A Critical Shari‘ah -Linguistic Analysis of the Term (Al-Mukhābara) Using Artificial Intelligence

This study critically evaluates the performance of three AI applications—ChatGPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek—in conducting a specialized academic analysis of the prohibited Islamic financial term "Al-Mukhābara," employing a descriptive, analytical, and critical methodology to assess their ability to define the term's linguistic and Shari‘ah meanings, explore the connection between them, and, most importantly, handle conflicting scholarly opinions by attempting reconciliation or preference. The findings reveal a significant disparity in the applications' capabilities, highlighting both promising aspects and considerable limitations, particularly in their effectiveness when dealing with classical texts and performing advanced juristic reasoning, thereby providing a clear perspective on the current advantages and disadvantages of using these AI tools for specialized academic research in Islamic law.

Al-Mukhābara, Artificial Intelligence

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