The Use of Logical Syllogism (al-Qiyās al-Manṭiqī) in Establishing the Permissibility of Allah’s Acts: An Analysis of Shaykh Abdul Qadir bin Wangah’s Tashīl al-Ḍuʿafāʾ

Reason is recognised as one of the sources of evidence in Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamāʿah theological discourse, particularly in establishing the attributes of Allah SWT through arguments grounded in the principles of Islamic logic. One such form of argumentation is al-qiyās al-manṭiqī (logical syllogism), which derives conclusions from a structured arrangement of premises. Tasḥīl al-Ḍuʿafāʾ wa Radd Baʿḍ Aqwāl al-Sufahāʾ by Shaykh Abdul Qadir bin Wangah is a theological work by a Patani scholar that applies this approach in establishing the attributes of Allah SWT. Nevertheless, the argumentative methodology employed in this work has yet to receive adequate scholarly attention. Accordingly, this study aims to analyse the application of al-qiyās al-manṭiqī in establishing the permissibility of Allah’s acts as presented by Shaykh Abdul Qadir in this work. Employing a qualitative approach through content analysis, the study treats Tasḥīl al-Ḍuʿafāʾ wa Radd Baʿḍ Aqwāl al-Sufahāʾ as its primary source, supplemented by relevant works on Islamic logic and theology. The data are analysed descriptively by reconstructing the author’s argument according to the framework of al-qiyās al-manṭiqī and examining its structure in terms of al-ṣūrah (form) and al-māddah (content). The findings reveal that Shaykh Abdul Qadir establishes the permissibility of Allah’s acts by negating both the necessity and impossibility of the creation of contingent beings (mumkināt). In terms of al-ṣūrah, the argument can be structured as al-qiyās al-iqtirānī al-murakkab (a compound conjunctive syllogism) involving three premises, with the arrangement of particular premises conforming to al-shakl al-awwal (the first figure). In terms of al-māddah, the argument is classified as al-qiyās al-burhānī (demonstrative syllogism), as it is constructed upon al-awwaliyyāt (self-evident propositions), which constitute a category of al-yaqīniyyāt (certainties). These findings demonstrate Shaykh Abdul Qadir’s command of the principles of logical argumentation and their systematic application to theological reasoning, while also highlighting the continuity of the rational argumentative tradition of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamāʿah within the theological writings of Patani scholars.

al-qiyās al-manṭiqī; permissibility of Allah’s acts; Tasḥīl al-Ḍuʿafāʾ; Shaykh Abdul Qadir bin Wangah

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