The Influence of Teaching Presence in Online Classes
Authors
Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam (Malaysia)
Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam (Malaysia)
Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam (Malaysia)
Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam (Malaysia)
Institute of Chinese Studies, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus (Malaysia)
Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam (Malaysia)
Article Information
DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2025.924ILEIID0015
Subject Category: Computer Science
Volume/Issue: 9/24 | Page No: 125-137
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2025-09-23
Accepted: 2025-09-30
Published: 2025-10-29
Abstract
This study presents a quantitative examination of online presence within Mandarin as a Foreign Language (MFL) class, focusing on the impact of teaching presence on both social and cognitive presence in addressing learner needs. The findings underscore the interrelated roles of teaching presence (TP), social presence (SP), and cognitive presence (CP) as foundational components for fostering effective and meaningful learning experiences in online language education. This quantitative study is conducted to explore types of presence in online learning. A convenient sample of 381 participants responded to the survey. The instrument used is a 5 Likert-scale survey. Overall, the findings of these studies support the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework, highlighting the importance of balancing cognitive, social, and teaching presences to create engaging and successful online learning environments. By leveraging the interconnectedness of TP, SP, and CP, instructors can significantly enhance student engagement and potentially reduce dropout rates.
Keywords
Online Presence, Mandarin As A Foreign Language
Downloads
References
1. Ahn, S., Lee, N., & Jang, H. (2018). Patient Safety Teaching Competency of Nursing Faculty. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 48(6), 720. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.6.720 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Armellini, A., & De Stefani, M. (2016). Social presence in the 21st century: An adjustment to the Community of Inquiry framework. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(6), 1202-1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12302 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Barberà, E., Virgili, M. E. T., & Guasch, T. (2011). Cognitive attainment in online learning environments: matching cognitive and technological presence. Interactive Learning Environments, 20(5), 467. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2010.531026 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Downes, S. (2005). An introduction to connective knowledge. Stephen’s Web. http://www.downes.ca/cgi-bin/page.cgi?post=33034 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Faulconer, E., Chamberlain, D., & Wood, B. (2022). A Case Study of Community of Inquiry Presences and Cognitive Load in Asynchronous Online STEM Courses. Online Learning, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v26i3.3386 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Fowler, K. S. (2018). The motivation to learn online questionnaire. https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/handle/10724/38268 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Garrison, D.R. & Arbaugh, J.B. (2007). Researching the community of inquiry framework: Review, issues, and future directions. Internet and Higher Education, 10, 157–172. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2, 87-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Goldie, J. G. S. (2016). Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age? Medical teacher, 38(10), 1064-1069. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Gonzalez, C., (2004). The Role of Blended Learning in the World of Technology. Retrieved December 10, 2004 from http://www.unt.edu/benchmarks/archives/2004/september04/eis.htm. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Huang, K. (2019). Design and investigation of cooperative, scaffolded wiki learning activities in an online graduate-level course. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0141-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Jackson, S.L. (2015). Research methods and Statistics-A Critical Thinking Approach (5th Edition) Boston, USA: Cengage Learning. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Jelińska, M., & Paradowski, M. B. (2021). Teachers’ Perception of Student Coping With Emergency Remote Instruction During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Relative Impact of Educator Demographics and Professional Adaptation and Adjustment. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648443 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Lee, J., Soleimani, F., Hosmer IV, J., Soylu, M. Y., Finkelberg, R., & Chatterjee, S. (2022). Predicting Cognitive Presence in At-Scale Online Learning: MOOC and For-Credit Online Course Environments. Online Learning, 26(1), 58-79. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Li, F. (2022). “Are you there?”: Teaching presence and interaction in large online literature classes. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 7:45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-022-00180-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Li, J.Y. (2024). A Review on the Influencing Factors of College Students’ Online Learning Engagement [Review of A Review on the Influencing Factors of College Students’ Online Learning Engagement]. Advances in Education, 14(6), 313. https://doi.org/10.12677/ae.2024.146936 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Liu, S. (2022). Online Chinese Teaching and Learning in 2020. National Foreign Language Resource Center. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Li, W., & Wang, W. (2024). The impact of teaching presence on students’ online learning experience: Evidence from 334 Chinese universities during the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1291341. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1291341 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Mutezo, A. T., & Maré, S. (2023). Teaching and cognitive presences: The mediating effect of social presence in a developing world context. Cogent Education, 10(1), 2171176. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/2331186X.2023.2171176 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. Mutiga, A. N., & Alhazani, H. (2024). Exploring the Interrelationships of Social, Cognitive, and Teaching Presences in Online Learning. International Journal on E-Learning (pp. 183-212). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Oh, E., Huang, W. D., Mehdiabadi, A., & Ju, B. (2018). Facilitating critical thinking in asynchronous online discussion: comparison between peer- and instructor-redirection. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 30(3), 489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-018-9180-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Qing, L., & Diamantidaki, F. (2021). Evaluating Mandarin language students' online experience during Covid-19: A case study from London. Journal of Education, Innovation and Communication, 2(2), 56-79. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. Rahmat, N. H., Sukimin, I. S., Sim, M. S., Anuar, M., & Mohandas, E. S. (2021). Online Learning Motivation and Satisfaction: A Case Study of Undergraduates vs Postgraduates. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 11(2), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2021.112.88.97 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. Sudarnoto, L. F., Handoko, M. T., Riyanto, A., & Arini, D. P. (2025). The impact of online learning, learning motivation, and interpersonal relationships on students’ wellbeing. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101485 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. Rahmat, N. H., Mok, S. S., & Teh, H. S. (2024). Learning Mandarin Online: Is There A Relationship between Social Support with Expectancy and Value? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(1), 1167. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i1/20288 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. Wang, T., Wu, T., Liu, H., Brown, C., & Chen, Y. (2025). Generative Co-Learners: Enhancing Cognitive and Social Presence of Students in Asynchronous Learning with Generative AI. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1145/3701198 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. Wise, A. F., Chang, J., Duffy, T. M., & Valle, R. del R. do. (2004). The Effects of Teacher Social Presence on Student Satisfaction, Engagement, and Learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 31(3), 247. https://doi.org/10.2190/v0lb-1m37-rnr8-y2u1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. Shea, P., & Rice, M. (2023). OLJ September 2023 27(3). Online Learning, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v27i3.4152 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1). http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Jan_05/article01.htm [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. Siemens, G. (2006). Connectivism: Learning theory or pastime for the self-amused? http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/connectivism_self-amused.htm [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. Singh, J., Singh, L., & Matthees, B. (2022). Establishing social, cognitive, and teaching presence in online learning—A panacea in COVID-19 pandemic, post vaccine and post pandemic times. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 51(1), 28-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395221095169 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. Turk, M., Müftüoğlu, A.C., Toraman, S., (2021). Teaching presence in online courses: Similar perceptions but different experiences from multiple instructor perspectives. Online Learning Journal, 25(4), 156-177. DOI:10.24059/olj.v25i4.2885 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. Yoon, P., & Leem, J. (2021). The influence of social presence in online classes using virtual conferencing: Relationships between group cohesion, group efficacy, and academic performance. Sustainability, 13(4), 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041988 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- What the Desert Fathers Teach Data Scientists: Ancient Ascetic Principles for Ethical Machine-Learning Practice
- Comparative Analysis of Some Machine Learning Algorithms for the Classification of Ransomware
- Comparative Performance Analysis of Some Priority Queue Variants in Dijkstra’s Algorithm
- Transfer Learning in Detecting E-Assessment Malpractice from a Proctored Video Recordings.
- Dual-Modal Detection of Parkinson’s Disease: A Clinical Framework and Deep Learning Approach Using NeuroParkNet