Beyond Blue and Pink: Parental Reflection on Gender Stereotyping in Childhood

Authors

Velasco, Angela

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bachelor of Early Childhood Education San Juan, La Union (Philippines)

Daniel P. Ong Jr

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bachelor of Elementary Education-Bachelor of Early Childhood Education San Fernando City, La Union (Philippines)

Oscar Jr. O. Ancheta

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bachelor of Elementary Education-Bachelor of Early Childhood Education San Fernando City, La Union (Philippines)

Soriano, Marilou G

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bachelor of Early Childhood Education San Fernando City, La Union (Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.10200062

Subject Category: Social science

Volume/Issue: 10/2 | Page No: 827-833

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-02-07

Accepted: 2026-02-12

Published: 2026-02-24

Abstract

There is a clear gap in understanding how parents' beliefs about gender roles keep stereotypes strong in child-rearing, especially in rural areas like La Union, Philippines, where old norms limit children's fair growth. This study filled that gap by looking at the repeating cycle of stereotype reinforcement through parents' views and actions. The researcher used a qualitative multiple case study design, doing semi-structured interviews with ten parents from different communities in La Union. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis method, with strict ethical rules followed. Five experts in child development and gender fairness checked the findings using a special rating form for thematic strength, a checklist for educational value, and spoken feedback on useful insights. The results showed an overall Very Satisfactory level for thematic depth, clear presentation, and good structure, along with high educational soundness, seen as a Recommended Quality Evaluated resource for gender fairness education. Comments from experts and parent thoughts highlighted themes like clearanalysis of societal effects, practical parenting examples, and different ways to challenge norms, proving the study's value as a helpful tool for promoting fair child-rearing and breaking stereotype cycles in rural Philippine settings.

Keywords

gender stereotypes, parental child-rearing, gender roles, child development, equitable parenting

Downloads

References

1. Amelia, L., Lisfa, R., Nurjannah, N., Rahmadhani, N., & Suwandi, C. I. (2025). Developing an Augmented Reality–Based E-Book Integrating Multiple Intelligences and Tawhid (ARMI Meta E-Book) for Early Childhood Education. Golden Age: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.35719/gns.v6i2.225 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Aryal, S. (2024). Mobility of care: Gendered migration and care inequalities among Nepali care workers in the UK [Doctoral thesis, University of Essex]. https://repository.essex.ac.uk/38914/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.11.1010 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.88.4.354 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Bian, L., Leslie, S.-J., & Cimpian, A. (2017). Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests. Science, 355(6323), 389–391. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah6524 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. *Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health*, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Crenshaw, K. (2023). *On intersectionality: Essential writings*. The New Press. https://www.thenewpress.com/books/intersectionality [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. da Silva, T. M. H. R. (2025). Gender inequality and health disparities: Addressing social discrimination and poverty in the pursuit of equitable healthcare. In [Book or chapter title if available]. IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/gender-inequality-and-health-disparities/380552 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2016). The psychology of girls. Child Development Perspectives, 10(3), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12173 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., van der Pol, L. D., van Berkel, S. R., Hallers-Haalboom, E. T., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Mesman, J. (2021). The role of parents in children's gender development: A meta-analytic review. Child Development Perspectives, 15(3), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12405 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. W.W. Norton & Company. https://www.wwnorton.com/books/9780393310689 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Fazary, M. F. A., Sugiyanta, S., & Wardhani, V. (2025). Therapeutic interventions for expressive language disorders in early childhood: A qualitative case study. Golden Age: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(2), 223. https://doi.org/10.35719/gns.v6i2.223 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Flores, E. R., & Aranduque, C. M. (2022). Gender bias in selected English textbooks. [Journal or publisher details if available]. https://doi.org/10.25911/D2D6-QQ18 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Kim, S., & Park, J. (2020). Gendered classroom interactions and their impact on student participation. International Journal of Educational Research, 99, 101512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.101512 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Lamptey, A., & Gaidzanwa, R. (2015). A guide for gender equality in teacher education policy and practices. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000231646 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Lee, H., & Kim, J. (2024). Gender stereotypes and children’s mental health: The role of parental attitudes. Child Development Perspectives, 18(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12456 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Lekha, N. B., & Kumar, P. (2024). Routledge handbook of gender, culture, and development in India. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003474913 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Martin, C. L., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., & Reesing, A. (2022). Parental gender socialization and children's gender development: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 58(5), 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001356 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Mesman, J., & Groeneveld, M. G. (2017). Gendered parenting in early childhood: Subtle but unmistakable if you know where to look. Child Development Perspectives, 11(3), 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12250 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Morawska, A. (2020). The effects of gendered parenting on child development outcomes: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(4), 553–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00321-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Morawska, A., Baker, S., & Johnston, S. (2021). The parent trap: Gender stereotypes and parenting roles in an Australian parenting website. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(3), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1906162 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. OECD. (2022). Gender equality in education: Early childhood to adolescence. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264302951-en [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. OECD. (2024). Harnessing the green and digital transitions for gender equality. OECD. https://www.gender-sti.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Digital-Transitions-for-Gender-Equality.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Paechter, C. (2018). Hegemonic femininities in the classroom. Open Access Publishing in European Networks.https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/22323/1007856.pdf?sequence=1#page=86 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Saewyc, E. (2017). A global perspective on gender roles and identity. [Repository or publisher details]. https://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12799/5318 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=6bR9QgAACAAJ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Syarifudin, F., Komariah, A., Kurniady, D. A., Sururi, S., & Ramadhan, R. A. (2025). Managing inclusive educational infrastructure for children with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative case study in early childhood education. *Golden Age: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini*, 6(2), 211. https://doi.org/10.35719/gns.v6i2.211 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole. https://www.brookscole.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0534604582_rathus/ps/ps02.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Thompson, R., & Garcia, M. (2024). Gender stereotypes and academic motivation in children. *Educational Psychology Review*, 36(1), 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2024.2402355 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Usman, S., Zuama, S. N., Awalunisah, S., & Agusniatih, A. (2025). Supporting symbolic and cognitive development in early childhood through pop-up book learning media. Golden Age: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(2), 231. https://doi.org/10.35719/gns.v6i2.231 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Yan, C. M., Yin, C. N. C., & Qing, C. C. Y. (2024). Exploring the modern Malaysian marriage: Understanding the relationship of gender role attitudes, attitudes toward childbearing, family functioning and attitudes toward marriage among young adults in Malaysia. Annual Review of Psychology, 75, 675–702. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050645 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Zosuls, K. M., Miller, C. F., Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L., & Fabes, R. A. (2020). Gender development in early childhood: Parental socialization of gender in a changing context. Child Development, 91(2), 618–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13263 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Zuo, X., Lou, C., Gao, E., & Cheng, Y. (2012). Gender differences in adolescent premarital sexual permissiveness in three Asian cities: Effects of gender-role attitudes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(3), 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles