Heavy Metals Evaluation of Water Resources of Mkpuma Ekwaoku Mining Area, Ebonyi State, Southeast Nigeria.

Heavy metals evaluation of Mkpuma Ekwaoku mining area, Ebonyi State was carried out. The area lies between longitude 6º 29' N - 6º 36 'N and latitude 8º 12' E - 8º 20' E. Geologically, the area is underlain by shales and mudstone which belong to the Asu River Group (Albian). Twenty (20) water samples were collected from drinking water sources like abandoned mine ponds, hand dug wells and boreholes and were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS). The result of hydrogeochemical analysis reveals basic water resources with concentrations of Mn>As>Zn>Co>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd>Cu>Hg in the study area. Physical parameters tested includes; pH, TDS, Ec and Turbidity and shows basic water. Concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Pb, Cd and Hg are above the USEPA and WHO, 2011 permissible values for safe domestic water supply. The high concentration is as a result of the dissolution of the ions into groundwater sources from ore bodies and abandoned mines. Proper water resources protection and management is being advocated in the area.

Hydrochemical; Heavy metals; Mining; Groundwater

1. Adelekan, A & Abegunde, K (2011).Heavy metals contamination of soil and groundwater at automobile mechanic villages in Ibadan, Nigerian.International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 6(5), pp. 1045-1058. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Agbugui, M. O. and Deekae, S.N. (2013). Assessment of the Physico-chemical Parameters and Quality of Water of the New Calabar-Bonny River, Porthacourt, Nigeria. Cancer Biology, 4(1):1 – 9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Almela, C., Algora, S. and Benito, V., (2002), Heavy metal, total arsenic, and inorganic arsenic contents of algae food products. J Agric Food Chem 50:918-923. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. APHA. (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American Public HealthAssociation, Washington DC [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Amadi, A. N.,Nwankwoala, H. O.,Olasehinde, P. I.,Okoye, N. O., Okunlola, I. A.and Alkali, Y. B. (2012) Investigation of Aquifer Quality in Bonny Island, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria using Geophysical and Geochemical Techniques. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3 (1): 180-184. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. American Public Health Association (APHA).,(1998), Direct Air- Acetylene flame method, standard method of water and wastewater 20th edition [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Andrews S. and Sutherland R. A. (2004), Cu, Pb and Zn contamination in Nuuanu watershed, Oahu, Hawaii. Sci Total Environ 324(1-3):173-182. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Autier, V., White, D. (2004). Examination of cadmium sorption characteristics for aboreal soil near Fairbanks, Alaska. Journal of Hazard Material, 106B:149-155. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Aremu, D.A, Olawuyi, J, and Meshitsuka, S.(2002), Heavy metal analysis of groundwater from Warri, Nigeria. Int J Environ Health Res 12:261-267. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Barbera, R., Farre, R. and Mesado, D. (1991). Determination of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in diets: Development of a method. Nahrung 35(7):683-687. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Barceloux, D. G. (1999, Zinc. Clin Toxicol 37(2):279-292. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Barton, E. N., Gilbert, D. T, and Raju, K. (1992). Arsenic: The forgotten poison? West Indian Medical Journal 41(1):36-38. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Benkhelil, J. (1989), Cretaceous Deformation, Magmatism and Metamorphism in the Lower Benue Trough. Nigeria in African Geology Reviews (Peter Bowden and Judith Kinnaird, ed). Geol. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Benue Rift (Aulacogen): A re-interpretation. Journal Mining. 20(10): 56-90. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Brikké, F. (2000). Operation and maintenance of rural water supply and sanitation systems: a training package for managers and planners. Delft, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre; and Geneva, World Health Organization. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Boske, L., Sobczynski, O. and Kowalski, A. (2004), Distribution of mercury and other heavy metals in bottom sediments of the middle Odra River (Germany/ Poland). Polish jour of envi. Studies. 13(5): 495- 502pp. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Bullard, E∙C; Everrtt, J∙E∙, smith A∙G; (1965), Fit of the Continents around the Atlantic philosophical Transactions of the Royal society London A∙ 258∙ 41-51∙ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Burt, R., Weber, T., Park, S., Yochum, S., Fergusson, R. (2011).Trace element concentration and speciation in selected mining- contaminated soils and water in Willow Creek flood plain , Colorado. Applied Environmental Soil Science. http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/237071 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Burke, K.C., Dessawvagia, R. F. J., and Whiteman, A. W. (1972), Geology History of the Benue Valley and Adjacent Area, Africa Geology, University of Ibadan Press. Geology.10(5): 187-206. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Clewell, H. J., Lawrence, G. A., Calne, D. B; (2003), Determination of an occupational exposure guideline for manganese using the benchmark method. Risk Anal 23(5):1031-1046 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Conesa, H. M., Robinson, B. H., Schulin, R., Nowack, B. (2008). Metal extractability in acidic and neutral mine tailings from the Cartagena- La Union Mining district (SE Spain). Applied Geochemistry, 23:1232 – 1240 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Davies, B. E., Bowman, C., Davies, T. C. and Sellinus, O., (2005), Medical Geology: Perspectives and Prospects. Essent.Med. Geol., Elsevier Inc., pp.1-14. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Dimashki M., Lim L.H., Harrison R.M., and Harrad, S. (2001) Temporal trends, temperature dependence, and relativereactivity of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (11), 2264. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Dalton, M.B. and Upchurch, S.B., (1978) Interpretation of Hydrochemical facies by factor analysis. Groundwater Journal, volume 16, Number 4, pp. 228-223. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Edet, A.,Ukpong, A.,andNganje, T. (2013) Hydrochemical studies of Cross River Basin (southeastern) river systems using cross plots, statistics and water quality index. Environ. Earth Sci. 70 (7). 3043-3056. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Edet, A., Nganje, T. N., Ukpong, A. J., Ekwere, A. S. (2011). Groundwater Chemistry and Quality of Nigeria: A Status Review. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(13), pp. 1152 – 1169. DOI: 10.5897/AJESTX11.011 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Egboka, B. C. E, Anike, L.O., and Olushola, I. (1993), Potentials for Environmental Pollution/Contamination of Lead-Zinc Areas of Nigeria. Journal Mining Geology workshop, pp. 17 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. El Amari, K.., Valera, P., Hibti, M., Pretti, S., Marcello, A., Essarraj, S. (2014). Impact of mine tailings on surrounding soils and ground water: case of Kettara old mine, Morocco. Journal of African Earth Science, 100, 437e449. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Elinder, C. G. (1985). Cadmium: Uses, occurrence and intake. In: Friberg, L., Elinder, C. G., Kjellström, T., eds. Cadmium and health: A toxicological and epidemiological appraisal. Vol. I. Exposure, dose, and metabolism.Effects and response. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 23-64. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Elinder, C. G. (1992), Cadmium as an environmental hazard. IARC SciPubl 118:123-132. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA).(1982), Exposure and risk assessment for arsenic. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards. PB85221711.(EPA)440485005. 1.14.68. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Eyankware, M. O., Obasi, P. N. (2021). A holistic review of heavy metals in water and soil in Ebonyi SE. Nigeria; with emphasis on its effects on human, aquatic organisms and plants. World News of Natural Science,38; 1-19. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Ezeh, H. N., Anike, O. L. and Egboka, B. C. E., (2007), The Distribution of some Heavy Metals in Soil in areas around the Derelict Enyigba Mines and its Environmental Implication.Journ. Min. Geol. Vol. 2(2) pp. 99-106. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Garvey, G. J., Hahn, G. and Lee, R. V., (2013), Heavy metal hazards of Asian traditional remedies. Int J Environ Health Res 11(1):63-71. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Gilmour, C. C and Henry, E. A. (1991), Mercury methylation in aquatic systems affected by acid deposition.Environmental Pollution 71(2-4):131-169. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Gundersen, P., Steinnes, E. (2003). Influence of pH and TOC concentration on Cu, Zn, Cd, and Al speciation in rivers. Water Resources, 37:307-318. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Gerhat, J. M., Blomquist, J. D. (1992).Selected Trace Elements and Organic Contaminant in Stream Bed Sediments of the Potomac River Basin. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigation Report 95 – 4267, 1-12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Guiraud, R. and Bellion, Y.,(1995), Late Carboniferous to Recentgeoldynamic evolution of the west Gondwanian, Cratonic, Tethyan margins. The ocean Basins and Margins vol 8.Pp 101- 124. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Howard, G., Bartram, J. (2003).Domestic water quantity, service level and health World Health Organization, Geneva. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Hulme. (1997) mean annual rainfall for Nigeria for 1951- 1995. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Hutton M, Symon C (1986). The quantities of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic entering the U.K. environment from human activities.Sci Total Environ. 1;57:129-50 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Hoque, M. (1977) Petrographic differentiation of tectonically controlled Cretaceous sedimentary cycles, southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Sedimentary Geology, vol.17, pp 235 245. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Hoque, M; and Nwajide, C.S. (1985), Tectonic Sedimentological evolution of an elonage Intracratonic basin (aulacogen).The case of the Benue Trough of Nig. Journal of Mining and Geology 21, pp. 19-26. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Igbozuluike , M.U. (1975) : Vegetation Types . In Ofomata, G. (ed). Nigeria Map of Eastern States.Ethiope Publishers Ltd ; Benin, pp. 30- 32. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Igwe, O., Ngwoke, M., Ukah, B. U., andUbido, O. E. (2021) Assessment of the physicochemical qualities of groundwater and soils around oil producing communities in Afam, area of Porthacourt, Niger Delta Nigeria. Applied Water Science; Vol. 11, Iss. 4, DOI:10.1007/s13201-021-01393-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Igwe, O., Adepehin, E.J., Iwuanyanwu, C., and Una, C.O. (2014). Risks associated with the mining of Pb – Zn minerals in some parts of the Southern Benue Trough, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 186: 3755- 3765. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Igwe E. O, Ede C. O, Eyankware M.O, Nwachukwu C.M, Williams O.B (2022) Assessment of potentially toxic metals from mine tailings and waste rocks around mining areas of Oshiri-Ishiagu region, Southeastern Nigeria. Earth Syst Environ. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s41748- 022- 00306-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Khan, S., Rehman, S., Khan, A. Z., Khan, M. A., Shah, M. T. (2010). Soils and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, Northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology Environmental safety, 73:1820- 1827 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Khan, M.A and Ghouri,A,M (2011). Environmental Pollution: Its Effects on Life and Its Remedies. Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 276-285. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Kribek, B. (2013). Recommendations for the collection and processing of samples when assessing the degree and extent of contamination of surface and ground waters, stream sediments, soils, and vegetation in areas affected by mining and mineral processing in countries of Sub – Saharan Africa. Unpublished Report. SIDA Project planning Meeting, 2013. Prague, Czech Republic, pp16 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Kogbe, C. A.(1986),The cretaceous and Paleogene sediments of Southern Nigeria. In Kogbe C. A (ed), Geology of Nig. Elizabeth Publishers Lagos Pp275-281. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Kogbe, C. A. (1976). Palegeographic History of Nigeria from Albian times. In Kogbe C. A (ed) Geology of Nig. Elizabeth Publishers Lagos Pp237-252. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Lu, Z., Yu, X., Huang, Q. (2014). Effect of mining waste water on drinking water quality and tumor mortality of villagers. Journalof Environmental Health, 21 (5), 303e304. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Lucassen, E., Smolders, A. J. P., Roelofs, J. G. M. (2002).Potential sensitivity of mines to drought, acidification and mobilization of heavy metals: The sediment S/Ca +Mg) ratio as diagnostic tool. Environmental Pollution, 120:635-646. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Mahara, Y. and Kudo, A. (2001), Interaction and mobility of cobalt-60 between water and sediments inmarine environments possible effects by acid rain. Water Res 15(4):413-419. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Martinez- Martinez. S, Acosta, J.A, Fascano, A, Carnoma D.M., Zornoza, R, Cerda, C.(2013). Assessment of the lead and zinc content in natural soils and tailing ponds from the Cartagana – La Union mining district SE Spain. Journal of GeochemicalExploration, 124:166 – 175 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Meili, M. (2013). The coupling of mercury and organic matter in the biogeochemical cycle - towards a mechanistic model for the boreal forest zone. Water Air Soil Pollution, 56:333-347. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Mendoza, C. A., Cortes, G. and Munoz, D. (1996), Heavy metal pollution in soils and sediments of ruraldeveloping district 063, Mexico. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 11:327-333. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Moreno- Jimenez, E,. Penalosa, J. M., Manzano, R,.Carpena- Riuz, R. O., Gamarra R, Esteban, E. (2009). Heavy metals distribution in soils surrounding an abandoned mine in NW Madrid Spain and their transference to wideflora. Journal of Hazard Material, 162:854- 859. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Moye J, Picard-Lesteven, T., Zouhri, L., El Amari, K., Hibti, M., Benkaddour,A. (2017).Groundwater assessment and environmental impact in the abandoned mine of Kettara (Morocco). Environmental Pollution , 231(Pt 1):899-907 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Murat, R.C. (1972). Stratigraphy and paleography of the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in Southeastern Nigeria. In: T.F.J., Dessauvagie and A.A, Whiteman (eds) African Geology. University of Ibadan press, Ibadan, Nigeria, 251-2761 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Musah, S. N., Maxiwel, A., Boateng, A. (2013). Health risks of heavy metals in selected crops cultivated in small-scale- gold- mining areas in Wassa- Amenfi- west district of Ghana. Journal of National Science research, 3(5):2224-3186 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Nidhi, G., Pankaj, P. ,Jakir, H. (2017). Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the qualityof river water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India. Water Science, 31 (2017) 11–23. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Nieto, J. M., Sarmiento, A. M, Olfas M. Canovas, CR, Riba I. Kalman J. Delvalls T. A. (2007). Acid mine Drainage pollution in the Tinto and Odiel rivers (Iberian pyrite belt, SW Spain) and bioavailability of the transported metals to theHuelva estuary. EnvironmentInternational, 33:445- 456. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Ngah, A. ,Braide, S. and Dike, C. (2017) Physico-Chemistry of Elechi Creek in the Upper Bonny Estuary, Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 5, 181-197. doi: 10.4236/gep.2017.58015. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Nnabo, P. N., Ezeh, H. N. and Chima, K. I., (2009), The preliminary assessment of the level of some heavy metals in the stream sediments of Eka-Awoke watershed, SE of Abakaliki, SE Nigeria. Journal of Applied & Natural Sciences (JANS)4 (1), 70-78. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Nriagu, J. O., Pacyna, J. M. (1988).Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature, 333:134-139. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Nwachukwu, S.O., (1972), The Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Portion of the Benue Trough, Nigeria. Geol. Mag;109(30): 411-419. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Nwankwoala, H. O., Ngah, S. A., Ushie, F. A., and Amadi, A. N. (2014). Statistical characterization of groundwater quality I Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria. Science Africian Journal of Scientifc Issues,Research and Essays, 2(8), 338–341. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Obasi, P. N., Akudinobi, B. E. B. (2015).Geochemical Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Pollution Status in Soil/Stream Sediment in the Ameka Mining Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria.African Journal of Geo-Science Research, 3(4): 01-07 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Obasi, P. N. (2017). Hydrogeological and Geochemical Assessment of the Lead – Zinc Mining Areas of Abakaliki Ebonyi State, Southeastern Nigeria.Unpublished Ph. D Thesis.NnamdiAzikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Obasi, P. N and Akudinobi, B. E. B (2020) Potential Health Risk and Levels of Heavy Metals in Water Resources of Lead- zinc Mining Communities of Abakaliki, Southeast Nigeria. Springer- Applied Water Science https //doi.org/ 10.1007/s13201-020-01233- [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Obasi, P. N. (2020), Occurrence and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Arable Soils Around Lead- Zinc Mining Sites of Abakaliki, Southeast Nigeria. Springer – Modelling Earth Systems and Environment. https//doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00800-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Obasi, P. N., and Akudinobi, B. E. B., (2019b), Heavy Metals Occurrence, Assessment and Distribution in Water Resources in the Lead- Zinc Mining Areas of Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. Springer - International jour. of Envi science and technology. https//doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02489-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Obasi, P. N., and Akudinobi, B. E. B., (2019a), Pollution Status of arable Soil and Stream Sediment in the Mining Areas of Abakaliki, Lower Benue Trough. Springer - International jour. of Envi science and technology. https//doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02337-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Obasi, P.N., Eyankware, M.O., Akudinobi, B.E.B. (2021).Characterization and evaluation of the effects of mine discharges on surface water resources for irrigation: a case study of the Enyigba Mining District, Southeast Nigeria. Applied Water Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01400-w. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Obasi, P. N., Eyankware, M. O., Edene, E. N (2022b).Contamination of potable water supply sources in the lead–zinc mining communities of Mkpuma Akpatakpa, Southeastern Nigeria International Journal of Energy and Water Resources https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00199-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Obasi, P.N. ; Akakuru, O.C. , Nweke, O.M. and Okolo C.M. (2022a) Groundwater Assessment and Contaminant Migration in Fractured Shale Aquifers of Abakaliki Mining Areas, Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology Vol. 58(1) 2022. pp. 211 - 227 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Obiorah, S. C., Chukwu, A., Toteu, S. F., Davies, T. C.(2016). Assessment of Heavy metals Contamination in soils around Pb- Zn mining Areas in Enyigba, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of GeologicalSociety of India, 87 453- 462. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. Obiorah, S. C., Chukwu, A., Toteu, S. F., Davies, T. C. (2018). Contamination of the potable water supply sources in the Lead – Zinc mining Communities of Enyigba, Southeastern Nigeria. Mine Water and the environmenthttp:/doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-0550-0. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Obinwanne, C. O. (2015) Assessment of physico-chemical property of water samples from Port Harcourt, Bonny and Opobo coastal areas for sustainable coastal tourism development In Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research volume 4, Issue 12. 257-261. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Ofoegbu, C.O and Onuoha, K.M. (1991).A review of geological investigations in the Benue Trough.Journal of Africa earth science. Vol3. pp283-291. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Ogbonna, D. N., Ngah, S. A., Youdeowei, P. O., andOrigbe, M. E. (2021). Physico- Chemistry of Surface Water Impacted by Crude Oil Spills in Bodo/Bonny Rivers, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, 24(5), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i530234 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. Olade, M.A. (1976). Evolution of Nigeria’s Benue Trough (aulacogen): a tectonic model Geology magazine, 112: 575-583 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. Owor M, Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51:1065 1075 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. Oyeku, O and Eludoyin,A(2010)Heavy metal contamination of groundwater resources in a Nigerian urban settlement.African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.Vol 4, No 4 (2010). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. Peters, S.W. (1978), Stratigraphic Evolution of the Benue Trough and its implications for Paleogeography of West Africa. Journal of Geology Volume 86, pp 311-322. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. Reyment, R. A. (1965b), Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria, University ofIbadan Press, p 144. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hébert, M., Wood, S. (1998),PHAST step-by-step guide: A participatory approachfor the control of diarrhoeal disease. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/EOS/98.3). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. Short. K. C. and Stauble, A. I. (1967), Outline of the Geology of Nigeria Delta.Hull AAPG54: 761-779. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. Todd, D. K. (1980), Groundwater Hydrology, 2nd edition.John Willey and sons, New York. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. Udom, G. J., Nwankwoala, H. O., Daniel, T. E. (2018).Physico-Chemical Evalaution Groundwater in Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.International Journal of Weather, Climate Change and Conservation, 4(1), pp. 19 -32. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. Welch, A. H., Lico, M. S, and Hughes, J. L. (1988), Arsenic in groundwater of the western United States. Ground Water 26(3):333-347. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

93. World Health Organization (WHO). (2011), Guidelines for Drinking water quality Third edition Geneva [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

94. World Health Organization (WHO). (2017), Guidelines for Drinking water quality Third edition Geneva [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

95. Zhang, Y., Wu, J., and Xu, B. (2018). Human health risk assessment of groundwater nitrogen pollution in Jinghui canal irrigation area of the loess region, northwest China. Environment and Earth Science, 77(7), 273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7456-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Validating Post-Construction Drainage Networks in Hybrid Power Systems using as-Built Flow Accumulation and SPI Profiling