Biodegradable Materials and Renewable Materials Innovation with Eggshell Powder in Sustainable Product Design

This research addresses the growing global challenge of plastic waste, resource depletion, and industrial reliance on non-renewable materials by exploring the potential of eggshell powder (ESP) as a biodegradable and renewable alternative in sustainable product design. Although significant progress has been made in biopolymer and composite development, much of the research remains fragmented, with limited integration of material science findings into industrial design frameworks. The aim of this study is to conceptualize the role of ESP in advancing biodegradable materials and renewable materials innovation within the context of sustainable product design. Adopting a mixed-method conceptual approach, the study synthesizes recent empirical findings, analyzes laboratory-based performance data, and reviews relevant theoretical frameworks including eco-design and circular economy models. Findings indicate that ESP can enhance barrier and thermal properties in bioplastics, improve compressive strength in cementitious systems at low substitution levels, and serve as a precursor for higher-value applications such as hydroxyapatite production. However, performance trade-offs remain, particularly in tensile strength and workability, and challenges persist in scaling, dispersion, and user-centered adoption. The study implies that ESP has strong potential for integration into sustainable manufacturing and design practices, particularly in Malaysia where eggshell waste is abundant. It concludes that bridging technical optimization with circular economy strategies and design-for-sustainability principles will be critical to transforming ESP from laboratory experimentation into viable industrial practice.

Biodegradable Materials, Renewable Material Innovation, Eggshell Powder (ESP), Sustainable Product Design

1. Babalola, B. M., & Wilson, L. D. (2024). Valorization of Eggshell as Renewable Materials for Sustainable Biocomposite Adsorbents—An Overview. Journal of Composites Science, 8(10), 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100414 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2020). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Chen, L., Jin, G., Dai, Q., Huang, W., & Wang, X. (2021). Droplets impacting and migrating on structured surfaces with imposed thermal gradients. Journal of Tribology, 144(4). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4052779 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2022). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Dash, M. K., Patro, S. K., Acharya, P. K., & Dash, M. (2022). Impact of elevated temperature on strength and micro-structural properties of concrete containing water-cooled ferrochrome slag as fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 323, 126542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126542 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Exploring the effects of eco-friendly and biodegradable biocomposite incorporating eggshell and walnut powder as fillers. (2024). Global NEST Journal. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005471 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Fajardo, C., Blánquez, A., Domínguez, G., Borrero-López, A., Valencia, C., Hernández, M., Arias, M., & Rodríguez, J. (2021). Assessment of sustainability of Bio Treated Lignocellulose-Based oleogels. Polymers, 13(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020267 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Fitzgerald, A., Proud, W., Kandemir, A., Murphy, R. J., Jesson, D. A., Trask, R. S., Hamerton, I., & Longana, M. L. (2021). A life cycle engineering perspective on biocomposites as a solution for a sustainable recovery. Sustainability, 13(3), 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031160 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Gangadhar, T., Girish, D., Satheesh, J., Govtham, H., & Pradeep, K. (2021). Evaluation of mechanical properties of Al7029/flyash/WC hybrid composites developed by liquid metallurgy. Materials Today Proceedings, 46, 5969–5974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.401 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M., & Hultink, E. J. (2016). The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Hashim, F. (2024). The effect of eggshell powder on the properties of purple sweet potato Starch/Eggshell bioplastics. Scientific Research Journal, 21(1), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v21i1.24253 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Imani, N., & Vale, B. (2022). Developing a method to connect thermal physiology in animals and plants to the design of energy efficient buildings. Biomimetics, 7(2), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7020067 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Islam, M. S., & Mohr, B. J. (2024). Comparison of eggshell powder blended cementitious materials with ASTM Type IL cement-based materials. Cement, 17, 100109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cement.2024.100109 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Li, T., Li, R., Luo, H., Peng, L., Wang, J., Li, S., Zhou, M., Yuan, X., Zhang, Z., & Wu, H. (2023). Eggshell powder as a bio-filler for starch and gelatin: Ternary biodegradable composite films manufactured by extrusion compression molding. Food Hydrocolloids, 150, 109632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109632 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Mobarak, M. B., Islam, M. N., Chowdhury, F., Uddin, M. N., Hossain, M. S., Mahmud, M., Akhtar, U. S., Tanvir, N. I., Rahman, A. F. M. M., & Ahmed, S. (2023). Calcined chicken eggshell-derived biomimetic nano-hydroxyapatite as a local drug-delivery aid for doxycycline hyclate: characterization, bio-activity, cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity and in vitro release study. RSC Advances, 13(51), 36209–36222. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra07010g [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Oladipupo, O. F., Adekola, A. H., Ofudje, E. A., Al-Ahmary, K. M., Al-Mhyawi, S. R., Alshdoukhi, I. F., Alrahili, M. R., & Alsaiari, A. A. (2024). Eggshell Derived Scaffold of Hydroxyapatite-Ammonium Bicarbonate Nano-Composite: Bioactivity and Cytotoxicity studies. Heliyon, 10(17), e36493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36493 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Paruthi, S., Khan, A. H., Kumar, A., Kumar, F., Hasan, M. A., Magbool, H. M., & Manzar, M. S. (2023). Sustainable cement replacement using waste eggshells: A review on mechanical properties of eggshell concrete and strength prediction using artificial neural network. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e02160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02160 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Shi, X., & Shui, Z. (2023). Effect of eggshell powder addition on the properties of cement pastes with early CO2 curing and further water curing. Construction and Building Materials, 404, 133231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133231 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Wibowo, C. H., Ubaidillah, U., Ariawan, D., Surojo, E., Nugroho, K. C., & Sunardi, S. (2024). A scientometric analysis of eggshell-based composite literature with research mapping knowledge. Deleted Journal, 6(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-06098-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Zhang, G., Oh, S., Han, Y., Meng, L., Lin, R., & Wang, X. (2024). Influence of eggshell powder on the properties of Cement-Based Materials. Materials, 17(7), 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071705 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Work Function of Metal Back Contact Surface Alloy Molybdenum (Mo) With Tungsten (W) For Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (Cigs) Thin Film Solar Cell: Simulation Using Scaps-1d And Density Functional Theory (Dft) Using Winmostar Quantum Espresso