System Loss Reduction and Collection Efficiency Program for Camarines Sur II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (CASURECO II)

This study examines the operational efficiency of CASURECO II by analyzing the relationship between its System Loss Reduction Strategies (SLRS) and Electricity Collectible Recovery Program (ECRP), addressing the limited integration of technical and financial performance frameworks in electric cooperatives. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from employees and consumers and analyzed through descriptive and correlational techniques, supported by stakeholder insights. Findings reveal differences in stakeholder perceptions of resource allocation, communication, and operational effectiveness, with technical personnel expressing greater confidence in system implementation and non-technical staff highlighting administrative constraints, while consumer responses indicate inconsistencies in service experience. Results further show a significant relationship between SLRS implementation and ECRP performance, confirming that technical efficiency and financial recovery are interdependent. The study contributes to cooperative management by proposing an integrated approach that aligns system loss reduction with collection strategies, emphasizing the need to strengthen both technical operations and consumer engagement to enhance financial sustainability and service delivery, with implications for policy development and strategic planning in electric cooperatives.

CASURECO II, Collection Performance, Electricity

1. Ansell, C., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2020). Understanding inclusion in collaborative governance: A conceptual framework. Policy and Society, 39(4), 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1785726 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Awan, H. M., Habib, M. N., Akhtar, C. S., Naveed, M., & Raza, A. (2020). Effectiveness of performance management system for employee performance through engagement. SAGE Open, 10(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020969383 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00096.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. David, M. D., Llanto, P. K., Mañalac, S. S., Martin, A., Salacup, A. J., Gomez Jr., R., Bulanan, E., & Soriano, M. E. (2025). Analysis of system loss reduction through recovery preventive maintenance (RPM) of kWh meter connections, PELCO I. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 9(2), 217. https://doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2025.9217 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Department of Energy. (2024). Missionary Electrification Development Plan 2024–2028. Department of Energy, Republic of the Philippines. https://tinyurl.com/DOE-MEP-2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Energy Regulatory Commission. (2018). Rules governing the recovery of system loss costs by distribution utilities. Energy Regulatory Commission. https://tinyurl.com/ERC-systemloss [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Energy Regulatory Commission. (2019). Guidelines on accurate metering and billing for distribution utilities. Energy Regulatory Commission Philippines. https://tinyurl.com/ERC-metering-guidelines [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Faqishafyee, M. M., et al. (2024). Mitigating non-technical losses and electricity theft through smart meters: A case study of the Akre district power distribution network. Energy Reports. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384928123 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Haq, I. U., et al. (2023). Electricity theft detection for smart grid security using smart meter data: A deep CNN-based approach. Energy Informatics, 6(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365472194 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Japan International Cooperation Agency. (2019). The project on system loss reduction for Philippine electric cooperatives (ECs): Completion report. Japan International Cooperation Agency. https://tinyurl.com/JICA-loss-reduction [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Japan International Cooperation Agency. (2020). Distribution network improvement project reports in the Philippines. Japan International Cooperation Agency. https://tinyurl.com/JICA-distribution-report [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Jou, Y. T., Saflor, C. S., Mariñas, K. A., Young, M. N., Prasetyo, Y. T., & Persada, S. F. (2022). Assessing service quality and customer satisfaction of electric utility provider online payment systems. Electronics, 11(22), 3646. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223646 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Kabir, M. A., Hossain, M. S., & Andersson, K. (2022). A survey on machine learning techniques for electricity theft detection in smart grids. Sustainability, 14(14), 8611. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148611 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Khan, Z. A., Adil, M., Javaid, N., Saqib, M. N., Shafiq, M., & Choi, J. G. (2020). Electricity theft detection using supervised learning techniques on smart meter data. Sustainability, 12(19), 8023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198023 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Resurreccion, R. M., & Alvarez, M. T. S. (2025). Efficiency and effectiveness of utility billing management system in the collection of electric services. Journal of Education, Social Sciences and Allied Health, 2(1), 93–101. https://tinyurl.com/utility-billing-efficiency [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Siddque, K. Q., & Shaik, M. (2024). Digital transformation in utilities and meter to cash processes. Journal of Computer Sciences and Applications, 12(1), 1–9. https://tinyurl.com/digital-utilities-process [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Sovacool, B. K. (2014). What are we doing here? Analyzing fifteen years of energy scholarship and proposing a social science research agenda. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.063 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Tahir, M., Shah, S. A. A., & Javaid, N. (2022). Electricity theft detection in smart grids using deep learning techniques. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, 867991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.867991 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Taxén, L. (2020). Reviving the individual in socio technical systems thinking. Complex Systems Informatics and Modeling Quarterly, 22, 53–72. https://doi.org/10.7250/csimq.2020-22.03 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. World Bank. (2021). Philippines energy sector development reports. World Bank. https://tinyurl.com/worldbank-energy-ph [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. World Bank. (2023). Reducing transmission and distribution losses in developing countries. World Bank. https://tinyurl.com/worldbank-loss-reduction [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Zheng, Y., Chen, F., Yang, H., & Su, S. (2022). Edge computing-based electricity theft detection of low voltage users. Frontiers in Energy Research. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.892541 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• The Indirect Effect of Liquidity and Activity on Company Value with Profitability as an Intervening Variable
• Effect of Financial Skills, Knowledge, and Attitude on The Financial Behaviour of Clergy
• A Decade of Review: Trends in Budget Execution and Financial Performance of Development Projects in Tanzania (2014/15-2023/24)
• The Influence of Pre-Project Planning on the Budget Absorption Rate of Public Funded Infrastructure Projects in Kenya a Comparative Case Study of Narok, Migori, and Kisii County Government Projects
• Assessment of Factors Influencing Digital Transformation in Hotels’ Facility Management in Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria