Assessment on the Quality of Life of Retired Employees

Authors

Lovely Rose A. Egar

Graduate School Department, MSSW, Lourdes College Inc. (Philippines)

Ivy Amor C. Urbina, RSW

Graduate School Department, MSSW, Lourdes College Inc. (Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100400175

Subject Category: Sociology

Volume/Issue: 10/4 | Page No: 2294-2320

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-04-08

Accepted: 2026-04-13

Published: 2026-05-01

Abstract

Retirement brings changes. It has impacts on health, social roles and finances. This renders quality of life of retirees significant. Most programs assist citizens, nevertheless, they do not target retirees. This study looked at the quality of life of retired employees in Impasugong, Bukidnon. The study investigated if physical health, family and peer support, enough income, social and spiritual activities affected their quality of life. 100 retirees were surveyed using the adapted questionnaire of WHO. Results showed that retirees had physical health. They were much supported by their family and friends. They were earning money and participating in numerous social and spiritual events. The researcher discovered that quality of life was connected to health, family and peer support, income sufficiency, social and spiritual activities. The analysis revealed that a high quality of life was predicted by the sufficient income and good physical health. This paper indicates that retirement is complicated, it requires security, good health, positive relationships and activities. Policymakers, social workers and local government units can use these findings to design programs that help retirees. These programs can improve health support, income security and opportunities for spiritual participation for retirees. The study findings can help create programs that focus on retirees that can make retirement better. Retirement programs can provide health support, income security and social activities. Retirees need support. They need security. They also need to stay engaged.

Keywords

physical status, family and peer support

Downloads

References

1. Abalos, J. (2018). Older Persons in the Philippines: A Demographic, Socioeconomic and Health Profile. Ageing International, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-018- 9337-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Adnan, A., Alaudin, R., Yaakob, A., & Ismail, N. (2023). Retirement wealth adequacy estimation based on income group classification: A case study in Malaysia. Finance: Theory and Practice, 27(4), 30–41. https//doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2023-27-4- [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Ahn, S., Kang, J. Y., Chun, Y., & Park, S. (2024). The effect of social pension on material hardship among older adults in Korea: Regression discontinuity estimation. Social Policy and Society, 23(4), 836–854. doi:10.1017/S1474746422000550 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Albertsen, K., Meng, A., Sundstrup, E., Nielsen, P., Pedersen, F., & Andersen, L. (2024). Are the Quality of Organizational Changes Associated with Expected Retirement- Age among Senior Employees? Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-024-10241-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Angeles, M. (2022). Quality of Life of Elderly with Vascular Illness and the Level of Depression in 4 Barangays in Malabon, Philippines. EGen Official Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2435-4937.2022.2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Arya, S. (2024). A sociological study on economic status of retired government employees. https://doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v9i3.222 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Balangue, C. (2023). Social service delivery for senior citizens in rural Philippines and secrets to longevity of Apo Whang-od. Magyar Gerontológia. https://doi.org/10.47225/mg/15/42/14312 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Baluscang, J., & Ladia, M. (2023). Predictors of preferred retirement age among Filipino older employees in the academe. The European Conference on Aging & Gerontology 2023: Official Conference Proceedings. https:/doi.org/10.22492/issn.2435- 4937.2022.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Bangao, B. (2020). Looking back to look ahead: The life trajectory among indigenous people retired teachers in the Philippines. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Information Technology and Education (ICITE 2020). https//doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201214.225 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Banstola, S. (2024). Quality of life and its associated factors among the elderly population living in their own homes. Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal. https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v17i1.62757 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Barras, L., Neuhaus, M., Cyarto, E., & Reid, N. (2021). Effectiveness of peer-led wellbeing interventions in retirement living: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21),11557. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Barre, M. (2023). Quality of life and factors associated among public university employees retired due to disabilities.Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 31. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6057.3816 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Basa, R. S. (2024). Are Filipino adults prepared for filial responsibility? A national survey on the perceptions and intentions toward providing care to elderly parents. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Batista, V. (2023). Factors associated with quality of life in retirement: A systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 20, 676–684. https://doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2022-876 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Blane, D. B. (2003). A measure of quality of life in early old age: the theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Ageing & Society, 23(5), 707736.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X03001338 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Branscombe, N. (2021). An interpretative phenomenological analysis of social identity transition in academic retirement. Work, Aging and Retirement. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waab018 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Brasero-Rodríguez, E., Rueda-Extremera, M., & Cantero-García, M. (2024). Analysis of the Relationships between Quality of Life, Resilience, and Life Satisfaction Variables in Retired Individuals. Journal of Ageing and Longevity.https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030018 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Brookhart, S. M. (1999). The art and science of classroom assessment: The missing part of pedagogy. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 27(1). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Bustillo, T. J. Q., Oracion, E. G., & Pyponco, C. G. (2021). Health problems, financial capacity, and access to healthcare of older persons in Metro Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippines. Philippine Social Science Journal, 4(4), 62–70. doi:10.52006/main.v4i4.430 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Bustos, C. (2025). How does retirement really affect physical health? A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Ageing and Society. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x24000503 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Cabezas, M. (2025). How does retirement really affect physical health? A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Ageing and Society.https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x24000503 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Cantero-García, M. (2024). Analysis of the Relationships between Quality of Life, Resilience, and Life Satisfaction Variables in Retired Individuals. Journal of Ageing and Longeity. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030018 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Carandang, R. R., Olea, A. D., Legaspi, P. K., Quimen, Y., Ebrada, M. N., & Miranda, K. J. (2024). Health care access and quality of life of community-dwelling senior citizens in Pampanga, Philippines. Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, 10, 23337214241280851. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214241280851 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Carandang, R., Olea, A., Legaspi, P., Quimen, Y., Ebrada, M., & Miranda, K. (2024). Health Care Access and Quality of Life of Community-Dwelling Senior Citizens in Pampanga, Philippines. Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, 10. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Castillo, M., Mamaclay, A., Guevara, M., & Ayro, E. (2022). Retirement planning: A pre- retirement framework for employees of Wesleyan University–Philippines. Studies in Social Science Research, 3(2), 32–45. https:/doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v3n2p32 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Catajan, C. M. R. (2023). Finding joy in the saddle: Exploring the lived experiences of elderly Filipino cyclists. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 18(1), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.181.13 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Charles, S., & Arockiam, K. (2022). Quality of life of retired pensioners in Madurai District.SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal), 491. https://doi.org/10.1177/09708464221092490 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Chen, Y. (2023). Quality of Life for the Elderly in Taiwan. International Journal of Clinical Medicine and Bioengineering https://doi.org/10.35745/ijcmb2023v03.01.0003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Ching, G. (2021). Demographics as determinants for predicting quality of life among senior citizens in the Philippines. International Journal of Research Studies in Management. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsm.2021.m101 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Ching, G. (2021). Relationship of coping strategies and quality of life: Parallel and serial mediating role of resilience and social participation among older adults in Western Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18,10006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910006 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Ching, G. S. (2023). Finding joy in the saddle: Exploring the lived experiences of elderly Filipino cyclists. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 18(1), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.181.13 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Chong, L. (2024). Modelling retirement resources, home environment and quality of marriage for greater well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482- 024-10366-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Culbert, G. (2023). Perspectives of independent living among Filipino older adults: A qualitative study. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research. https://doi.org/10.60099/prijnr.2023.261879 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Dewi, E., Jawasi, J., & Nur, D. (2022). Kecerdasan emosional terhadap kecemasan menghadapi masa pensiun pegawai. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.51214/bocp.v4i2.176 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Dhamija, S. (2020). The influence of perceived social support on quality of life and intention towards work after retirement. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Dhungana, S. (2024). Quality of life and its associated factors among the elderly population living in their own homes. Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal. https://doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v17i1.62757 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.https//doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.125.2.276 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Ebrada, M. (2024). Health Care Access and Quality of Life of Community-Dwelling Senior Citizens in Pampanga, Philippines. Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, 10. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214241280851 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Eguia, M. (2024). Baguio Central University retirees: Their journey after retirement. Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinar Studies, 4(10) https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i10.005 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. El-Aziz, N. (2020). Quality of Life Among Elderly After Retirement at Assuit City. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal. https://doi.org/10.21608/asnj.2020.88642 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Eyjólfsdóttir, H., Peristera, P., Agahi, N., Fritzell, J., Westerlund, H., & Lennartsson, C. (2024). Are trajectories of self-rated health and physical working capacity during the retirement transition predicted by work-related factors and social class? Work, Aging and Retirement. https:/doi.org/10.1093/workar/waad031 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Francis, P. (2024). Mental well-being and the quality of life among retired public and private sector employees: A comparative study from Kerala, India. Cureus,16. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.71663 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Fröberg, A. (2023). Changes in physical activity, sedentary time, and self-rated health across the retirement transition. Innovation in Aging,7, 711–711. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2305 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Fulgencio, L. M., Ching, G. S., Catajan, C. M. R., & Sarmiento, R. F. (2023). Finding joy in the saddle: Exploring the lived experiences of elderly Filipino cyclists. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 18(1), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.181.13 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Galdino, M. (2023). Quality of life and factors associated among public university employees retired due to disabilities. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 31. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Garg, S. (2023). Understanding the role of psychological characteristics in retirement planning among employees working in Delhi NCR. Journal of Informatics Education and Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.52783/jier.v3i2.119 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Grøtting, M., & Lillebø, O. (2020). Health effects of retirement: Evidence from survey and register data. Journal of Population Economics, 33(3), 671–704. https:/doi.org/10.1007/S00148-019- 00742-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Gu, M., Yu, J., & Sok, S. (2025). Factors affecting life satisfaction among retired older adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1367638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1367638 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Guðmundsson, H. (2024). A Systematic Literature Review on the Relationship Between Quality of Work and Intentions to Retire Among Individuals Aged 50 and Older. Socialinėteorija, empirija, politika ir praktika.https://doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2023.27.4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Gusilatar, S. J. A., Calungsod, J. L., Garcia, A., Santos, B., & Ruiz, W. D. G. (2025). The mediating role of dispositional resilience in the relationship between spirituality and life satisfaction of Filipino older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1570762. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1570762 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Haddad, M. (2023). Factors associated with quality of life in retirement: A systematic review. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Haslam, C. (2021). An interpretative phenomenological analysis of social identity transition in academic retirement. Work, Aging and Retirement. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waab018 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Hayudini, M. (2021). Family Support and Church Attendance as Predictors of Elderly’s Quality of Life at Southern Mindanao. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing. https://doi.org/10.31674/MJN 2021.V12I03.002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Hettiarachchi, P. (2023). Changes in physical activity, sedentary time, and self-rated health across the retirement transition. Innovation in Aging, 7, 711–711. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2305 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Higgs, P. (2003). A measure of quality of life in early old age: the theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Ageing & Society, 23(5), 707736. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Hsieh, M., Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2023). Quality of Life for the Elderly in Taiwan. International Journal of Clinical Medicine and Bioengineering. https://doi.org/10.35745/ijcmb2023v03.01.0003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. https//doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13941 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X03001338 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6057.3816 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111557 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Husin, N., Saad, M., Mariyanti, E., & Razak, N. (2021). What Matters for Retirees to Experience A Great Quality of Life? Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 6(17). https//doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i17.2787 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Hyde, M., Wiggins, R. D., Higgs, P., & Blane, D. B. (2003). A measure of quality of life inearly old age: the theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Ageing & Society, 23(5), 707–736. https:/doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X03001338 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Jabade, M. & Joshi, R. (2024). Generational expectations and the mental health of the elderly: A study of psychological challenges in India. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 11(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v11i1.54283 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Jawasi, J. (2022). Kecerdasan emosional terhadap kecemasan menghadapi masa pension pegawai. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy,4(2). https://doi.org/10.51214/bocp.v4i2.176 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Joshi, R. (2024). Generational expectations and the mental health of the elderly: A study of psychological challenges in India. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 11(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v11i1.54283 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Joya, H. R. L., Basa, R. S., & Tuazon, C. S. (2024). Are Filipino adults prepared for filial responsibility? A national survey on the perceptions and intentions toward providing care to elderly parents. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 57(1), 45–66. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Kairys, A., Sadauskaitė, R., Zamalijeva, O., Guðmundsson, H., Reine, I., Sakkeus, L., & Tomsone, S. (2024). A Systematic Literature Review on the Relationship Between Quality of Work and Intentions to Retire Among Individuals Aged 50 and Older. Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika. https://doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2023.27.4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Karimi, M. (2023). Development and evaluation of a theory-based health promotion programme aimed at improving retirees’ psychological well-being and quality of life: A protocol for a mixed-method study. BMJ Open, 13, e075337.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075337 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Kaveh, M. (2023). Development and evaluation of a theory-based health promotion program aimed at improving retirees’ psychological well-being and quality of life:A protocol for a mixed-method study. BMJ Open, 13, e075337. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075337 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Khatoon, Z. (2022). A co-relational study on quality of life & well-being in working & retired employees of private organizations in Kolkata. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research (IJSDR), 7(12), 663–672. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Kim, I. (2024). Retirement and healthy lifestyle: Mediating effects on life satisfaction. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 20. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.095419 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Koirala, S. (2024). Quality of life and its associated factors among the elderly population living in their own homes. Journal of Gandaki Medical [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Lahti, J., Pietiläinen, O., Rahkonen, O., & Lallukka, T. (2022). Class inequalities in physical functioning trajectories before and after retirement. The European Journal of Public Health, 32, ckac131.195. https//doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckac131.195 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Lintuaho, R., Saltychev, M., Pentti, J., Vahtera, J., & Stenholm, S. (2023). Concurrent changes in physical activity and physical functioning during retirement transition–a multi-trajectory analysis. PLOS ONE, 18(e0293506). https//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293506 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Lugay, P., Cristobal, D., Monteagudo, A., Naval, A., & Vinluan, B. (2024). Analyzing factors affecting retirement planning among private institutions employees in the National Capital Region: A structural equation modeling approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. https//doi.org/10.46254/in04.20240051 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Muhammad, T., Pai, M., Afsal, K., Saravanakumar, P., & Irshad, C. V. (2023). The association between loneliness and life satisfaction: Examining spirituality, religiosity, and religious participation as moderators. BMC Geriatrics, 23, 301. doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04017-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Palomäki, L. M., Hintsanen, M., Leinonen, T., Kinnunen, U., & Seitsamo, J. (2025). Retirement timing and changes in quality of life: A retrospective analysis of transition from employment to old-age retirement in Finland. BMC Public Health. PhilippineJournal of Psychology, 57(1), 45–66. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. Polvinen, A., Riekhoff, A., Nivalainen, S., & Kuivalainen, S. (2024). Patterns of work and retirement in a pension system with a flexible old-age retirement age: A register study of Finnish employees and self-employed persons born in 1949. Work, Aging and Retirement. https:/doi.org/10.1093/workar/waad032 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 20, 676– 684.https//doi.org/10.47626/1679- 4435-2022-876 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Saha, P., Salmela, J., Hiilamo, A., Aho, A., & Lallukka, T. (2025). Physical functioning trajectories over statutory retirement: A Finnish occupational cohort study. Archives of Public Health, 83. https:/doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01483-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Satya, M., Soemanto, R., & Murti, B. (2020). The effects of family support and peer support on the quality of life in elderly in Jember, East Java. The 7th International Conference on Public Health. https://doi.org/10.26911/THE7THICPH.01.42 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. Settels, J., & Bockerman, P. (2025). Impact of retirement on quality of life: Role of changes in social network involvement. Research on Aging, 47(7–8), 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/01640275251324871 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. Singh, A., Akkala, S., Nayak, M., Kotlo, A., Poondla, N., Raza, S., Stankovich, J., & Antony, B. (2024). Impact of pain on activities of daily living in older adults: A cross-sectional analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). Geriatrics, 9(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9030065 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. Thombs, B. D., & Carboni-Jiménez, A. (2021). Peer-to-peer support for older adults— What do we know and where do we go? JAMA Network Open, 4(6), e2113941. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. Wornyordphan, Y., & Damrongplasit, K. (2025). The impact of old age pension on subjective well-being: Evidence from Thailand. Journal of Contemporary Social Sciences and Humanities, 12(2), 46–57. doi:10.59796/jcsh.v12i2.46-57 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. Wu, M., Yang, D., Tian, Y., & (additional authors). (2024). Enjoying the golden years: Social participation and life satisfaction among Chinese older adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1377869. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1377869 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. Xie, X., Huang, C., Sitar, S., & Qiao, X. (2023). Community engagement and loneliness in older adults in China: Mediation effects of social support in the wake of COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1199577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1199577 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. Xu, J., Li, H., Cruz, G. T., Saito, Y., & Wu, C. (2025). Exploring social determinants of disability among older Filipinos: Insights from a polysocial score approach. Global Health Research and Policy, 10, 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-025-00453-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. Zhan, Y., Ning, H., & Zhang, Y. (2025). From work to community: How social participation and retirement can benefit older adults’ depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16. https//doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1522222 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. Zhang, K., Burr, J. A., Mutchler, J. E., & Lu, J. (2024). Internet use and loneliness among urban and non-urban Chinese older adults: The roles of family support, friend support, and social participation. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 79(7), gbae081. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae081 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. Zimmermann, Y., & Zimmermann, H. (2021). How does income and financial satisfaction change with retirement? Insights from Swiss panel data. Wealth Managemente Journal. https//doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3759740 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles