Fund Allocation and Utilization in the Greater Port Harcourt City Development Authority, Rivers State, 2009–2025.
Authors
Department of Political Science Rivers State University Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt (Nigeria)
Department of Political Science Rivers State University Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt (Nigeria)
Article Information
DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100800488
Subject Category: Political Science
Volume/Issue: 10/8 | Page No: 7567-7584
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-08-01
Accepted: 2026-08-06
Published: 2026-09-09
Abstract
This study examined fund allocation and utilization in the Greater Port Harcourt City Development Authority (GPHCDA), Rivers State, between 2009 and 2025, within the broader context of policy implementation challenges in urban development planning. The Greater Port Harcourt Master Plan was conceived as a comprehensive framework for transforming the state into a world-class, sustainable, and economically vibrant city through phased development, infrastructure renewal, and integrated urban management systems. Despite its ambitious design, concerns have persisted regarding the effectiveness of its implementation, particularly in relation to financial management and institutional performance. The study adopted a correlational research design, drawing data from 360 staff members of the GPHCDA via a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while hypothesis was tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed a moderate-to-high extent of fund allocation and utilization in the Authority, with a mean score of 3.43. The result of hypothesis testing indicated a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between fund allocation and utilization and policy implementation (r = 0.801, p < 0.05). This implies that improved financial allocation and effective utilization significantly enhance the implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt Master Plan. However, the study also identified challenges such as inadequate disbursement practices, weak accountability mechanisms, and corruption-related inefficiencies that constrain optimal policy outcomes. The study concluded that sustainable urban development in Greater Port Harcourt is highly dependent on transparent, timely, and efficient management of public funds. The study among others recommends that the Rivers State Government should ensure adequate and timely release of funds for the implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt Master Plan.
Keywords
Fund, Allocation, Utilization, Policy Implementation and Urban Development
Downloads
References
1. Abunyewa, R. A., & Amoako, E. O. (2015). Challenges of implementing development plans in Ghana: a case study of the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(4), 82-91. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Adams, D. K (2017). Development Policy. Comparative Strategy Review.Vol.21 No.2 &3 June/ October; pp.296-310 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Adams, D., & Tiesdell, S. (2022). Shaping places: urban planning, design and development. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Adamu, M. D. (2019). Evaluation of the implementation of Federal housing policy in 21 local government areas of Adamawa State, North East Nigeria. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 30(6), 599-607. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Agboola, T. (2019). The Housing of Nigerians: A Review of Policy Development and Implementation. Research Report No. 14, Ibadan, Development Policy Centre. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Ahmed, Atan Bin Sipan, and Hashim (2020). Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses, 12(3), 254. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Akukwe, T. & Ogbodo, C. (2015).Spatial Analysis of Vulnerability to Flooding in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. SAGE Open, 2015. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Alinaitwe, H., & Ayesiga, R. (2013). Success factors for the implementation of public-private partnerships in the construction industry in Uganda. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Almarri, K. & Boussabaine, H. (2023).Critical success factors for public–private partnerships in smart city infrastructure projects. Construction Innovation Ltd Cupress, Ghana. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. American Planning Association.(2015). Planning and urban design standards.John Wiley & Sons. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Amović, G., Maksimović, R., &Bunčić, S. (2020). Critical success factors for sustainable public-private partnership (PPP) in transition conditions: An empirical study in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sustainability, 12(17), 7121. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Anele, K.A. (2017). The ghost worker in the Rivers State public service: A study of institutionalized fraud. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, university of Port Harcourt (120). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Anyanwu, C. (2018). The Growth of Port Harcourt: 1912-1960. In Ogionwo W., The City of Port Harcourt. A Symposium on its Growth and Development. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books Nigeria Limited.15-34. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Asiodu, P.C. (2018). The future of the federal and state civil services in the context of the twelve states structure. BNC Benin City (110). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Batra, R. (2023). Review of public–private partnerships across building sectors in nine European countries: Key adaptations for PPP in housing. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 30(7), 2904-2927. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Bertoldi, P., Economidou, M., Palermo, V., Boza‐Kiss, B., & Todeschi, V. (2021). How to finance energy renovation of residential buildings: Review of current and emerging financing instruments in the EU. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 10(1), 38-64. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Black, D. V. (2020). Project Aims: Implementation Plan. Artherton Press, New York [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Black, D.V. (2025). Project Aims: “Implementation Plan”. Burby R, May P, Paterson R, (1998). ``Improving compliance with regulations: choices and outcomes for local government'' Journal of the American Planning Association 64 324 – 334 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Caiden, B.A. (2019). The functions of the executive. Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard university press (460). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. Calkins, H. W. (2019). “The Planning Monitor: An Accountability Theory of Plan Evaluation,” Environment and Planning A, 11(7), 745-758. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Calkins, H.W. (2019) “The Planning Monitor: An Accountability Theory of Plan Evaluation,” Environment and Planning A, 11(7), 745-758. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Casady, C. B., Cepparulo, A., & Giuriato, L. (2024). Public-Private Partnerships for Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Insights from the Literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, 33-38. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. Centre for Affordable Housing Finance (2019). Can people on low incomes access affordable housing loans in urban Africa and Asia? Examples of innovative housing finance models from Reall’s global network. Environment and Urbanization, 32(1), 155-174. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. Cheng, Z., Wang, H., Xiong, W., Zhu, D., & Cheng, L. (2021). Public–private partnership as a driver of sustainable development: Toward a conceptual framework of sustainability-oriented PPP. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 1043-1063. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. Chileshe, N., Njau, C. W., Kibichii, B. K., Macharia, L. N., &Kavishe, N. (2022). Critical success factors for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) infrastructure and housing projects in Kenya. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(9), 1606-1617. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. Chowdhury, A. I. (2019). Resource mobilization and Urban Governance in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Center for Urban Studies. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. Conyers D. and P. Hills (2024). An introduction to Development Planning in the Third World. New York, Random House, 1973. Cooperative Extension Services, University of Kentucky Dalton, L. (1989) The limits of regulation: Evidence form local plan implementation in California. Journal of the American Planning Association 55:151-169. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. Cookey-Gam, A. (2010). An Overview of the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan and Opportunities in Building a World Class City over the Next 20 Years; Greater Port Harcourt Development Authority: Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. Cookey-Gam, A. (2013). Greater Port Harcourt. In Alagoa E. & Nwanodi J, Port Harcourt at 100: Past, Present and Future. Port Harcourt: Onyoma Research Publication, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 167 - 203. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. Cookey-Gam, N. (2010). A review of the Greater Port Harcourt master plan. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Infrastructure Development in Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, 28-30. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. Cuthbert, A. R. (2015). The form of cities: Political economy and urban design. John Wiley & Sons. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. Dahl, R. (2021).Who governs? Yale University Press, New Haven [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. Denhardt, R.B & Denhardt, R.V. (2015). The new public service: Serving, not steering. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
34. Doling, J., Vandenberg, P., & Tolentino, J. (2013). Housing and housing finance-A review of the links to economic development and poverty reduction. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, (362). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
35. Ede, E. O., Owei, V., &Akarolo, A. (2011). Implementation of master plan for Greater Port Harcourt City Development. Journal of Environmental Science and Water Resources, 2(6), 157-166. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
36. Ede, P.; Owei, O.B; & Akarolo, C.I. (2021). Does the Greater Port Harcourt Master Plan of 2008 meet the aspirations for Liveable City? Proceedings of ISORCAP, 2011. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
37. Efekalem (2015). Assessment of the Effectiveness of Public-Private Partnership in Housing Delivery in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Public Policy, 4(2). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
38. Erasmus, M., &Nel, W. (2017). The role of project managers in successful implementation of master plans: The case of Johannesburg. Development Southern Africa, 34(6), 704-718. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
39. ERML (2019).Development and Environmental Impact.Greater Port-Harcourt City Phase-1A. Rivers State [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
40. ERML, (2019). Greater Port-Harcourt City Phase-1A Development, Environmental Impact GPHCDA, (2008). Greater Port-Harcourt City Development Masterplan 2008. Greater Port- Harcourt City Development Authority, Government of Rivers State of Nigeria, Accus Gibbs. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
41. Esposito, P. &Dicorato, S. L. (2020). Sustainable development, governance and performance measurement in public private partnerships (PPPs): A methodological proposal. Sustainability, 12(14), 5696. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
42. Faludi, A. (1973). Planning theory. Pergamon Press Oxford, London [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
43. Farag, M., Tantawi, S., &Kamel, S. (2020). Predictors of success in implementing sustainable urban development plans. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244, 118768. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
44. Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment (2021). Master Plan for Infrastructure Facilities for the Federal Industrial Complexes at Onne Rivers State, Nigeria, Lagos [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
45. Feigenbaum, E., Greenberg, M. R., & Ming, L. C. (2018). Staffing quality and implementation success of comprehensive plans. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 38(1), 21-32. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
46. Garret, J. (2020). Managing the civil service. OHMS Heinemann London press (150). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
47. Gbadegesin, A. S., Olukayode, O. O., &Babatunde, O. A. (2020). Staffing challenges and implementation of urban development projects in Nigeria. Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 10(1), 2458-6901. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
48. Glasson, J; Thrievel, R & Chadwick, A. (2020). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. B.D Clark et al (eds). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
49. Government of Rivers State of Nigeria (2008).Greater Port Harcourt City Development Master Plan 2008.Accus Gibbs. Vols 1-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
50. GPHCDA (2008).Greater Port-Harcourt City Development Masterplan 2008. Greater Port- Harcourt City Development Authority, Government of Rivers State of Nigeria, Accus Gibbs. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
51. GPHCDA (2010).Greater Port-Harcourt City Development Authority. Greater Port- Harcourt City Development Authority, Government of Rivers State of Nigeria, Accus Gibbs. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
52. Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities.Science, 319(5864), 756-760. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
53. Harcourt City, Rivers State, Nigeria. (2019). Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP): Envisioning Nigerian [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
54. Hassan, M. K. (2021). Financial development and economic growth: new evidence from panel data. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 51(1), 88-104. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
55. Honoré, P. A., Eichner, J., &Simoes, E. J. (2014). Strengthening public health staffing capacity in Africa: In search of a leadership strategy. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 10(6), 527-531. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
56. Housing Element (2013). Late neoliberalism: The financialization of homeownership and housing rights. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(3), 1058-1066. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
57. Ibem, E. O. & Aduwo, B. E. (2012). Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Urban Housing in Nigeria: Evidence from Ogun State. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 2(2), 5-14. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
58. Ibem, E. O. (2011). Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in Housing provision in Lagos Megacity Region, Nigeria. International Journal of Housing Policy, 11(2), 15-150. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
59. Ikechukwu, E.E., (2025). The Socio-Economic Impact of the Greater Port-Harcourt. Implication for Efficient Urban Planning. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 4, 78-Information System 5, 123. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
60. Index Omundi (2011) Nigeria GDP – Real Growth Rate.http://www.indexmundi. com/g/g.aspx?c=ni&v=66 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
61. Ingram, G. K., & Brandt, K. L. (Eds.). (2023). Infrastructure and land policies. Lincoln Inst. Of Land Policy. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
62. International Organization for Migration (IOM).(2012). Handbook for improving the quality of human resources for health. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 4 (5) 47 64 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
63. Izeogu, C. V. (2017). Urban development and the environment in Port Harcourt. Environment and Urbanization, 1(1), 59-68. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
64. Izeogu, C.V., (2019). Urban development and the environment in Port-Harcourt. Environment Kagan R, (1994), ``Regulatory law'', in Handbook of Regulatory and Administrative LawEd. D Rosenbloom, R Swartz (Marcel Dekker, New York) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
65. Jayasena, N. S., Chan, D. W. &Kumaraswamy, M. M. (2022). Is public–private partnership (PPP) a preferred strategy for procuring smart infrastructure in developed countries: an empirical study of the perceived benefits, barriers and recommended strategies. Sustainability, 14(11), 64-91. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
66. Jenkins, W. I. (2018).Policy analysis: A political and organizational perspective. London: Martin Robertson. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
67. Johnbull S. W. & Ikiriko T. D. (2021). Explanatory Factors for the Success and Level of Implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan. Global Scientific Journals. Vol. 9 (5), pp 1006-1014. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
68. Johnbull, S. W & Ikiriko, T. D. (2021). Manner of Utilization of Implementation Funds for the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan Implementation International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 12 (3), 731-742 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
69. Johnbull, S. W & Nwokaeze, E.C, (2021). The Effectiveness of Institutional Framework for The Implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan, Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education Vol. 7 (3), pp 975-983 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
70. Johnbull, S. W. (2021): Process Evaluation of the Implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan. An Unpublished Thesis, Rivers state University, Port Harcourt [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
71. Johnbull, S. W. and Ikiriko T. D. (2021).Explanatory Factors for the Success and Level of Implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan.GSJ: Volume 9, Issue 5, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 www.globalscientificjournal.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
72. Kadiri, S. (2018). Nigeria and the lack of affordable housing. Article from Stears Business Research Publication. [Link] (https://www.stearsng.com/article/nigeria-and-the-lackof-affordable-housing). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
73. Kang, J., Park, S., & Lee, H. (2015). A study on the development of a human resource capacity model for public urban planning organizations.Sustainability, 7(7), 9206-9225. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
74. Kavishe, N., Jefferson, I., & Chileshe, N. (2018). An analysis of the delivery challenges influencing public-private partnership in housing projects: The case of Tanzania. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(2), 202-240. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
75. Kent, T. J. (2016). The Urban General Plan.San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
76. Kofoworola, O. F. (2017). Adequate staffing: a critical factor for effective planning, development and management of cities in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 8(3), 427-440. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
77. Kumar, V., &Raju, P. L. (2017). Challenges and opportunities in urban planning using GIS and spatial analysis: A case study of Visakhapatnam city. Geocarto International, 32(5), 488-500. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
78. Kurniawan, I., Astuti, D., &Nandyanto, A. B. (2019).Determinants of sustainability of local government policies in Indonesia.Journal of Environmental Management, 249, 109-331. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
79. Kytema, R, (2024). Transform Housing, 2017 Faculty of Architecture, Retrieved from:https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/nextgenengagement/files/2017/07/Next_Gen_Expert_series_Kate_Raynor-2d5e5mr.pdf (Accessed 25/11/2021) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
80. Lars, M. (2011).Is planning past politics? Political displacements and democratic deficits in contemporary territorial governance Symposium at KTH Architecture and the Built Environment, 8-9 September 2011 KTH School of Architecture SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
81. Laurian, L., Day, M., Backhurst, M., Berke, Ericksen, P., Crawford (2024) “Evaluation Plan Implementation: A Conformance-based Methodology”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 70, 471-480 League of Nations, 1937. 87 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
82. Lawson, C.O. (2019) The Role of Civil Service in a Military Regime, the Quarterly Journal of Administration 2(2) 127 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
83. Le, P. T., Kirytopoulos, K., Chileshe, N., &Rameezdeen, R. (2022).Taxonomy of risks in PPP transportation projects: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(2), 166-181. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
84. Marantz, P., Mazzi, E., & Rossi, C. (2016). Implementation of sustainable transport policies: the case of Vancouver's transportation plan. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10(2), 99-111. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
85. Marios, C. (2019). Planning Theory and Philosoph. Tavistock Publications Ltd, USA [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
86. Meter, D. S. V., & Horn, C. L. V. (2017). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. The Journal of Administration and Society, 6(4): 445–468. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
87. Nwokaeze, E.C; &Dawaye, I. T. (2020).Urban Security Practices and its Impact on Neighborhood Pattern in Port [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
88. Obinna, V; Owei, O.B & Mark, E. (2010).Informal Settlements of Port Harcourt and Potentials for Planned Cities. Environmental Research Journal 4(3): 222-228, 2010. ISBN:1994-5396. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
89. Ogbazi, J.U. (2023) Alternative Planning Approaches and the Sustainable Cities Programme in Nigeria. Habitat International. (40)2013, 109-119. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
90. Oluwande, P. A., &Ezeokoli, F. O. (2017). Personnel management practices and service delivery in Lagos state urban planning agencies. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies, 4(9), 33-41. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
91. Omirin, M. M. (2022). “Issues in land accessibility in Nigeria”. Proceedings of a national workshop on land management and property tax reform in Nigeria, Department of Estate Management, University of Lagos, Nigeria. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
92. Omotosho, A. J., Kosoko, R. A., & Adenaike, F. A. (2020). Improving Affordable Housing Delivery Through Private Developers in Lagos State. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
93. Owei, V., Obinna, F., & Ede, A. (2010). Urbanization in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(1), 207-218. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
94. Owei, V., Obinna, F., & Ede, A. (2011). Urbanization in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(1), 64-95. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
95. Port Harcourt Master Plan (1975). Ministry of Lands and Housing Port Harcourt. Specialist Consult [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
96. Raine, M. (2015).Approaches to participation in Urban Planning Theories.Retrieved on 25th Oct 2017 from: http://0125.myteran.ir/portals/0102/documents/App [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
97. Ranasinghe, W. C., & Hemakumara, G. P. T. S. (2018). Spatial modelling of the householders' perception and assessment of the potentiality to improve the urban green coverage in residential areas: A case study from Issadeen Town Matara, Sri Lanka. Ruhuna Journal of Science, 9(1). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
98. Rangwala K. S. (2025) Town Planning 28th Revised and Enlarged Edition, Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Gujarat, India [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
99. Raster (2019). Progressive refinement of raster images. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 100(11), 871-874. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
100. Rhama, B., &Setiawan, F. (2020).Asssessing Public Private Partnershipin Indonesia. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
101. Rivers State Government.(2008). Greater Port Harcourt City Development Authority law. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
102. Robinovitz, F. F. (2019). City and Planning.Artherton Press, New York [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
103. Robinson, J. (2015). The Condition of Education 2015. NCES 2015-144. National Center for Education Statistics. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
104. Roger, A. R. (2019). Planning for Performance: Developing Programmes that Produced Result. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
105. Roger, A. R. (2019). Planning for Performance: Developing Programmes that Produced Result.Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 4(2), 40-70. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
106. Roger,A.R.(2019). Planning for Performance: Developing Programmes that Produced Result. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
107. Ruonavaara, H. (2017). Home ownership, housing policy and path dependence in Finland, Norway and Sweden. Housing Wealth and Welfare, 6(4), 94-116. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
108. Saka, J. O., &Isiaka, S. B. (2017). Staffing challenges in the implementation of urban renewal projects in Nigeria: The Lagos experience. Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(2), 225-238. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
109. Saka, S. A., &Isiaka, T. S. (2017). An assessment of the implementation of urban renewal projects in Lagos State, Nigeria: The role of public-private partnership. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 7(2), 36-47. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
110. Sharma, C.L. (2019). Who should make what decisions: The administrator’s notebook 2(8) 20. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
111. Talen E. (2019) ‘Do Plans Get Implemented? A Review of Evaluation in Planning, Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 10, No.3 pp 248-259 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
112. Taylor, N. (1998). Urban planning theory since 1945.Sage.Artherton Press, New York [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
113. Taylor, N. (2019). Urban planning theory since 1945. Sage. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
114. Truong, L. H., & Yamashita, Y. (2017).Challenges in implementing the Hanoi master plan 2030.Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 8(4), 745-754. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
115. Truong, T. N., & Yamashita, T. (2017). Capacity building for urban planning in Vietnam: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Environmental Management, 197, 49-57. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
116. Ugwurah, A.N. and Igwe, C.F. (2025). Urban and Regional Planning: A Beginners Guide. The Glory of the Latter House Publishing Co [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
117. UNECA (2011).National Strategies for Sustainable Development in Africa. United Nations [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
118. UNECA, (2011). National Strategies for Sustainable Development in Africa. United Nations [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
119. UNECA, (2021). National Strategies for Sustainable Development in Africa. United Nations [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
120. UN-Habitat (2012).Urban planning for city leaders.United Nations Human Settlements Programme. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
121. United Nations. "World Population Prospects 2019: Data Booklet." Statistical Papers-United Nations, Population and vital Statistics Report (2019). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
122. United Nations. (2019). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. Retrieved from https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
123. VERML (2019).Greater Port-Harcourt City Phase 1A Development Environmental Impact Assessment; Greater Port- Harcourt City Development Authority: Port Harcourt, Nigeria. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- Global Political Economy and Educational Reforms in the Global South: An Evolutionary Study of Ghana
- Electoral Militarization and the Challenges of Free and Fair Elections in Nigeria: A Focus on the 2023 Presidential Election
- Political Awareness and Engagement in Relation to Voting Behavior among College Students
- Role of Community Leaders in Ensuring Secure Electoral Process in Nairobi City County, Kenya
- Assessing the Delivery of Local Disaster Management Services and Client Satisfaction through SERVQUAL Dimensions