Rational Considerations for Undercover Officers Returning to Mainstream Roles

Authors

Mohd Saud Ayutollah Abdul Manan

National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia (Malaysia)

Mohamad Fauzi Sukimi

National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia (Malaysia)

Nur Hafizah Yusoff

National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia (Malaysia)

Muhammad Zakwan Mohd Izam

National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia (Malaysia)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100700668

Subject Category: Social science

Volume/Issue: 10/7 | Page No: 9900-9908

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-07-25

Accepted: 2026-07-30

Published: 2026-08-10

Abstract

Undercover law enforcement operations constitute a psychologically transformative experience, as officers must navigate chronic stress, identity conflicts, and the ethical dilemmas inherent in prolonged deception. Such assignments necessitate the adoption of false personas that often conflict with an officer's personal values, creating profound challenges when they attempt to reconcile these identities upon returning to mainstream duties. Consequently, establishing robust resocialization frameworks is essential to mitigate the adverse psychological impacts of this transition and to support the long-term well-being of these personnel. Despite the critical nature of this transition, the empirical literature regarding the post-deployment re-assimilation of operatives remains fragmented and limited in scope. This study, therefore, seeks to address this void by examining the rational considerations to facilitate successful reintegration of the undercover officers to their mainstream roles. The result of the study shows that rational considerations is essential and play a significant role for undercover officers and it should be included as part of the basic training, the in-service training and the undercover training for undercover officers.

Keywords

undercover, rational choice, reintegration, law enforcement

Downloads

References

1. Abdullah, W., Sukimi, M. F., & Man, Z. (2024). Kitaran Kemiskinan dan Gengsterisme dalam Masyarakat India: Kajian di Kawasan Lembah Klang. E-Bangi Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2024.2104.50 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Alif, M., Jasni, B., Hajar, S., Bakar, A., Omar, N., Che, N., & Nasir, M. (2021). Memahami Residivisme : Tinjauan Asas Teori-teori Utama Tingkahlaku Jenayah Theories of Criminal Behaviour ). 44–66. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Awang, S. C., & Alavi, K. (2020). Buli Siber: Impak Emosi Dalam Kalangan Pelajar UKM. Jurnal Wacana Sarjana, 4(5), 1–9. https://spaj.ukm.my/jws/index.php/jws/article/view/364 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Aziz, A. W. A. (2017). Intelligence based investigation and proactive investigation. A way forward_Wahab.pdf. //efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No92/No92_14VE_Aziz1.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2014). Using thematic analysis in psychology. January. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Cajada, L., Stephenson, Z., & Bishopp, D. (2024). Protective and Enabling Factors That Facilitate Undercover Police Work : A Qualitative Study. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 39(3), 557–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-024-09646-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Chuan, S. (2011). Operasi Undercover dalam kes rasuah bersindiket Satu Tinjauan awal. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (2014). The Reasoning Criminal: the Rational Choice Perspectives of Offending. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (1987). UNDERSTANDING CRIME DISPLACEMENT : AN APPLICATION OF RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY London School of Economics. 25(4). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design. In Writing Center Talk over Time: A Mixed-Method Study. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429469237 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Curran, L. S. (2021). An Exploration of Well-being in Former Covert and Undercover Police Officers. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 36(2), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-020-09406-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Duggins, C. S. (2024). UNDERSTANDING LIVED EXPERIENCES OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS’ REINTEGRATION BACK INTO THE WORK ENVIRONMENT POST-ASSAULT. 1–23. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. French, N. (2003). Identity Stressors Associated With the Reintegration Experiences of Australasian Undercover Police Officers. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15906/1/Nicole_French_Thesis.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Girodo, M. (1991). Symptomatic reactions to undercover work. In Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (Vol. 179, Issue 10, pp. 626–630). https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199110000-00007 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Girodo, M. (2006). Drug Corruption in Undercover Agents : Measuring the Risk. 9, 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2370090310 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Girodo, M., Deck, T., & Morrison, M. (2002). Dissociative-type identity disturbances in undercover agents: Socio-cognitive factors behind false-identity appearances and reenactments. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(7), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.7.631 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Guest, G., Id, E. N., & Chen, M. (2020). A Simple Method to Assess and Report Thematic Saturation in Qualitative Research. PLoS ONE, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232076 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Kahneman, D. (2003). A Perspective on Judgment and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality. American Psychologist, 58(9), 697–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Love, D. J. (2022). Reintegration of Licensed Practical Nurses into the Acute Care Setting: Impact on Patient Perception of Care. https://scholars.unh.edu/scholarly_projects/68/%0 Ahttps://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=scholarly_projects [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Manan, M. S. A. A., & Aziz, R. A. (2014). Faktor-Faktor Kejayaan Pegawai Undercover Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia dalam Penyiasatan Kes Rasuah. In Eprints USM. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112400395-008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Manan, M. S. A., Sukimi, M. F., Yusoff, N. H., & Izam, M. Z. (2025). Sokongan Sosial Pasca Operasi untuk Pegawai. E-Bangi, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 22(3). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Miller, L. (2006). Undercover policing: A psychological and operational guide. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 21(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02855681 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Moretti, G., Cavagnis, L., Flutti, E., Silvestri, S., & Travaini, G. V. (2025). Mental Health Issues in Undercover Police Officers: A Systematic Literature Search from a Psychiatric Perspective. Healthcare, 13(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151933 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Rational consideration collocation | meaning and examples of use. (2026). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/example/english/rational-consideration [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Rivers, F. M., Dukes, S., Hatzfeld, J., Yoder, L. H., Gordon, S., & Simmons, A. (2017). Understanding post-deployment reintegration concerns among en route care nurses: A mixed-methods approach. Military Medicine, 182(August), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-16-00209 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research : exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Spinella, D. B. (2020). Undercover Law Enforcement Operatives ’ Perceptions of Post Walden University [Walden University]. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10536&context=dissertations [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Vivares, K. M. S. (2023). The Reintegration of Ex-Convicts in Society: A Case Study. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 6(10), 6173–6180. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i10-52 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Weiss, G., & Copelton, D. (2023). The Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Yahaya, K. (2016). Intelligence-Based Investigation : Effective Practices To Combat Corruption. August, 166–172. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Yunus, Z. Z., & Burhan, N. A. S. (2023). Faktor Pelanggaran Integriti Organisasi: Kajian Kes Terhadap Anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) di Kontinjen Selangor. E-Bangi, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 20(2), 295–309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2023.2002.25 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles