A Systematic Review of Greenhouse and Integrated Pest Management Adoption in Tomato Production: Insights from Smallholder Farming Regions

This systematic review examines the literature on the use of greenhouse technology and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in tomato production. It focuses on the effects on yield and economic returns, as well as the challenges farmers face. Following the PRISMA method, we conducted a thorough search of academic and institutional databases. Studies have shown that combining greenhouse and IPM practices significantly improves yield stability and farm profits by reducing biotic and abiotic stressors. However, farmers still face significant barriers to adoption, such as high upfront costs, limited access to credit and quality inputs, and a lack of technical training. The review also highlights the growing role of ICT-based services in supporting IPM use. This synthesis offers essential insights for policymakers and extension services seeking to promote resilient, sustainable tomato production systems, especially for smallholder farmers. Future research should examine long-term socioeconomic impacts and context-specific adoption models.

Greenhouse,Integrated pest management(IPM),Tomato production

1. Abdelmawgoud, S. M. S., Aziz, H. H. A., Shibl, A. A. A., & Qabeel, M. A.-S. (2021). A Comparative Economic Study of Tomato Production by Hydroponics and Conventional Agriculture (With Soil) in Greenhouses: A Case Study in the Nubaria Region. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 126–140. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2021/v39i230538 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Alam, M. Z., Crump, A. R., Haque, M. M., Islam, M. S., Hossain, E., Hasan, S. B., Hasan, S. B., & Hossain, M. S. (2016). Effects of integrated pest management on pest damage and yield components in a rice agro-ecosystem in the Barisal Region of Bangladesh. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 4(MAR). https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00022 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Angon, P. B., Mondal, S., Jahan, I., Datto, M., Antu, U. B., Ayshi, F. J., & Shafiul Islam, M. (2023). Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Agriculture and Its Role in Maintaining Ecological Balance and Biodiversity. Advances in Agriculture, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5546373 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Awu, J. E., Nyaku, S. T., Amissah, J. N., Okorley, B. A., Agyapong, P. J. A., Doku, F. E., & Nkansah, G. O. (2023). Grafting for sustainable management of Fusarium wilt disease in tomato production in Ghana. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100710 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Ayele, A., Haile, S., Korsa, G., & Alemu, D. (2025). Hydroponic Farming: Innovative Solutions for Sustainable and Modern Cultivation Technique. In B. Ali, T. Ahmed, & J. Iqbal (Eds.), Hydroponic Farming - A Modern Agriculture Technique. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1008336 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Badu, P. R. (2023). Greenhouse Technology for Controlled Environment Crop Production. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 5(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i05.7164 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Chamuah, S., Kiran, ., N, D., Amin, M. Al, Sultana, N., Hansda, N. N., B M, H., & Noopur, K. (2024). Protected Vegetable Crop Production for Long-term Sustainable Food Security. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 30(5), 660–669. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i51984 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Hassan, J. (2025). Production and marketing challenges of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Ethiopia. Review. Vegetable Crops of Russia, 58–61. https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2025-1-58-61 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Hemingway, C., Cochet, H., Mialhe, F., & Gunnell, Y. (2022). Why pastoralists grow tomatoes: Maasai livelihood dynamics in Amboseli, southern Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies, 92, 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.03.027 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Johnson, G. I., Weingerger, K., & Wu, M. (2008). The vegetable industry in tropical Asia : an overview of production and trade, with a focus on Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and India. AVRDC - the World Vegetable Center. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Kabir, M. H., & Rainis, R. (2015). Do Farmers Not Widely Adopt Environmentally Friendly Technologies? Lesson from Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Modern Applied Science, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v9n3p208 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Kaliba, A. R., Mazvimavi, K., Gregory, T. L., Mgonja, F. M., & Mgonja, M. (2018). Factors affecting the adoption of improved sorghum varieties in Tanzania under information and capital constraints. Agricultural and Food Economics, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-018-0114-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Liu, T., Bruins, R. J. F., & Heberling, M. T. (2018). Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of best management practices: A review and synthesis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020432 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Maureira, F., Rajagopalan, K., & Stöckle, C. O. (2022). Evaluating tomato production in open-field and high-tech greenhouse systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130459 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. MICHAEL, P., PARRELLA, & LEWIS, E. (2024). 33-biological control in greenhouse. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Michalis, E., Giatra, C. E., Skordos, D., & Ragkos, A. (2023). Assessing the Different Economic Feasibility Scenarios of a Hydroponic Tomato Greenhouse Farm: A Case Study from Western Greece. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914233 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Antes, G., Atkins, D., Barbour, V., Barrowman, N., Berlin, J. A., Clark, J., Clarke, M., Cook, D., D’Amico, R., Deeks, J. J., Devereaux, P. J., Dickersin, K., Egger, M., Ernst, E., Gøtzsche, P. C., … Tugwell, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. In PLoS Medicine (Vol. 6, Issue 7). Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Muriithi, D., Wambua, B., & Omoke, K. (2021). Constraints and Opportunities for Greenhouse Farming Technology as an Adaptation Strategy to Climate Variability by Smallholder Farmers of Nyandarua County of Kenya. In East African Journal of Science (Vol. 2). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Mwenda, E., Muange, E. N., Ngigi, M. W., & Kosgei, A. (2023). Impact of ICT-based pest information services on tomato pest management practices in the Central Highlands of Kenya. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2022.100036 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Otiende, M., Cheruiyot, J. K., & Opunga, J. (2024). Evaluating Challenges and Opportunities in Greenhouse Farming among Smallholder Vegetable Producers in Kericho County, Kenya. East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology, 7(1), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.7.1.1866 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Pennington, P. M., Rivera, E. P., De Urioste-Stone, S. M., Aguilar, T., & Juárez, J. G. (2021). A Successful Community-Based Pilot Programme to Control Insect Vectors of Chagas Disease in Rural Guatemala. In Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003169239-40 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Ramasamy, S., & Ravishankar, M. (2018). Chapter 15 - Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Tomato Under Protected Structures. In W. Wakil, G. E. Brust, & T. M. B. T.-S. M. of A. P. of T. Perring (Eds.), Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato (pp. 313–322). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802441-6.00015-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Santana, P. A., Kumar, L., Da Silva, R. S., & Picanço, M. C. (2019). Global geographic distribution of Tuta absoluta as affected by climate change. Journal of Pest Science, 92(4), 1373–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-1057-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Sekabira, H., Tepa-Yotto, G. T., Djouaka, R., Clottey, V., Gaitu, C., Tamò, M., Kaweesa, Y., & Ddungu, S. P. (2022). Determinants for Deployment of Climate-Smart Integrated Pest Management Practices: A Meta-Analysis Approach. Agriculture (Switzerland), 12(7), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12071052 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Singh, K. A. P., Goutam, P. K., Xaxa, S., Nasima, ., Pandey, S. K., Panotra, N., & G M, R. (2024). The Role of Greenhouse Technology in Streamlining Crop Production. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 46(6), 776–798. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i62532 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Van Der Velden, N., Suay, R., Urbaneja, A., Poncet, C., & Lefèvre, A. (2012). 12-077 Recent developments and market opportunities for IPM in greenhouse tomatoes in southern Europe; Consequences for advanced IPM toolboxes and greenhouse engineering. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Zhou, W., Arcot, Y., Medina, R. F., Bernal, J., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., & Akbulut, M. E. S. (2024). Integrated Pest Management: An Update on the Sustainability Approach to Crop Protection. ACS Omega, 9(40), 41130–41147. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c06628 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Breeding for a Greener Future: Selective Breeding and Crossbreeding Approaches to Minimize Methane Emissions in Ruminant Livestock
• Determinants of Adoption of Post-Harvest Losses Prevention Techniques among Banana/Plantain Marketers in Lagos State, Nigeria
• Enhancing Rice Yield Prediction Using UAV-Based Multispectral Imaging and Machine Learning Algorithms
• Seed-Borne Fungi of Groundnuts (Arachis Hypogaea) and Their Management with Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Extract In Makurdi, Nigeria
• The Influence of Landforms and Slope on Agricultural Cropping Patterns in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar District