weaknesses in outdated curricula and unclear evaluation systems. Importantly, linking training content with job descriptions and career progression enhances motivation, accountability and professional sustainability. In conclusion, it was found that competency-based module would offer a replicable model for healthcare training by embedding lifelong learning, reflective practice and continuous improvement. The study contributes to workforce development literature and provides actionable guidance for institutional reforms, ensuring healthcare professionals remain resilient, future-ready and aligned with evolving industry needs.

Training; Healthcare; Paramedics; Competency

1. Ajemba, M. N., Ikwe, C., & Iroanya, J. C. (2024). Effectiveness of simulation-based training in medical education: assessing the impact of simulation-based training on clinical skills acquisition and retention: a systematic review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(1), 1833-1843. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0163 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Aldossary, L. A., Aldolaim, S., Almomin, I. A., & Haitham, A. A. (2025). The lived experiences of pediatric nursing students following high-fidelity simulations and problem-based learning sessions. BMC nursing, 24(1), 1066. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03649-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Aung, Z. M., San Santoso, D., & Dodanwala, T. C. (2023). Effects of demotivational managerial practices on job satisfaction and job performance: Empirical evidence from Myanmar’s construction industry. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 67, 101730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2022.101730 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Biddle Jr, M. A., Hibbard, A., O'Connor, S., Wadsworth, T. G., Robinson, R., & Nguyen, E. (2021). Implementation and assessment of a pilot module on billing for pharmacist-provided healthcare services in a doctor of pharmacy program. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 13(4), 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2020.11.020 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Björk, K., Andersson, S., Tang, U. H., & Eriksson, H. (2025). Nurses’ learning about foot care for patients with diabetes: A rapid review. Nurse Education in Practice, 104560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2025.104560 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Devi, J., Jena, A., Hassan, A., Lohia, R., Catalan-Serra, I., Sharma, V., & Sebastian, S. (2025). Global Training in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Addressing Growing Challenges in IBD. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-025-09263-w [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Dohan, M. S., Green, M., & Tan, J. (2017). The impact of healthcare informatics competencies on dynamic capabilities: A multilevel study of paramedic services. Health Policy and Technology, 6(4), 426-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.07.009 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Dube, R., Kar, S. S., George, B. T., Bairy, L. K., Hajeer, A. H., & Matalka, I. I. A. (2025). Implementation of United Arab Emirates competency framework for medical education in undergraduate medical curricula. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 782. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07342-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Dunne, H., Rizan, C., Jones, A., Bhutta, M. F., Taylor, T., Barna, S., ... & Okorie, M. (2022). Effectiveness of an online module: climate-change and sustainability in clinical practice. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 682. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03734-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Ferreira, J. M. G., Generoso Jr, J. R., Marra, A. R., Deliberato, R. O., Dewan, M., Loeb, D., ... & Mendonça, E. A. (2025). Effectiveness of Low-cost, Technology-enhanced Simulation Training for Healthcare Training in Low—and Middle-income Countries (LMICs): A Systematic Literature Review: Ferreira et al. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-025-09794-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Gamhewage, G., Mylonas, C., Mahmoud, M., & Stucke, O. (2022). Developing the first-ever global learning strategy to frame the future of learning for achieving public health goals. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 12(1), 74-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.09.016 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Gomes, T. O., Girão, F. B., Silva, M. H., & Andrade, M. V. M. D. (2025). Competency-based education in intensive care multiprofessional training: a scoping review. Critical Care Science, 37, e20250385. https://doi.org/10.62675/2965-2774.20250385 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Hao, R. C., Feng, Z. X., Liu, H. G., Wang, S., & Wei, Y. H. (2021, June). Study on Modular Curriculums in Vocational Education and Training System. In International Conference on E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training (pp. 23-31). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84383-0_3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Henry, B., Wu, J., Traves, L., Harbourne, M., & Wilson, W. J. (2025). Health workforce capability development: a learner-centred, competency-based clinical learning framework. University of Queensland. Retrieved from https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:e87c7f9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Koopmans, L. (2015). Individual Work Performance Questionnaire - Instruction Manual. Amsterdam: TNO Innovation for Life- Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Kumar, N., & Ali, R. (2024). A smart contract-based robotic surgery authentication system for healthcare using 6G-Tactile Internet. Computer Networks, 238, 110133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2023.110133 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Loftus, T. J., Filiberto, A. C., Upchurch Jr, G. R., Hall, D. J., Mira, J. C., Taylor, J., ... & Sarosi Jr, G. A. (2021). Performance improvement with implementation of a surgical skills curriculum. Journal of Surgical Education, 78(2), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.08.030 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Mani, Z. A. (2025). Transitioning to competency-based education in nursing: a scoping review of curriculum review and revision strategies. BMC nursing, 24(1), 1111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03319-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Marquez, C., Salisu, M., Jha, A., Square, L., Cotroneo, R., Gonzalez, C., & Boutin-Foster, C. (2025). A Qualitative Exploration of Barriers and Enablers to Health Equity Competencies in Clinical Practice: Application of the Health Equity Implementation Framework. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501319251363661 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Mitchell, S., Hart, J., Gharaibeh, M., McMahon, G. T., Rhoda, A., Fitzpatrick, S., ... & Janczukowicz, J. (2025). Principles to award learning achievements for lifelong learning in health using micro-credentials: an international Delphi study. Human Resources for Health, 23(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-024-00969-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Mundinger, A., & Mundinger, C. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Senology-Where Do We Stand and What Are the Future Horizons? European Journal of Breast Health, 20(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.4274%2Fejbh.galenos.2024.2023-12-13 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Naamati-Schneider, L., & Alt, D. (2024). Technology and competency-oriented learning: effective methods for training the next cohort of healthcare managers. Springer Nature. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International journal of qualitative methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Othman, Z. K., Musa, S. S., Ahmed, M. M., Okesanya, O. J., Alhammadi, O. A. S., & Eliseo III, D. L. P. (2025). Digital health technologies in Kurdistan region of Iraq: a narrative review of enhancing healthcare accessibility and quality. Discover Public Health, 22(1), 227. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-025-00648-w [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Schumacher, D. J., Gielissen, K., & Kinnear, B. (2024). Competency-based medical education: Connecting training outcomes to patient care. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 54(10), 101675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2024.101675 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Sendawula, K., Nakyejwe Kimuli, S., Bananuka, J., & Najjemba Muganga, G. (2018). Training, employee engagement and employee performance: Evidence from Uganda’s health sector. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1470891. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1470891 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Skorobogatova, O. (2023, October). Competency Model as a Factor in the Social Development of the Enterprise. In International Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication (pp. 469-478). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53598-7_42 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Wang, X., Qin, H., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Ye, B., Zhu, X., & Liang, Y. (2022). Association of off-the-job training with work performance and work–family conflict among physicians: a cross-sectional study in China. BMJ open, 12(1), e053280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053280 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. World Health Organization. (2023). Global health and care workforce report 2023. WHO. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
• Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
• “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
• Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
• Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study