The Impact of Preferential Medical Education System and Socioeconomic Status on Substantial GP Development in China

This study intends to find out the association between senior high school graduates’ SES and their undergraduate students’ program selection and further explore the its impact on medical education system and substantial GP development.

medical education system; SES

1. Birch, S., Kephart, G., Murphy, G. T., O'Brien-Pallas, L., Alder, R., & MacKenzie, A. (2009). Health human resources planning and the production of health: development of an extended analytical framework for needs-based health human resources planning. Journal of public health management and practice, 15(6), S56-S61. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Bitton, A., Ratcliffe, H. L., Veillard, J. H., Kress, D. H., Barkley, S., Kimball, M., ... & Hirschhorn, L. R. (2017). Primary health care as a foundation for strengthening health systems in low-and middle-income countries. Journal of general internal medicine, 32(5), 566-571. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Braun, M. T., & Oswald, F. L. (2011). Exploratory regression analysis: A tool for selecting models and determining predictor importance. Behavior research methods, 43(2), 331-339. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Gao, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, W., & Lu, J. (2024). Has China’s hierarchical medical system improved doctor-patient relationships?. Health Economics Review, 14(1), 54. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. & Ringle, C. M. (2019b). When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Hall, J. J., & Taylor, R. (2003). Health for all beyond 2000: the demise of the Alma-Ata Declaration and primary health care in developing countries. The Medical Journal of Australia, 178(1), 17-20. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Hone, T., Macinko, J., & Millett, C. (2018). Revisiting Alma-Ata: what is the role of primary health care in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals?. The Lancet, 392(10156), 1461-1472. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Kuhlmann E, Falkenbach M, Brînzac MG, Correia T, Panagioti M, Rechel B, et al. Tackling the primary healthcare workforce crisis: time to talk about health systems and governance—a comparative assessment of nine countries in the WHO European region. Human Resource Health. 2024;22:83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-024-00965-2. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Li, X., Krumholz, H. M., Yip, W., Cheng, K. K., De Maeseneer, J., Meng, Q., ... & Hu, S. (2020). Quality of primary health care in China: challenges and recommendations. The Lancet, 395(10239), 1802-1812. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Lu, X. Y. (2002). Research report on social stratification in contemporary China. Social Sciences Academic Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Mitsouras, K., Dong, F., Safaoui, M. N., & Helf, S. C. (2019). Student academic performance factors affecting matching into first-choice residency and competitive specialties. BMC medical education, 19(1), 241. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. National Center for the Development of Medical Education. (2022). 2022 China medical student training and development survey report: Clinical medicine major. Institute of Medical Education, Peking University Health Science Center. https://medu.bjmu.edu.cn/cms/show.action?code=publish_4028801e6bb6cf11016be526c0dc0014&siteid=100000&newsid=8a317c95801a48ab9bf73f5d023baf2b&channelid=0000000008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Ogden, J., Preston, S., Partanen, R. L., Ostini, R., & Coxeter, P. (2020). Recruiting and retaining general practitioners in rural practice: systematic review and meta‐analysis of rural pipeline effects. Medical Journal of Australia, 213(5), 228-236. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Ren, C. R. (2010). 学生家庭社会经济地位（SES）的测量技术 [Measurement techniques of students’ family socioeconomic status (SES)]. 教育学报 [Journal of Education Studies], (5), 6. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Su, Q., & Zhao, T. (2023). 中国全科医学教育政策进路与人才培养制度改革 [Policy approaches to general practice medical education and reform of talent training system in China]. China University Teaching, (04), 11–17, 24. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Sun, X. M., & Zhou, Y. H. (2023). 家庭社会经济地位对消费决策风格的影响: 自尊的中介作用 [The influence of family socioeconomic status on consumer decision-making styles: The mediating role of self-esteem]. 心理学进展 [Advances in Psychological Science], 13(12), 5871–5879. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Torres-Roman, J. S., Cruz-Avila, Y., Suarez-Osorio, K., Arce-Huamaní, M. Á., Menez-Sanchez, A., Aveiro-Róbalo, T. R., ... & Ruiz, E. F. (2018). Motivation towards medical career choice and academic performance in Latin American medical students: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 13(10), e0205674. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Velasquez, D. E., Shrestha, A., & Matias, W. R. (2024). Efforts in Undergraduate Medical Education to Improve Socioeconomic Status Diversity. Academic Medicine, 100(5), 600–604. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Villamin, P., Lopez, V., Thapa, D. K., & Cleary, M. (2025). A worked example of qualitative descriptive design: A step‐by‐step guide for novice and early career researchers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 81(8), 5181-5195. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Wang, L. G., & Wang, C. Y. (2023). 家庭社会经济地位对流动儿童问题行为的影响——父母支持的中介作用 [The influence of family socioeconomic status on problem behaviors of migrant children: The mediating role of parental support]. 中华家教 [Chinese Journal of Family Education], (06), 65–76. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Yang, S., Zhao, H., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Jin, H., Stirling, K., ... & Yu, D. (2024). Current status and continuing medical education need for general practitioners in Tibet, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 265. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Yıldız, M. S., & Khan, M. M. (2024). Factors affecting the choice of medical specialties in Turkiye: an analysis based on cross-sectional survey of medical graduates. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 373. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
• Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
• “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
• Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
• Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study